Science diplomacy in medical physics - an international perspective.

Purpose: Science diplomacy in medical physics is a relatively young research field and translational practice that focuses on establishing international collaborations to address some of the questions biomedical professionals face globally. This paper aims to present an overview of science diplomacy in medical physics, from an international perspective, illustrating the ways collaborations within and across continents can lead to scientific and professional achievements that advance scientific growth and improve patients care. Methods: Science diplomacy actions were sought that promote collaborations in medical physics across the continents, related to professional and scientific aspects alike. Results: Several science diplomacy actions have been identified to promote education and training, to facilitate research and development, to effectively communicate science to the public, to enable equitable access of patients to healthcare and to focus on gender equity within the profession as well as healthcare provision. Scientific and professional organizations in the field of medical physics across all continents have adopted a number of efforts in their aims, many of them with great success, to promote science diplomacy and to foster international collaborations. Conclusions: Professionals in medical physics can advance through international cooperation, by building strong communication across scientific communities, addressing rising demands, exchange scientific information and knowledge.

Evaluation of occupational and patient dose in cerebral angiography procedures / Avaliação da dose ocupacional e de pacientes adultos em procedimentos de angiografia cerebral

Objective The present study was aimed at estimating the doses received by physicians and patients during cerebral angiography procedures in a public hospital of Recife, PE, Brazil. Materials and Methods The study sample included 158 adult patients, and during the procedures the following parameters were evaluated: exposure parameters (kV, mAs), number of acquired images, reference air kerma value (Ka,r) and air kerma-area product (PKA). Additionally, the physicians involved in the procedures were evaluated as for absorbed dose in the eyes, thyroid, chest, hands and feet. Results The results demonstrated that the doses to the patients' eyes region were relatively close to the threshold for cataract occurrence. As regards the physicians, the average effective dose was 2.6 µSv, and the highest effective dose recorded was 16 µSv. Conclusion Depending on the number of procedures, the doses received by the physicians may exceed the annual dose limit for the crystalline lenses (20 mSv) established by national and international standards. It is important to note that the high doses received by the physicians are due to the lack of radiation protection equipment and accessories, such as leaded curtains, screens and protective goggles. .

Dosimetria de pacientes e médicos em intervenções coronárias percutâneas em Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil / Radiation dosimetry in patients and physicians during percutaneous coronary angioplasty in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar os valores de doses de radiação recebidas por médicos e pacientes em procedimentos intervencionistas cardíacos realizados em um hospital público na cidade de Recife, Pernambuco. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: As medidas foram determinadas em 31 pacientes adultos, dos quais 22 tiveram acompanhamento clínico após o procedimento, e em dois cardiologistas com mais de dez anos de experiência. Parâmetros de irradiação para cada procedimento foram registrados. RESULTADOS: Os valores obtidos para a dose absorvida máxima na pele do paciente variaram entre 612 e 8.642 mGy, sendo que 53 por cento foram maiores que 2.000 mGy, valores estes que podem causar efeitos determinísticos. Com relação aos médicos, a dose efetiva média por procedimento foi de 11 µSv e os valores médios do equivalente de dose nas extremidades, mais altos, foram: 923 µSv no pé esquerdo, 514 µSv no pé direito, 382 µSv na mão esquerda e 150 µSv no olho esquerdo. Dependendo do número de procedimentos, as doses recebidas pelos médicos podem exceder os valores limites de doses estabelecidos pelas normas nacionais e internacionais. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos sinalizam a necessidade de adoção de estratégias para otimização da proteção radiológica tanto de pacientes quanto de médicos.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at estimating the values of radiation doses received by physicians and patients during interventional cardiology procedures performed at a public hospital in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Measurements were made in two cardiologists with more than ten years of experience and in 31 adult patients, with 22 of them being clinically followed-up after the procedure. The individual irradiation parameters were documented. RESULTS: The values for maximum patients skin dose ranged between 612 and 8,642 mGy, achieving more than 2,000 mGy in 53 percent of the patients; such dose values may cause deterministic effects. As regards the physicians, the mean effective dose per procedure was 11 µSv, and the highest mean equivalent doses in the limbs were 923 µSv in the left foot, 514 µSv in the right foot, 382 µSv in the left hand, and 150 µSv in the left eye. Depending on the number of procedures, the doses received by the physician may exceed the dose limits established by the Brazilian and international standards. CONCLUSION: The obtained results indicate the necessity of adopting strategies for optimizing the radiological protection for both patients and physicians.

History of the radiological health program of the Pan American Health Organization / Historia del programa de radiología y radioprotección de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud

El programa de radiología y radioprotección de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) se estableció en 1960. En ese entonces, las superpotencias mundiales se enfrascaban en la carrera armamentista; hacían pruebas con armas nuc1eares en la atmósfera y los pueblos y gobiernos del mundo les temían a los efectos de la lluvia radiactiva. Además, se comenzaba a fomentar el uso pacífico de las radiaciones en la medicina, la investigación y la industria, por lo cual se necesitaba una protección adecuada contra estas nuevas formas de energía. Como se señaló en el Informe anual del Director de la OPS, los objetivos de ese nuevo programa de la Organización eran: 1) incentivar la adopción de reglamentos aplicables al uso de las radiaciones en consonancia con las recomendaciones de la Comisión Internacional de Protección Radiológica; 2) promover la enseñanza de la física médica y de la protección radiológica; 3) ayudar a desarrollar las aplicaciones de los radioisótopos en el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y la investigación médica; y 4) impulsar las investigaciones relacionadas con el uso de las radiaciones en la medicina, la salud pública y la veterinaria. Durante casi medio siglo, el programa de radiología y radioprotección de la OPS ha centrado su atención en diversos temas, según las necesidades y prioridades de los Estados Miembros. Para ello siempre ha contado con personal altamente calificado capaz de asesorar a los ministerios de salud acerca de las políticas relacionadas con las aplicaciones sanitarias de las radiaciones, y a las instituciones clínicas acerca de las modalidades radiológicas diagnósticas y terapéuticas más recientes. Como en sus inicios, el programa continúa prestando atención a las siguientes necesidades de la Región: la educación y capacitación del personal de radiología para que aprenda a evaluar, incorporar y utilizar con eficacia y seguridad las nuevas tecnologías; el apoyo gerencial y técnico para fortalecer los...

Accreditation of diagnostic imaging services in developing countries / La acreditación de los servicios de imaginología médica en países en desarrollo

In recent decades, medical imaging has experienced a technological revolution. After conducting several surveys to assess the quality and safety of diagnostic imaging services in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) developed a basic accreditation program that can be implemented by the ministry "of health of any developing country. Patterned after the American College of Radiology's accreditation program, the PAHO program relies on a national accreditation committee to establish and maintain accreditation standards. The process involves a peer review evaluation of: (1) imaging and processing equipment, (2) physician and technologist staff qualifications, (3) quality control and quality assurance programs, and (4) image quality and, where applicable, radiation dose. Public and private conventional radiography/ fluoroscopy, mammography, and ultrasound services may request accreditation. The radiography/fluoroscopy accreditation program has three modules from which to choose: chest radiography, general radiography, and fluoroscopy. The national accreditation committee verifies compliance with the standards. On behalf of the ministry of health, the accreditation committee also issues a three-year accreditation certificate. As needed, the accreditation committee consults with foreign technical and clinical experts.

En los últimos decenios, la imaginología médica ha sufrido una revolución tecnológica. Después de realizar varios estudios para determinar la calidad y la seguridad de los servicios de imaginología diagnóstica en América Latina y el Caribe, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) creó un programa básico de acreditación para servicios de imaginología que las autoridades de salud de cualquier país en desarrollo pueden poner en práctica. Diseñado a partir del programa de acreditación del Colegio Estadounidense de Radiología (American College of Radiology), el de la OPS se apoya en comités internacionales de acreditación para establecer y mantener determinadas normas. Con esta finalidad se lleva a cabo una evaluación por pares de: 1) el equipo radiológico y el de procesamiento de la imagen; 2) la calificación del personal médico y técnico; "3) los programas de control y garantía de la calidad; 4) la calidad de la imagen y, cuando procede, 5) la dosis de radiación. Los servicios públicos y privados de radiografía y fluoroscopia, mamografía y ecografía pueden solicitar su acreditación. El programa de acreditación de los servicios de radiografía y fluoroscopia ofrece tres módulos, entre los cuales se puede elegir: radiografía de tórax, radiografía general y fluoroscopia. El comité internacional de acreditación se cerciora de que se hayan cumplido las normas vigentes y extiende, a nombre del ministerio de salud, un certificado de acreditación válido por tres años. Cuando es necesario, dicho comité consulta a expertos extranjeros, que pueden ser del ámbito clínico o técnico.

La calidad de los servicios de radiología en cinco países latinoamericanos / The quality of radiology services in five Latin American countries

OBJETIVO: Determinar la correlación entre ciertos indicadores de calidad para los servicios de imaginología y la certeza en la interpretación de los exámenes radiológicos para cuatro quejas frecuentes: las masas de la mama, el malestar del aparato digestivo, el dolor de espalda y los síntomas de la tuberculosis. MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron veintiséis servicios de radiología en Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba y México. Se evaluaron los equipos de mamografía y de radiografía/fluoroscopia convencional usados en los servicios seleccionados utilizando protocolos comunes, hojas de especificaciones técnicas, instrumen-tos de prueba, maniquíes y sistemas de dosimetría calibrados. Los estudios se realizaron en establecimientos de complejidad media. Se obtuvo el consentimiento informado de todos los pacientes estudiados, y se garantizó la confidencialidad de los resultados. Se evaluaron y documentaron los siguientes parámetros: el tipo de establecimiento (público o privado); la población cubierta; el número de pacientes y exámenes; los equipos radiológicos, los de procesamiento de imágenes y los suministros; la educación y la capacitación del personal profesional y técnico; los programas de la garantía de la calidad y del mantenimiento preventivo, y la adherencia a las normas de seguridad radiológica. Se determinaron el funcionamiento de los equipos de rayos X, los receptores de la imagen y las procesadoras; las condiciones del cuarto oscuro y de la visualización de las imágenes; las dosis recibidas por los pacientes y la calidad de la imagen, usando parámetros uniformados en todos los casos. Los paneles independientes de radiólogos, reconocidos como expertos por la sociedad radiológica local, evaluaron la calidad de las imágenes clínicas obtenidas y realizaron una interpretación radiológica para cada paciente usando las mismas películas e historia clínica a disposición de los médicos especialistas en imaginología de la institución. El acuerdo entre...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between certain quality indicators for imaging services and the accurate interpretation of radiological exams for four frequent complaints: breast lumps, gastrointestinal discomfort, back pain, and symptoms of tuberculosis. METHODS: Twenty-six radiology services in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, and Mexico were assessed. The mammography and conventional radiographic/fluoroscopic equipment used in selected services were evaluated utilizing common protocols, data sheets, testing instruments, phantoms, and calibrated dosimetry systems. The studies were performed in medium-complexity facilities. Informed consent was obtained from all patients studied, and the confidentiality of results was guaranteed. The following parameters were documented: type of facility (public vs. private); population covered; patient workload; radiological and image-processing equipment and supplies; education and training of professional and technical staff; quality assurance and preventive maintenance programs, and adherence to radiation safety standards. The performance of x-ray units, image receptors and processors; darkroom and image viewing conditions; patient doses and image quality, were determined using standardized parameters in all cases. Independent panels of radiologists, recognized as experts by the local radiological society, assessed the quality of the clinical images obtained and performed a radiological interpretation for each patient using the same films and clinical history available to the institution's imaging physicians. The agreement between the panel of expert's reports and those of local radiologists was taken as an indicator of the radiological diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: Analyses were carried out of 366 mammograms, 343 radiological procedures for gastrointestinal complaints, 319 X-rays of the spinal column, and 157 chest radiographs. The agreement between the radiological interpretation of...

Overexposure of radiation therapy patients in Panama: problem recognition and follow-up measures / La sobreexposición de pacientes tratados con radioterapia en Panamá: reconocimiento del problema y medidas de seguimiento

This report summarizes and analyzes the responses of various organizations that provided assistance to the National Oncology Institute (Instituto Oncológico Nacional, ION) of Panama following the overexposure of 28 radiation therapy patients at the ION in late 2000 and early 2001. The report also looks at the long-term measures that were adopted at the ION in response to the overexposure incident, as well as implications that the incident has for other cancer treatment centers worldwide. In March 2001, the director of the ION was notified of serious overreactions in patients undergoing radiation therapy for cancer treatment. Of the 478 patients treated for pelvic cancers between August 2000 and March 2001, 3 of them had died, possibly from an overdose of radiation. In response, the Government of Panama invited international experts to carry out a full investigation of the situation. Medical physicists from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) were among those invited. They ascertained that 56 patients treated with partially blocked teletherapy fields for cancers of the uterine cervix, endometrium, prostate, or rectum, had had their treatment times calculated using a computerized treatment planning system. PAHO's medical physicists calculated the absorbed doses received by the patients and found that, of these 56 patients, only 11 had been treated with acceptable errors of ±5 percent. The doses received by 28 of the 56 patients had errors ranging from +10 to +105 percent. These are the patients identified by ION physicists as overexposed. Twenty-three of the 28 overexposed patients had died by September 2005, with at least 18 of the deaths being from radiation effects, mostly rectal complications. The clinical, psychological, and legal consequences of the overexposures crippled cancer treatments in Panama and prompted PAHO to assess radiation oncology practices in the countries of Latin American and the Caribbean. ION clinicians...

Este informe resume y analiza la respuesta de varias organizaciones que brindaron asistencia al Instituto Oncológico Nacional (ION) de Panamá después de la sobreexposición de 28 pacientes sometidos a radioterapia que ocurrió en el ION a finales de 2000 y principios de 2001. Además, se examinan las medidas de largo plazo adoptadas en el ION en respuesta al accidente de sobreexposición y las implicaciones que tiene este accidente para todos los centros de tratamiento oncológico en el mundo. En marzo de 2001 se le comunicaron al director del ION las reacciones adversas graves sufridas por algunos pacientes sometidos a radioterapia contra el cáncer. De los 478 pacientes tratados entre agosto de 2000 y marzo de 2001 por cánceres localizados en la región pélvica, tres habían fallecido, presumiblemente por sobredosis de radiación. A raíz de ello, el Gobierno de Panamá invitó a expertos internacionales a realizar una investigación a fondo de la situación. Entre los especialistas invitados se encontraban físicos médicos de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), quienes comprobaron que 56 pacientes con cáncer cérvico-uterino, de endometrio, de próstata o de recto tratados mediante campos de teleterapia parcialmente bloqueados recibieron dosis calculadas mediante un sistema computarizado de planificación de tratamientos. Los físicos médicos de la OPS comprobaron que solo 11 de esos 56 pacientes recibieron una dosis absorbida dentro de los límites aceptables de ±5 por ciento. Veintiocho de los 56 pacientes recibieron dosis con errores entre +10 y +105 por ciento. De esos 28 pacientes que fueron sobreexpuestos, según los físicos del ION, 23 murieron antes de septiembre de 2005; de ellos, 18 murieron a causa de los efectos de las radiaciones, principalmente complicaciones rectales. Las consecuencias clínicas, psicológicas y jurídicas de esta sobreexposición menoscabaron gravemente los tratamientos contra el cáncer en Panamá y llevaron...

[The quality of radiology services in five Latin American countries]. / La calidad de los servicios de radiología en cinco países latinoamericanos.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between certain quality indicators for imaging services and the accurate interpretation of radiological exams for four frequent complaints: breast lumps, gastrointestinal discomfort, back pain, and symptoms of tuberculosis. METHODS: Twenty-six radiology services in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, and Mexico were assessed. The mammography and conventional radiographic/fluoroscopic equipment used in selected services were evaluated utilizing common protocols, data sheets, testing instruments, phantoms, and calibrated dosimetry systems. The studies were performed in medium-complexity facilities. Informed consent was obtained from all patients studied, and the confidentiality of results was guaranteed. The following parameters were documented: type of facility (public vs. private); population covered; patient workload; radiological and image-processing equipment and supplies; education and training of professional and technical staff; quality assurance and preventive maintenance programs, and adherence to radiation safety standards. The performance of x-ray units, image receptors and processors; darkroom and image viewing conditions; patient doses and image quality, were determined using standardized parameters in all cases. Independent panels of radiologists, recognized as experts by the local radiological society, assessed the quality of the clinical images obtained and performed a radiological interpretation for each patient using the same films and clinical history available to the institution's imaging physicians. The agreement between the panel of expert's reports and those of local radiologists was taken as an indicator of the radiological diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: Analyses were carried out of 366 mammograms, 343 radiological procedures for gastrointestinal complaints, 319 X-rays of the spinal column, and 157 chest radiographs. The agreement between the radiological interpretation of the panel of experts and of the local physician ranged from 70% to 100%, except in the case of spinal column films in Cuba (57.8%) and of mammograms in Mexico (33.3%), which the panel of experts found to be among those having the poorest quality. There was a significant positive correlation between the accuracy of the radiological interpretation and the quality of the radiological images. Image quality showed a positive correlation with the technicians' level of education and training. Studies performed in services that had automatic film processors and that complied with the indicators established for screen-film contact yielded better images and a higher proportion of studies with concordant results. More than 50% of the viewboxes did not satisfy the quality criteria for luminance and homogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: A good quality image is critical to achieving an accurate diagnosis. Emphasis should be placed on the continuing education of radiology technicians and on the acquisition and maintenance of adequate equipment and accessories, especially viewboxes, intensifying screens, and automatic film processors, given the impact they have on image quality.

Overexposure of radiation therapy patients in Panama: problem recognition and follow-up measures.

This report summarizes and analyzes the responses of various organizations that provided assistance to the National Oncology Institute (Instituto Oncológico Nacional, ION) of Panama following the overexposure of 28 radiation therapy patients at the ION in late 2000 and early 2001. The report also looks at the long-term measures that were adopted at the ION in response to the overexposure incident, as well as implications that the incident has for other cancer treatment centers worldwide. In March 2001, the director of the ION was notified of serious overreactions in patients undergoing radiation therapy for cancer treatment. Of the 478 patients treated for pelvic cancers between August 2000 and March 2001, 3 of them had died, possibly from an overdose of radiation. In response, the Government of Panama invited international experts to carry out a full investigation of the situation. Medical physicists from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) were among those invited. They ascertained that 56 patients treated with partially blocked teletherapy fields for cancers of the uterine cervix, endometrium, prostate, or rectum, had had their treatment times calculated using a computerized treatment planning system. PAHO's medical physicists calculated the absorbed doses received by the patients and found that, of these 56 patients, only 11 had been treated with acceptable errors of +/-5%. The doses received by 28 of the 56 patients had errors ranging from +10 to +105%. These are the patients identified by ION physicists as overexposed. Twenty-three of the 28 overexposed patients had died by September 2005, with at least 18 of the deaths being from radiation effects, mostly rectal complications. The clinical, psychological, and legal consequences of the overexposures crippled cancer treatments in Panama and prompted PAHO to assess radiation oncology practices in the countries of Latin American and the Caribbean. ION clinicians evaluated the outcome of 125 non-overexposed patients who had been treated in the same time period and for the same cancer sites as the overexposed patients. The clinicians uncovered a larger recurrence of cervical cancers than expected. The finding prompted PAHO to launch an initiative for the accreditation of radiation oncology centers in Latin America and the Caribbean, working in collaboration with professional societies for radiation oncologists, medical physicists, and radiotherapy technologists. The Latin American Association for Radiation Oncology (Asociación Latinoamericana de Terapia Radiante Oncológica) has established an accreditation commission. Accreditation will require that centers implement a comprehensive radiation oncology quality assurance program that follows international guidelines. Statistical data on patient outcomes will be collected in order to document needs in radiotherapy centers in Latin America and the Caribbean and to define future strategies for cancer treatment.

Accreditation of diagnostic imaging services in developing countries.

In recent decades, medical imaging has experienced a technological revolution. After conducting several surveys to assess the quality and safety of diagnostic imaging services in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) developed a basic accreditation program that can be implemented by the ministry of health of any developing country. Patterned after the American College of Radiology's accreditation program, the PAHO program relies on a national accreditation committee to establish and maintain accreditation standards. The process involves a peer review evaluation of: (1) imaging and processing equipment, (2) physician and technologist staff qualifications, (3) quality control and quality assurance programs, and (4) image quality and, where applicable, radiation dose. Public and private conventional radiography/fluoroscopy, mammography, and ultrasound services may request accreditation. The radiography/fluoroscopy accreditation program has three modules from which to choose: chest radiography, general radiography, and fluoroscopy. The national accreditation committee verifies compliance with the standards. On behalf of the ministry of health, the accreditation committee also issues a three-year accreditation certificate. As needed, the accreditation committee consults with foreign technical and clinical experts.

Clinical effects in a cohort of cancer patients overexposed during external beam pelvic radiotherapy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcome of 28 overexposed cancer patients in a cohort of 153 treated with pelvic irradiation and to correlate the outcome with the doses received. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between August 2000 and March 2001, 153 patients were treated at the Instituto Oncológico Nacional of Panama with radiotherapy for cancers of the cervix, uterus, endometrium, prostate, and rectum using conventional techniques. In 56 patients, irradiated with partially blocked teletherapy fields, the treatment times were determined using a treatment planning system that generated isodose distributions. The absorbed doses received by the patients were calculated and the biologically effective doses (BEDs) and 2-Gy equivalent doses derived. The clinical outcome was evaluated using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and late effects on normal tissues-subjective, objective, management, analytic scales (LENT/SOMA). The relationships between clinical outcome and dose were investigated and compared with published data. RESULTS: Of the 56 patients for whom treatment times were generated with the treatment planning system, 28 received some doses per fraction approximately double those prescribed. Using an alpha/beta = 10 Gy, the tumor BED(10) values ranged from 77 to 225 Gy. The rest of the patients received doses within 10% of the prescribed values. Seventeen of the 28 overexposed patients died 35 days to 21 months after treatment; 13 of the fatalities were caused by rectal complications. Survival was longer in those patients who had undergone colostomy. Bladder complications were less enhanced. The nonoverexposed patients with cervical cancer exhibited a greater incidence of treatment failures than generally reported in other centers. CONCLUSION: This study provides the clinical outcome after high doses of pelvic radiotherapy in a range not previously well documented. For cervical cancer patients receiving both tele- and brachytherapy, some deaths in this overexposure cohort occurred from assumed consequential rectal injury within 2 years, when the BED(10) values exceeded 70-80 Gy. The incidence was asymptotic to 100% fatalities at >150 Gy. This confirmed and extended other data in the literature.

Organización, desarrollo, garantía de calidad y radioprotección en los servicios de radiología: Imaginología y radioterapia / Organization, development, guarantee of quality and radioprotección in the radiology services: Imaginología and radiotherapy

Se presentan las pautas para la planificación, organización y operación de los servicios de imaginología y radioterapia en la estrategia de desarrollo de los sistemas locales de salud (SILOS), tomando en cuenta las características de su nuevo contexto tecnológico, político, financiero y organizacional. Además se revisan y reexaminan definiciones, conceptos y principios en los cuales se ha basado la organización general de los servicios. Esta publicación esta dirigida a profesionales en ciencias de la salud, especialmente en el área de radiológia y también el físico médico, profesional relativamente nuevo en el área de la salud, al sector político involucrado en el proceso, además de administradores y planificadores