Wnt/ß-Catenin-Activated Nonpilomatrical Carcinoma of the Skin: A Case Series.

Among skin epithelial tumors, recurrent mutations in the APC/CTNNB1 genes resulting in activation of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway have been reported predominantly in neoplasms with matrical differentiation. In the present study, we describe the morphologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic features of 16 primary cutaneous carcinomas harboring mutations activating the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway without evidence of matrical differentiation, as well as 4 combined tumors in which a similar Wnt/ß-catenin-activated carcinoma component was associated with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) or pilomatrical carcinoma. Among the pure tumor cases, 6 of 16 patients were women with a median age of 80 years (range, 58-98 years). Tumors were located on the head and neck (n = 7, 44%), upper limb (n = 4, 25%), trunk (n = 3, 18%), and leg (n = 2, 13%). Metastatic spread was observed in 4 cases resulting in death from disease in 1 patient. Microscopically, all cases were poorly differentiated neoplasms infiltrating the dermis and/or subcutaneous tissue. In 13 cases, solid "squamoid" areas were associated with a basophilic component characterized by rosette/pseudoglandular formation resulting in a biphasic appearance. Three specimens consisted only of poorly differentiated carcinoma lacking rosette formation. Immunohistochemical studies showed frequent expression of EMA (100%), BerEP4 (100%), cytokeratin 7 (94%), chromogranin A (44%), synaptophysin (82%), and cytokeratin 20 (69%). Complete loss of Rb expression was observed in all but 1 case. Nuclear ß-catenin and CDX2 expressions were detected in all cases. Recurrent pathogenic somatic mutations were observed in APC (60%), CTNNB1 (40%), and RB1 (n = 47%). Global methylation analysis confirmed that cases with rosette formation constituted a homogeneous tumor group distinct from established skin tumor entities (pilomatrical carcinoma, MCC, and squamous cell carcinoma), although the 3 other cases lacking such morphologic features did not. In addition, we identified 4 combined neoplasms in which there was a component showing a similar poorly differentiated rosette-forming carcinoma demonstrating Rb loss and ß-catenin activation associated with either MCC (n = 3) or pilomatrical carcinoma (n = 1). In conclusion, we describe a distinctive neoplasm, for which we propose the term "Wnt/ß-catenin-activated rosette-forming carcinoma," morphologically characterized by the association of rosette formation, squamous and/or neuroendocrine differentiation, diffuse CDX2 expression, Rb loss, and mutations in CTNNB1/APC genes.

Analyses of combined Merkel cell carcinomas with neuroblastic components suggests that loss of T antigen expression in Merkel cell carcinoma may result in cell cycle arrest and neuroblastic transdifferentiation.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer frequently caused by genomic integration of the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). MCPyV-negative cases often present as combined MCCs, which represent a distinctive subset of tumors characterized by association of an MCC with a second tumor component, mostly squamous cell carcinoma. Up to now, only exceptional cases of combined MCC with neuroblastic differentiation have been reported. Herein we describe two additional combined MCCs with neuroblastic differentiation and provide comprehensive morphologic, immunohistochemical, transcriptomic, genetic and epigenetic characterization of these tumors, which both arose in elderly men and appeared as an isolated inguinal adenopathy. Microscopic examination revealed biphasic tumors combining a poorly differentiated high-grade carcinoma with a poorly differentiated neuroblastic component lacking signs of proliferation. Immunohistochemical investigation revealed keratin 20 and MCPyV T antigen (TA) in the MCC parts, while neuroblastic differentiation was confirmed in the other component in both cases. A clonal relation of the two components can be deduced from 20 and 14 shared acquired point mutations detected by whole exome analysis in both combined tumors, respectively. Spatial transcriptomics demonstrated a lower expression of stem cell marker genes such as SOX2 and MCM2 in the neuroblastic component. Interestingly, although the neuroblastic part lacked TA expression, the same genomic MCPyV integration and the same large T-truncating mutations were observed in both tumor parts. Given that neuronal transdifferentiation upon TA repression has been reported for MCC cell lines, the most likely scenario for the two combined MCC/neuroblastic tumors is that neuroblastic transdifferentiation resulted from loss of TA expression in a subset of MCC cells. Indeed, DNA methylation profiling suggests an MCC-typical cellular origin for the combined MCC/neuroblastomas. © 2024 The Author(s). The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Analysis of human CD4 T lymphocyte proliferation induced by porcine lymphoblastoid B cell lines.

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to characterize the two porcine lymphoblastoid cell lines L23 and L35, derived from a pig inoculated by the retrovirus Tsukuba-1, and to determine how they induce a strong human lymphocyte proliferation. METHODS: Phenotypic characterization was performed by flow cytometry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses. Xenogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions (XMLR) were performed using unfractionated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (huPBMC) and purified CD4+ T lymphocytes as responding cells, in the presence of blocking antibodies and fusion proteins. RESULTS: The immunoglobulin genes were demonstrated to be rearranged in L23 and L35 cell lines, in agreement with the expression of a B cell phenotype. Both induced a similar proliferation of huPBMCs and purified human CD4+ lymphocytes from adult or cord blood (naïve cells). Proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes was completely blocked by anti-SLA-DR plus anti-SLA-DQ mAbs, excluding human lymphocyte transformation by porcine viruses. The frequency of proliferative precursors was inconsistent with that induced by a retroviral superantigen but similar to classical direct xenoantigen presentation as observed with other porcine antigen-presenting cells. Extensive analysis of costimulatory signals led to the identification of the CD28 pathway, in agreement with membrane expression of B7 molecules on L23 and L35 cells, and of the CD2 pathway in L35 cells. CONCLUSION: These two porcine lymphoblastoid cell lines have been further characterized and clearly identified as belonging to the B cell lineage. By expressing major histocompatibility complex class II antigens and costimulatory molecules, they induce a vigorous proliferative response of human CD4+ lymphocytes through a direct presentation pathway.