Microplastic Contamination in Snow from Western Italian Alps.

Recent studies have documented the presence of microplastics (MPs) in remote areas, including soils or sediments collected in mountain and glacier environments, but information on their presence in snow is scant. The present study aimed at exploring the presence of MPs in residual snow collected in four locations of the Aosta Valley (Western Italian Alps), with different accessibility and human presence. Overall, the µ-FTIR analyses confirmed the presence of 18 MPs in snow, 7 (39%) items were fibres, while 11 (61%) were fragments. Polyethylene (PE; 7 MPs) was the main polymer, followed by polyethylene terephthalate (PET; 3 MPs), high density PE (HDPE; 3 MPs), polyester (2 MPs), while only 1 MP made by low density PE, polypropylene and polyurethane were found. The mean (± SE) concentration of MPs in snow ranged between 0.39 ± 0.39 MPs/L and 4.91 ± 2.48 MPs/L, with a mean of 2.32 ± 0.96 MPs/L for the sampling locations. The concentration of MPs did not statistically differ among locations. Our results suggest that MPs presence in high-mountain ecosystems might depend on deposition through atmospheric precipitations or local sources due to human activities. For these reasons, policies aiming at reducing plastic use and dispersal in mountain areas may be effective in preventing local MP contamination.

Correction to: Microplastics in seawater: sampling strategies, laboratory methodologies, and identification techniques applied to port environment.

The article Microplastics in seawater: sampling strategies, laboratory methodologies, and identification techniques applied to port environment.

Mitigation strategies to reverse the rising trend of plastics in Polar Regions.

Plastic marine pollution in the Arctic today illustrates the global distribution of plastic waste of all sizes traveling by wind and waves, entering food chains, and presenting challenges to management and mitigation. While currents move plastics from lower latitudes into the Arctic, significant waste is also generated by remote communities, as well as maritime activities, such as shipping, fishing and tourism, which are increasing their activities as seasonal sea ice diminishes. Mitigation strategies may include monitoring programs of plastic waste abundance and distribution, improved waste management in Arctic communities, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) to reverse the transport of waste plastics and packaging from remote communities, incentivized gear recovery of abandoned, lost and discarded fishing gear (ALDFG), gear tagging and tracking, and restricting tourism and employing "leave no trace" policies. Here we report how these mitigation strategies are employed in the Arctic to minimize plastic waste impacts, and move Arctic communities toward better materials management and circular economic practices. The evidence of harm from waste plastics exacerbated by the ubiquity of plastic marine pollution in all biomes, and the rapid reporting of ecological and social costs, together suggest that we know enough to act quickly to manage and mitigate plastics from all sources to the Arctic.

Microplastics in seawater: sampling strategies, laboratory methodologies, and identification techniques applied to port environment.

The European Interreg Italy-France 2014-2020 Maritime Project SPlasH! (Stop to Plastics in H2O!) focused on the study of microplastics (MPs) in the marine port environment to evaluate their presence, abundance, and mechanisms of diffusion to the open sea. In the framework of this project, a worldwide review of 74 studies was carried out, providing an overview of MP investigation techniques, focusing on sampling strategies, laboratory methodologies, and identification of MPs collected in seawater, and specifically evaluating their applicability to the marine port environment. Nets were the most commonly used device for MP surface sampling, but their use can be difficult in narrow spaces within the port basins, and they must be coupled to discrete sampling devices to cover all port basins. In the laboratory, density separation (NaCl, ZnCl2, NaI, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)), filtration (polycarbonate, polyamide, glass, cellulose, ANOPORE inorganic membrane filters), sieving, visual sorting, and digestion methods (acidic, enzymatic, alkaline, oxidative) were used to separate MPs from seawater. Digestion becomes essential with water samples with great inorganic and organic loads as deriving from a port. Although many studies are based only on visual MP identification under a microscope, analytical identification techniques unequivocally determine the particle nature and the identity of the plastic polymers and are necessary to validate the visual sorting of MPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is the most used analytical identification technique.

Sándor Ferenczi, A Classical and Contemporary Psychoanalyst : (with particular reference to transference and countertransference).

The article intends to show how Ferenczi is a genuine precursor for many of the themes which lie at the center of the current psychoanalytic debate and, for this reason, how he is the classical and the contemporary psychoanalyst par excellence, especially by the way he has progressively understood and learnt to operate with the patients focusing on working-through the mutual feelings engendered by the therapeutic process.

A SPECIAL LEARNING EXPERIENCE ABOUT TRANSFERENCE AND COUNTERTRANSFERENCE DYNAMICS AT THE BEGINNING OF MY PSYCHOANALYTIC TRAINING(.).

Drawing upon his description of the early phases of the analysis of the second case of official supervision, the author illustrates in his work why this experience became a foundational moment in his formative trajectory as a psychoanalyst. Three important aspects are discussed: (1) the significant role his supervisor played in helping to manage and to confront the difficult dynamics of transference and countertransference that characterized the author's early years of analytic work with patients; (2) the transformative factors that opened up new avenues in the repetition and the original traumatic pathology put forward at great length by the patient; and (3) the making contact for the first time with that area of inter/intrapsychic phenomena that the author has since then explored widely and theorized about, under the name of relational dynamics governed by role-reversal.

"Coming from afar" and "temporarily becoming the patient without knowing it": two necessary analytic conditions according to Ferenczi's later thought.

In this paper the author discusses two points regarding Ferenczi's views of psychoanalysis. The first concerns the fact that analysts, like their patients, "come from afar" (a concept of Borgogno, 2011). The second, closely linked to the first, has to do with Ferenczi's belief that psychoanalytical knowledge is not intellectual but visceral, seeing that if analysts are to truly understand their patients they must first "take on" their suffering in such a way as to "become the patient." The author follows Ferenczi's progression along these two points through his whole oeuvre, from his first psychoanalytical writings to the Clinical Diary (1932a) of the last year of his life.

Ferenczi, o analista introjetivo / Ferenczi, the introjective analyst

O objetivo deste trabalho é evidenciar os motivos pelos quais, no âmbito de nossa história, Ferenczi representa o protótipo do analista introjetivo por excelência. Para isso, adotarei o tipo de leitura dos textos clássicos da psicanálise que propus em Psicanálise como percurso (1999), explorarei e discutirei algumas das razões teóricas e clínicas que, ao longo de todo seu "percurso de vida e obras", transformaram-no num analista introjetivo. É justamente essa sua característica específica a torná-lo, ainda hoje, para muitos de nós, uma inspiração e um mestre de um modo contemporâneo. Concentrarei minha reflexão, em particular, sobre seus primeiros escritos e sobre os últimos, para demonstrar o progressivo desenvolvimento dessa importante diretriz de sua concepção psicanalítica e de seu estilo.

The aim of this study is to explicit the reasons why, in our history, Ferenczi represents the prototype of the definition of an introjective analyst. As such, following the reading of classic psychoanalysis texts which I proposed in Psicanálise come percurso (1999), I will explore and discuss some of the reasons, both theoretical and clinical, which, during his "course of life and works" transformed him into such - an introjective analyst, stressing that it is exactly this specific characteristic which makes him, to this day, to many of us, an inspiration and a master of some contemporaneity. I will concentrate my reflection particularly on his first and last writings, so as to show the progressive development of this important guideline of his psychoanalytic conception and style.

El objetivo de este estudio es evidenciar las razones por las cuales en el ámbito de nuestra historia Ferenczi representa el prototipo de lo que es un analista introyectivo. Con este fin, siguiendo el tipo de lectura de textos clásicos del psicoanálisis que se propone en Psicanálise come percurso (1999), exploraré y discutiré algunas de las razones teóricas y clínicas de todo su "percurso y obras" lo transformaran en esto, es decir, un analista introyectivo, observando como justamente esta característica particular lo torna hoy, para muchos de nosotros, un inspirador y maestro de algún modo contemporáneo. Voy a centrar mi reflexión, en particular, acerca de sus primeros escritos y sobre los últimos para demostrar el desarrollo progresivo de esta directriz importante de su concepción del psicoanálisis y de su estilo.

"Ablation of the parental images": a secret core in Charles Rycroft's psychoanalytic thought.

This article arises from the need to "present" (that is, to read again in a "present and actual" light) the paper, "Why Analysts Need Their Patients' Transferences" by Charles Rycroft (which first appeared in 1993 and is re-published in this Special Issue), and is therefore strictly connected to the ideas the latter contains. The authors, on the one hand, outline the stages of the journey that took Rycroft to elaborate the concept of "ablation of the parental images", and on the other, retrace his personal "analytic genealogy" and discover a "missing forefather", Sándor Ferenczi, who has represented for a long time a direct "missing link" in the history of psychoanalysis.

La inversión de roles en el trabajo psicoanalítico actual y su relevancia como factor curativo / The relevance of “Role Reversal” in today's psychoanalytic work and its curative factors

En este trabajo el autor centra la atención sobre la “inversión de roles”: un proceso intra psíquico primitivo que está en el primer plano de nuestra práctica psicoanalítica actual, pero no suficientemente interiorizado en la literatura. Las dinámicas de la “inversión de roles” son presentadas clínicamente y discutidas en dos de sus aspectos principales (la identificación inconciente con los padres y con su cultura psíquica, y por lo tanto la disociación concomitante de los aspectos infantiles del self) a través de la presentación de un material analítico que toma en consideración un caso típico de “inversión de roles”. El autor explora, además, algunas de las razones por las que los analistas no han subrayado esta particular forma de repetición, que se reactúa sobre todo en el juego de transferencia-contratransferencia con aquellos pacientes que han experimentado en su propio pasado un trauma acumulativo, sugiriendo en conclusión los factores curativos en esta clase de tratamientos.

In this paper the author’s main focus is on “role-reversal”: a primitive inter-intrapsychic process at the forefront in our current psychoanalytical practice, but not sufficiently theorized in our literature. The dynamics of “role-reversal” are clinically presented and discussed in their two main aspects (the unconscious identification with the parents and with their psychic culture, and therefore the concomitant dissociation of the infant part of the self) through the presentation of analytical material regarding a typical “role reversal” case. Furthermore, the author explores some of the reasons why analysts have not underlined this particular form of repetition, which is above all re-enacted in the transference-countertransference play with patients who have experienced in their past a cumulative trauma, suggesting in conclusion the curative factors in this kind of treatment.

Role-reversal: a somewhat neglected mirror of heritages of the past.

Within a clinical-theoretical framework focused on transference-countertransference dynamics, the authors reflect on role-reversal and on the reasons it has been neglected for a long time in literature. This primitive inter- and intra-psychic process, often at the forefront in our practice, will be discussed in its principal aspects (patient's unconscious identification with parents' psychic culture and concomitant dissociation of the infant part of the self), signaling how the enactment can be an inevitable element which, putting into play the past dissociated object relationships, becomes a source of mutative understanding.

Ferenczi y Winnicott: "a partially missing link" / Ferenczi and Winnicott: \"a partially missing link\"

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar el fuerte vínculo entre el pensamiento teórico, clínico y terapéutico de Ferenczi y el de Winnicott, señalando al mismo tiempo cómo esta relación ha devenido en la historia de las ideas psicoanalíticas una suerte de missing link, todavía vigente en la actualidad. En la primera parte, titulada ¿Quién habla a quién?, el autor explorará los principales contenidos de sus mensajes subrayando las semejanzas y diferencias entre ellos, y por sobre todo, los interlocutores a quienes se dirigen. En la segunda parte se ocupará de la dirección general subyacente que recorre su obra y sus vidasõ, concentrándose específicamente en lo ômaternoõ, y considerando la repercusión de este aspecto en la teoría y la práctica psicoanalíticas. En la tercera, para terminar, presentará a vuelo de pájaro algunas reflexiones y conclusiones sobre la relevancia y el significado de sus ideas para el psicoanálisis actual, y sobre el hecho que estos dos autores son en muchos sentidos, fundadores de futura discursividad

The aim of this paper is to present the close link between Ferenczis and Winnicotts theoretical, clinical and therapeutic thought, indicating how this link has become something of a missing link in the history of psychoanalytic ideas, an implication which we retain, in part, to this day. In the first part entitled Who speaking to whom?, the author explores the principal contents of their messages, stressing the similarities and differences between them, and citing the unconscious addressees of their discourse. In the second part, the general direction underlying both their work and their lives are to be tackled, concentrating specifically on the maternal, and examining the repercussions of this aspect on psychoanalytic technique and practice. In the third part, as a kind of parting, some further brief conclusions on the relevance and significance of their thoughts in modern day psychoanalysis, and indeed on their being in many senses founders of future discursiveness, will be presented

L'intention de cet article est de présenter le lien étroit entre la pensée théorique, clinique et thérapeutique de Ferenczi et celle de Winnicott, en montrant au même moment comment ce lien est devenu dans l'istoire des idées psychanalytiques une sorte de ômissing link qui opère encore partiellement aujourd'hui. Dans la première partie appelée Qui parle à qui?õ, l'auteur explorera les contenus principaux de leur message en mettant en évidence leurs ressemblances et différences mutuelles, et surtout les interlocuteurs auxquels ils s'adressent. Dans une deuxième partie il abordera la direction générale sous-jacente du ôparcours de leurs luvres et de leurs vies, placées sous le signe du Maternel, en considérant les retombées théoriques et techniques qui en dérivent. Enfin, pour terminer, il présentera rapidement certaines réflexions conclusives sur la signification de leurs idées pour la psychanalyse actuelle et sur le fait que ces deux auteurs sont, par de nombreux côtés, de spécifiques et véritables fondateurs de future discursivité

A inversão de papéis e o âmbito dos fatores curativos / Role reversal and the framework of curative factors / La inversión de roles y el ámbito de los factores curativos

Num âmbito clínico-histórico em que se destaca o freqüentemente conflituoso binômio encenação da cura/cura pela fala, o autor focaliza a inversão de papéis, processo inter/intrapsíquico primitivo que, embora ocupe o primeiro plano na prática psicanalítica, ainda não foi adequadamente teorizado na literatura. O fenômeno da inversão de papéis é apresentado clinicamente e discutido nos seus dois aspectos principais - a identificação inconsciente com os pais e com sua cultura psíquica e, portanto, a concomitante dissociação da parte infantil do self -, através da apresentação de material analítico relativo a um paciente esquizóide e carente. O autor considera algumas das razões pelas quais os analistas não exploraram essa forma particular de repetição, a qual se reapresenta regularmente na dinâmica de transferência-contratransferência na análise de pacientes que experimentaram no passado um trauma cumulativo, e focaliza também os principais fatores curativos no tratamento desse tipo de paciente.

En un ámbito clínico-histórico, en el cual se destaca el frecuente binomio conflictivo "escenificación de la cura/cura por la palabra", el autor resalta la "inversión de roles": un proceso inter-intrapsíquico primitivo que ocupa el primer plano en nuestra práctica, pero que aun no fue adecuadamente teorizado en nuestra literatura. El fenómeno de "inversión de roles" lo presenta clínicamente y lo discute en sus dos aspectos principales (la identificación inconsciente con los padres y con su cultura psíquica y, por lo tanto, la concomitante disociación de la parte infantil del self), a través de la presentación de material analítico relativo a un paciente esquizoide y carente. Además de eso, el autor considera algunas de las razones por las cuales es regularmente recolocada en la dinámica de la transferencia-contratransferencia en el análisis de pacientes que experimentaron en el pasado un trauma acumulativo; considera aún los principales factores curativos en el tratamiento de ese tipo de paciente.

Within a historical-clinical framework, in which the often conflicting binomial acting cure/talking cure is underlined, the author focuses on "role-reversal": a primitive inter-intrapsychic process, at the forefront in our practice, but not adequately theorized in our literature. The phenomenon of "role-reversal" is clinically presented and discussed in its two main aspects (the unconscious identification with the parents and with their psychic culture, and, therefore, the concomitant dissociation of the infant part of the self) through the presentation of analytical material regarding a schizoid-deprived patient. Furthermore, the author considers some of the reasons why analysts didn't explore this particular form of repetition, which is regularly re-enacted in the transference-countertransference dynamics in the analysis of patients who have experienced in their past a cumulative trauma, and the principal curative factors in the treatment of this kind of patients.

Ferenczi and Winnicott: searching for a "missing link" (of the soul).

The aim of this paper is to present the close link between Ferenczi's and Winnicott's theoretical, clinical and therapeutic thought, indicating how this link has become something of a "missing link" in the history of psychoanalytic ideas, an implication which we retain, in part, to this day. In the first part entitled "Who's speaking to whom?", I aim to explore the contents of the most essential parts of their messages, stressing the similarities and differences between them, and citing the most important authors whom they address (Freud for Ferenczi, Klein for Winnicott). In the second part, I aim to tackle the general direction underlying both their work and their lives, concentrating specifically on "the maternal", and examining the repercussions of this aspect on psychoanalytic technique and practice. In the third part, as a kind of "Parting", I will present further brief conclusions on the relevance and significance of their thoughts in modern day psychoanalysis, defining Ferenczi and Winnicott as "founders of future discursiveness".

Ferenczi's clinical and theoretical conception of trauma: a brief introductory map.

In this paper, I am going to limit myself to tracing a map of the principal points in Ferenczi's thinking concerning trauma. Ferenczi's contribution to trauma theory is fundamental, even though up to today--in spite of the recent "Ferenczian Renaissance"--it still remains for many psychoanalysts simply not acknowledged and not considered and, when it is acknowledged and considered, it is frequently misunderstood or reported only in part. Perhaps this is because passages of his theory are extrapolated without knowing his entire clinical theoretical way or because he is quoted through others without the authors having personally read his work. These last ones are typical habits, as we know, to project one's own ideas, especially our prejudices.

El Pequeño Hans revisado: homenaje a un hombre invisible / Little Hans updated: a tribute to an invisible man

El propósito de este trabajo es el de revisar el Caso del Pequeño Hans a cien años de su publicación y ampliar, a la luz de los datos que poseemos en la actualidad acerca del contexto familiar en el cual Hans se crió, y de su vida y carrera sucesivas, los posibles vértices y parámetros de observación desde los cuales mirar a su análisis infantil y a la naturaleza de su sufrimiento psíquico