In Vitro Antimicrobial Properties and Their Mechanisms in Relation to Reactive Oxygen Species of Canine Platelet-Rich Fibrin.

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), which has been shown to promote wound and bone regeneration, has demonstrated antimicrobial properties against periodontal pathogens. However, in veterinary medicine, no study has determined the antimicrobial effects of canine platelet-rich fibrin (cPRF). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the antimicrobial effect of cPRF against E. coli and S. pseudintermedius found in dogs' wounds and against the standard strain S. aureus. Additionally, the mechanism of the existing antibacterial activity of cPRF, which involves the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), was tested. Blood samples from six dogs were processed for cPRF. The antimicrobial properties of three groups (growth control, cPRF, and drug control) were evaluated at 0.5, 4, 8, and 24 h using a time-kill assay. The killing mechanisms involving ROS were evaluated using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to suppress ROS production in PRF (PRF-SR). Subsequently, tests for antimicrobial properties and ROS generation were compared to those of the growth control and cPRF groups. The results showed that cPRF had significant antimicrobial properties against E. coli but no antimicrobial properties against S. pseudintermedius. After the ROS suppression, PRF-SR did not show an antimicrobial property against E. coli. Moreover, cPRF-treated bacteria exhibited significantly greater intracellular ROS than PRF-SR. In conclusion, canine PRF showed an antimicrobial effect against E. coli, and its antibacterial mechanism was related to releasing ROS.

Occurrence of multidrug resistance associated with extended-spectrum ß­lactamase and the biofilm forming ability of Escherichia coli in environmental swine husbandry.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production and biofilm formation are mechanisms employed by Escherichia coli to resist beta-lactam antibiotics. Thus, we aimed to examine antibiotic resistance associated with ESBL production and biofilm formation in E. coli isolates from swine farms in Southern Thailand. In total, 159 E. coli isolates were obtained, with 44 isolates identified as ESBL producers, originating from feces (18.87 %) and wastewater (8.80 %) samples. All ESBL-producing strains exhibited resistance to ampicillin (100 %), followed by the cephalosporin group (97.73 %) and tetracycline (84.09 %). Multidrug resistance was observed in 17 isolates (38.63 %). Among the isolates from feces samples, the blaGES gene was the most prevalent, detected in 90 % of the samples, followed by blaCTX-M9 (86.67 %) and blaCTX-M1 (66.67 %), respectively. In the bacteria isolated from wastewater, both blaGES and blaCTX-M9 genes were the predominant resistance genes, detected in 100 % of the isolates, followed by blaCTX-M1 (64.29 %) and blaTEM (50 %), respectively. Strong biofilm formation was observed in 11 isolates (36.67 %) from feces and 4 isolates (25.57 %) from wastewater samples. Notably, nearly 100 % of ESBL-producing strains isolated from feces tested positive for both pgaA and pgaC genes, which play a role in intracellular adhesion and biofilm production. These findings contribute to the understanding and potential control of ESBL-producing E. coli, and the dissemination of antibiotic resistance and biofilm-related genes in swine farms.

Robusta coffee extracts inhibit quorum sensing activity in Chromobacterium violaceum and reduce biofilms against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus.

Background and Aim: Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus cause foodborne intoxication in humans and animals. Pathogens can produce biofilms controlled by the quorum sensing system. The study aimed to investigate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-quorum sensing activities of Coffea canephora P. ex Fr. (Robusta coffee) extracts against B. cereus and S. aureus. Materials and Methods: Ethanol extracts of fruit peels and seeds of Robusta coffee were tested for antibacterial activity against B. cereus and S. aureus using a broth microdilution assay. Reduction of the biofilm formation and elimination of the viability of mature biofilm-grown cells of B. cereus and S. aureus were determined. Inhibition of quorum sensing activity in Chromobacterium violaceum by the extracts was investigated using the disk diffusion method and flask incubation assay. Results: Fresh fruit peel extract showed the strongest antibacterial activity against B. cereus and S. aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 2 and 4 mg/mL, respectively. However, the extracts did not inhibit Escherichia coli, avian pathogenic E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 8 mg/mL. Significant inhibition of biofilm formation at 1/2 × MIC of the fresh peel extract was detected in B. cereus (56.37%) and S. aureus (39.69 %), respectively. At 8 × MIC of the fresh peel extract, a significant elimination of the mature biofilm viability was detected in B. cereus (92.48%) and S. aureus (74.49%), respectively. The results showed that fresh and dried peel fruit extracts at 1/2 × MIC significantly reduced violacein production with the highest percentage inhibition ranging from 44.53 to 47.48% at 24 h (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest the potential therapeutic benefits of Robusta coffee extracts in inhibiting the growth, biofilm, and quorum sensing of both B. cereus and S. aureus. The results put forward an alternative strategy to control the foodborne intoxications caused by both pathogens.

In Vitro Assessment of Lyophilized Advanced Platelet-Rich Fibrin from Dogs in Promotion of Growth Factor Release and Wound Healing.

Advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) induces more proliferation and migration of fibroblasts compared with standard PRF, but it being freshly prepared prior to it being applied is necessary. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of lyophilized A-PRF on growth factor release and cell biological activity. Blood samples were collected from six dogs and processed for fresh and lyophilized A-PRF. The growth factors released included transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-ß1), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA), and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), and the fibroblast proliferation as well as wound closure enhancement of both products were compared. The results showed that TGF-ß1, PDGF-BB, and VEGFA were continually released from lyophilized A-PRF for over 72 h. Lyophilized A-PRF released significantly more accumulated VEGEA and a tendency to release more TGF-ß1 at 72 h as well as VEGFA at 24 h and 72 h than fresh A-PRF. Moreover, lyophilized A-PRF increased fibroblast proliferation and induced a significantly faster wound closure than the control, while no significant difference between fresh and lyophilized A-PRF was found. In conclusion, the lyophilization of canine A-PRF can preserve the release of growth factors and has similar biological activities to a fresh preparation. This encourages the substitution of lyophilized A-PRF instead of fresh A-PRF in regenerative treatments in which the stability of the product is concerned.

Bovine omphalocele: errors in embryonic development, veterinarian importance, and the way forward.

Omphalocele is an embryonic developmental error presented as a neonatal visceral umbilical herniation. Epidemiological and embryological studies are reviewed that revise our understanding of midgut development and defects in cattle. Google Scholar and PubMed were searched for omphalocele, exomphalos, calves, calf, cattle, epidemiology, genetics, disease presentation, and omphalocele treatments of bovine neonates. Omphalocele contains small intestine and sometimes liver and/or pyloric abomasum. This condition may arise from inadequately expanded abdominal cavity, herniated midgut entrapment, or inappropriate umbilical ring growth. Full-term neonates are otherwise healthy but comorbidities may be present. Limited epidemiological evidence suggests neonates, commonly female, of dairy dams have much higher omphalocele prevalence than humans but with fewer co-morbidities. Genetic or environmental influences may present at low incidences, especially with co-defects, while also epigenetics operate in metabolically challenged dairy cattle. Calf survival after surgical repair was commonly good if damage to eviscerated tissue was minimal and surgery prompt. Inadequate follow-ups prevented assessment of their commercial value. We also revised understanding of embryonic midgut development. There is little useful epidemiological information on bovine omphaloceles. To address this, we suggest: (i) Observations on omphaloceles should report herd and dam histories, abdominal disposition of contents, and comorbidities. (ii) Cases of surgical restitution must report full histories and thoroughly explore post-surgical follow-ups to assess animal commercial viability. There is a need for very large-scale multi-centre prospective observational studies on cattle health and productivity that should include omphaloceles.

Analysis of culling reasons during the breeding cycle and lifetime performance: The strategy to remove crossbred Landrace and Large White sows under tropical climate.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Sow culling is an important practice in commercial swine production because it is directly associated with the economic efficiency of the breeding herd. This study was conducted to analyze the reasons for sow culling and quantify the factors affecting culling in crossbred Landrace and Large White sows under tropical climate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 4887 culled sows from one parent stock farm located in Ratchaburi province, Western Thailand, were examined in this study. Culling reasons were grouped into the following eight categories according to farm management: (1) Reproductive disorders, (2) old age, (3) low performance, (4) diseases, (5) lameness, (6) udder problems, (7) body condition, and (8) other illnesses. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between culling sows and environmental factors. Effects of parity and season of culling were considered as fixed effects in a statistical model. RESULTS: Descriptive statistics indicated the following factors accounting for sow removals: Old age (34.93%, n=1707), reproductive disorders (29.32%, n=1433), low performance (12.62%, n=617), lameness (12.56%, n=614), diseases (4.8%, n=235), body condition (4.68%, n=229), udder problems (0.79%, n=39), and other illnesses (0.26%, n=13). Parity and season of culling were also found to have a significant effect on sow culling (p<0.05). The majority of culling sows in this population were of old age and high parity. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that the purposeful culling of sows on this farm was within the targeted range. However, the incidence of reproductive disorders was too high and required further investigations.