Splenic abscess and infective endocarditis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the background, bacteriological, clinical and radiological findings, associated lesions, treatment and outcome of splenic abscesses (SAs) in infective endocarditis (IE). METHODS: Retrospective study (2005-2021) of 474 patients with definite IE. The diagnosis of SA was made in 36 (7.6%) patients (31, 86.1%, males, mean age = 51.3) on abdominal CT. RESULTS: The main implicated organisms were Streptococcus spp (36.1%), Enterococcus faecalis (27.7%), Staphyloccus spp (19.4%). Rare agents were present in 10 patients (27.8%). Pre-existing conditions included a prosthetic valve (19.4%), previous IE (13.9%), intravenous drug use (8.4%), diabetes (25%) alcohol abuse (13.9%), liver disease (5.5%). Vegetations ≥ 15 mm were present in 36.1%. Common presentations were abdominal pain (19.4%) and left-sided pleural effusion (16.5%). SA were more often small (50%; 7 multiple) than large (36.1%; 1 multiple) or microabscesses (13.9%, 3 multiple). Associated complications were extrasplenic abscesses (brain, 11.1%; lung, 5.5%; liver, 2.8%), infectious aneurysms (16.7%: 3 intracranial, 1 splenic, 1 hepatic, 1 popliteal), emboli (brain, 52.8%; spleen, 44.4%, 5 evolving to SA; kidney, 22.2%; aorta, 2.8%), osteoarticular infections (25%). Twenty-eight (77.8%) patients only received antimicrobials, 7 (19.4%) underwent splenectomy, after cardiac surgery in 5. One had percutaneous drainage. The outcome was uneventful (follow-up 3 months-14 years; mean: 17.2 months). CONCLUSION: In SA-IE patients, the prevalence of vegetation size, Enterococcus faecalis, rare germs, diabetes, osteo-arthritic involvement and cancer was higher than in non-SA patients. Some SAs developed from splenic infarcts. IE-patients with evidence of splenic emboli should be evaluated for a possible abcedation. Cardiac surgery before splenectomy was safe.

Multimodality Imaging in Rothia dentocariosa Infective Endocarditis and Internal Iliac Artery Infectious Aneurysm.

Background: Aneurysms of the internal iliac artery in infective endocarditis are extremely rare, with few cases reported in the literature, and Rothia dentocariosa infective endocarditis are rare. Analysis: We describe the case of a previously healthy 62-year-old male who presented a Rothia dentocariosa infective endocarditis. Results: Multi-modality imaging revealed an aneurysm of the left internal iliac artery, which was clinically silent. The patient was treated with antibiotics and semi-emergent bioprosthesis aortic valve replacement. Follow-up multi-modality imaging showed the regression of the aneurysm. Conclusion: This case shows that an aneurysm of the internal iliac artery in infective endocarditis can regress under antibiotherapy alone. This case also highlights the ability of PET/CT to identify and follow such an aneurysm.

Hepatic Artery Aneurysms in Infective Endocarditis: Report of 10 Cases and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic artery aneurysms (HAAs), albeit rare in infective endocarditis (IE), are associated with a life-threatening morbidity. METHODS: Retrospective review of 10 HAA-IE patients based on a total of 623 IE patients managed in 2 institutions (2008-2020) versus 35 literature cases. RESULTS: In our patient population, HAAs (10 males, mean age 48) were incidentally found during IE workup. All were asymptomatic. IE involved mitral (n = 6), aortic (n = 3), or mitral-aortic valve (n = 1). Predisposing factors for IE were as follows: prosthetic valve (n = 6), previous IE (n = 2), IV drug user (n = 1). Streptococcus species (spp.) were predominant (n = 4), then staphylococcus spp (n = 2) and E. faecalis (n = 2). All patients presented associated lesions: infectious aneurysms (n = 5), emboli (n = 9), abscesses (n = 5), and spondylitis/spondylodiscitis (n = 2). HAA patterns on abdominal CT angiography (CTA) were solitary (70%), mean diameter 11.7 mm (range 2-30), intrahepatic location (100%) involving the right HA in 9 out of 10 (90%) patients. In 2 patients, HAAs were complicated (rectorragia and hemobilia in 1, cholestasis in the other). Six patients underwent endovascular hepatic embolization (2 with multiple HAAs). Three HAA-IEs <15 mm resolved under antibiotherapy on abdominal CTA follow-up. All patients underwent cardiac surgery. Late outcome was favorable in all followed patients (5/10). Literature review showed the preponderance of Streptococcus spp., of right lobe and intrahepatic HAA localization. Complications revealed HAAs in patients under antibiotic therapy and/or after cardiac surgery in 17 literature cases of delayed diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal CTA was pivotal in the initial IE workup. Small aneurysms (≤15 mm) resolved under antibiotherapy. The usual treatment modality was HAA embolization and endovascular embolization before valve surgery was safe.

Splenic Artery Infectious Aneurysms in Infective Endocarditis - An Observational Study and Comprehensive Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: To determine the prevalence, the clinical and radiological features, associated factors, treatment, and outcome of splenic artery aneurysms (SAAs) in infective endocarditis (IE). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 474 consecutive patients admitted to our institution with definite IE (2005-2020). RESULTS: Six patients had SAAs (1.3%; 3 women; mean age: 50 years). In all cases, the diagnosis was obtained by abdominal computed tomography angiography (CTA). SAAs-IE were solitary and saccular with a mean diameter of 30 mm (range: 10-90 mm). SAAs-IE were intrasplenic (n = 4) or hilar (n = 2). Streptococcus spp. were the predominant organisms (n = 4). In all cases, a left-sided native valve was involved (aortic, n = 3; mitral, n = 2; mitral-aortic, n = 1). SAAs were silent in half patients and were revealed by abdominal pain (n = 2) and by the resurgence of fever after cardiac surgery (n = 1). All patients underwent emergent valve replacement. One patient died within 24 hr from multiorgan failure. For the others, uneventful coil embolization was performed in 4 patients after valve replacement (3 diagnosed early and 1 at 8 weeks). In the remaining patient, SAA-IE diagnosed at abdominal CTA at day 16, with complete resolution under appropriate antibiotherapy alone. CONCLUSIONS: SAAs-IE are a rare occurrence that may be clinically silent. SAAs-IE can be intrasplenic or hilar in location. Endovascular treatment in this context was safe. According to current guidelines, radiologic screening by abdominal CTA allowed the detection of silent SAAs which could be managed by endovascular treatment to prevent rupture. The delayed formation of these SAAs could justify a CTA control at the end of antibiotherapy.

In-vivo imaging of a rare constellation of arterial variants: Aberrant subclavian artery, bicarotid trunk, and ectopic vertebral arteries.

We report in-vivo imaging of a constellation of arterial variants found incidentally on CT-angiography in a 23-year-old woman presenting with an ischaemic stroke. This extremely rare combination includes a common origin of both common carotid arteries, an abnormal origin of the right vertebral artery (VA) from the right common carotid artery and of the left VA from the aortic arch, associated with an aberrant right subclavian artery. This constellation, previously described in a female cadaver, has not been reported in-vivo. Awareness of this configuration is crucial for radiological diagnosis and when performing angiography and endovascular or surgical procedures in thorax, head and neck, to avoid complications.

[Delayed renal infectious aneurysm 3 months after cardiac surgery for a Streptococcus pyogenes infective endocarditis ; case report and literature review]. / Anévrysme rénal infectieux retardé, 3 mois après chirurgie cardiaque pour une endocardite infectieuse à Streptococcus pyogenes ; cas et revue de la littérature.

Infective endocarditis (IE) due to Streptococcus pyogenes (SP) (Group A Streptococcus) is uncommon and infectious renal artery aneurysm (IRAA) is an exceptional complication of IE, with few cases reported in the literature. We describe a case of SP native mitral valve IE in a 58-year-old man, presenting with large valve vegetations, abscess and severe regurgitation. Initial CT-angiography showed bilateral kidney and splenic infarcts. He underwent successful emergent bioprosthetic valve replacement. Antibiotic regimen consisted in linezolid and rifampicin for 8 weeks. Three months later, CT-angiography for feet gangrene revealed a 16mm aneurysm of the left intraparenchymal renal artery, which was occluded by coil-embolization. This case shows that an infectious aneurysm may develop several months after antibiotic treatment and emergent valve replacement for IE.

Brain abscesses in infective endocarditis: contemporary profile and neuroradiological findings.

BACKGROUND: Brain abscesses (BA) are severe lesions in the course of infective endocarditis (IE). We compare the bacteriological, clinical data, background, associated lesions, and outcome of IE patients with and without BAs, and assess the MRI characteristics of BAs. METHODS: Retrospective study of 351 consecutive patients with definite IE (2005-2020) and at least one brain MRI. Patients with and without BAs were compared. RESULTS: Twenty patients (5.7%) had BA (80% men; median age: 44.9 ± 11.5). They were younger (p = 0.035) and had a higher rate of predisposing factors (previous IE 20% vs 2.2%, p = 0.03), intravenous drug use [25% vs 2.2%; p < 0.0001]), underlying conditions (HIV infection, 20% vs 2.2%, p < 0.0001; alcohol abuse, 20% vs 2.2% p < 0.0001]; liver disease p = 0.04; hemodialysis, p = 0.001; type 2 diabetes, p = 0.001), bacterial meningitis (p = 0.0029), rare species involvement (35% vs 7%, p < 0.0006) and extra-cerebral abscesses (p = 0.0001) compared to patients without BA. Valve vegetations were larger in Group 1 (p = 0.046). Clinical presentation could suggest the diagnosis of BA in only 7/20 (35%) patients. MR identified 58 BAs (mean/patient 2.9; range 2-12): often multiple (80%), bilateral (55%) and ≤ 10 mm (72%). The presence of BA did not modify cardiac surgery indication and timing. Favorable outcome was observed in 85% of patients. CONCLUSION: Rates of predisposing, underlying conditions, rare IE agents, meningitis and metastatic abscesses are significantly higher in BA-IE patients. As BAs can develop in asymptomatic IE patients, the impact of brain MRI on their management needs thoroughly to be further investigated.

MRI of unruptured infectious intracranial aneurysms in infective endocarditis. A case-control study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of T2* and FLAIR sequences in the detection of unruptured infectious intracranial aneurysms (UIIAs) in infective endocarditis (IE) including the relationships between the lesion patterns within subarachnoid spaces and the presence of UIIA. METHODS: Retrospective review of 15 consecutive patients with definite IE undergoing MR imaging (FLAIR, T2*, DWI, CE-MRA, 3D-T1, CE-3DT1 sequences), in whom DSA detected infectious intracranial aneurysms (IIA). Aneurysmal features (diameter, location, morphology on DSA) and signal patterns onT2*, FLAIR and conventional MR sequences at the site of the UIIA, follow-up MRI and IE background, were analyzed. A control-group of 15 IE-patients without IIA at DSA served for comparison. RESULTS: Among 17 UIIAs studied, T2* sequence displayed a susceptibility vessel sign in 15/17 (88.2%), both distal and proximal, which matched with the IIA visualized on DSA. Three patterns of hyposignal areas were identified: (a) signet-ring or target-sign appearance (n = 7), (b) homogeneous, round-, oval- or pear-shaped area (n = 4), and (c) heterogeneous area (n = 4). A FLAIR hyperintensity of the lumen and of the adjacent cortex was present in 6 (35.3%) and 9 (53%) UIIAs, respectively. On T1 (12 UIIAs) a rounded hyposignal (n = 2), within the UIIA lumen matched with the FLAIR hypersignal. Using both T2* and FLAIR had an incremental value with 100% sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION: The susceptibility vessel sign is an MR imaging pattern frequently observed at the site of UIIAs in IE-patients. Both T2* and FLAIR may have the potential to depict UIIAs, regardless of their location and shape.

Comparison of susceptibility-weighted angiography (SWAN) and T2 gradient-echo sequences for the detection of acute cerebral venous thrombosis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic accuracy and lesion conspicuity of susceptibility-weighted angiography (SWAN) and T2* for the clot detection in acute cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) by comparison with contrast-enhanced MR venography. METHODS: Venous thrombi detection and conspicuity were assessed by two readers for 18 venous segments on both T2*, SWAN source images, 2D SWAN reformats matching with T2*, and 3D SWAN images (SWAN-MinIP). Images obtained with the three reading techniques were systematically scored and compared to CE MRV findings, in a blinded fashion, per patient and per segment, and compared to each other. RESULTS: In 30 patients, 137 thrombosed venous segments were evaluated. The sensitivity of T2*, SWAN source images, 2D SWAN, and SWAN MinIP were, respectively, of 89.3%/82.1%, 82.1%, and 82.1% for dural sinus thrombosis and of 100%/100%/100%/96.6% for cortical venous thrombosis. There were significant differences in thrombus detection between T2* and SWAN: T2* versus SWAN source images and 2D SWAN (p = 0.04) and versus SWAN MinIP (p = 0.03). There were no significant differences between the three modalities of SWAN images. T2* was more sensitive than all SWAN images for both sigmoid sinus thrombosis and intracranial internal jugular vein thrombosis (p = 0.04). Inter-observer agreement was slightly superior with T2* (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In this small cohort, SWAN sequence at 3T did not yield additional value for thrombus detection in acute CVT compared to T2*. This study highlights SWAN's greatest weakness both for diagnostic accuracy and lesion conspicuity compared to T2* for acute venous clot detection near the skull base.

Premier cas d'endocardite infectieuse sur valve aortique prosthétique dû à Prevotella Intermedia.

INTRODUCTION: Prevotella species (i. e. P. intermedia, P. nigrescens, P. pallens, P. oris) are usually responsible for abscesses of head and neck spaces after dental procedures. P. intermedia - related infective endocarditis has never been reported. CASE REPORT: A 22-year-old man, with a history of aortic valve replacement 6 years ago, presented with fever and persistent retrosternal chest pain. An empirical antibiotic therapy was started on (cefotaxime, 2gx3 - gentamicin, 5mg/kilo). Five blood cultures were positive at Prevotella Intermedia. Metronidazole was introduced (500mg X 3 by day).The oro-pharyngeal spaces were normal. The evolution was marked by a hypotension, a third degree atrio-ventricular block, and a rapidly growing aortic root abscess complicated this case of Prevotella Intermedia infective endocarditis (IE). Aortic valve redux surgery was performed at day 5 of admission. Post-operative course was unremarkable. CONCLUSION: This first reported case of Prevotella Intermedia IE presented suggestive features of anaerobic IE as the patient developed both aortic-ring abscess, third degree atrio-ventricular block and hypotension.

Usefulness of contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography and contrast-enhanced 3D T1 sequence for detecting intracranial infectious aneurysms in infectious endocarditis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced MRA (CE MRA) and CE 3D-T1 for identifying intracranial infectious aneurysms (IIAs) in infective endocarditis (IE) with digital substraction angiography (DSA) as reference. METHODS: Twenty-one IE patients (14 males; mean age: 53 years) with 30 IIAs, diameter ranging 1.5-15 mm (<3mm, n = 14, 46.7%; 3-5 mm, n = 12,40%), underwent CE MRA and CE 3D-T1 at 1.5 T. Two readers evaluated images for aneurysm detection, characterization, quality of visualization. DSA was obtained at a median of 3 days (range 1-15) after MRI. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy of IIA detection were respectively: 80%, 100%, 100%, 82.3%, 90% for CE MRA and 86.7%, 100%, 100%, 88.2%, 93.3% for CE 3D T1 compared to DSA. No significant difference was observed between CE MRA and CE 3D-T1 for accuracy and quality of visualization. All IIAs of ≥3 mm in diameter (16/30; 53.%) were identified by both sequences, which were also able to detect IIAs ≤ 3 mm (n = 14/30, 46.7%). False negatives were observed with both sequences for 4 IIAs of <2 mm, 3 being compressed by hemorrhagic lesions. Two other IIAs of <2 mm were overlooked by CE MRA. CE 3D-T1 overestimated IIAs luminal diameter by 8% relatively to DSA (P = NS). Intra and inter-observer agreement were good and similar with both methods. CONCLUSION: Both CE MRA and CE 3D-T1 have good accuracy compared to DSA detection and characterization of IIAs. CE 3D-T1 also evaluates anatomical relationships of IIAs, which could help DSA location and endovascular treatment.

"Unusual Pattern of Cerebral Microbleeds and Petechial Hemorrhages after Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support. A Report of 2 Cases".

OBJECTIVE: to report an unusual pattern of brain petechial hemorrhages in 2 patients after veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support (VA-ECMO) CASE 1: a 28-year-old man (Marfan disease) presented in the early post-operative period a multi-organ failure associated with a disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). He was placed on continuous veno-venous hemofiltration and VA-ECMO. He was weaned from ECMO 4 days later. He then developed bacterial pneumoniae leading to respiratory failure and requiring mechanical ventilation. MRI 30 days later showed widespread petechial hemorrhages in the subcortical and deep white matter (WM) (optic radiations, corpus callosum, predominantly in the splenium, internal and external capsules), caudate nuclei, basal ganglia, frontal and parietal cortex and in infratentorial structures. These hemorrhages were bilateral and almost symmetric and marked at the border zones of the carotid arteries territories. CASE 2: a 60-year-old man presented an out-of-hospital refractory hypothermic cardiac arrest. At arrival, cardiopulmonary resuscitation was continued; he presented bleeding at the puncture sites related to DIC and associated with multi-organ failure. VA-ECMO was implanted. After ECMO removal (day 7) he presented a severe spatial orientation deficit. MRI showed petechial hemorrhages in both hippocampi and microbleeds at the cerebral cortex and the juxta-cortical WM. Both patients had good functional outcome. CONCLUSION: Two unusual presentations of brain hemorrhages in patients who underwent VA-ECMO are reported. If their specific cause remains unclear, there seems to be a relationship in time between DIC and microhemorrhages in these cases, even if in case 1 brain hemorrhages seem to have a multifactorial cause.

Utility of Susceptibility-Weighted Angiography Sequence in the Diagnosis of Ruptured Infectious Aneurysms.

In a patient with infective endocarditis (IE), susceptibility-weighted angiography (SWAN) sequence revealed 2 intracranial infectious aneurysms (IIAs) as bright signal lesion, related to the high-velocity arterial flow within the IIAs. In addition, SWAN revealed a convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage-related to distal IIA rupture-as a dark signal. The risk of IIA rupture emphasizes the need for serial imaging follow-up in patients with IE receiving antibiotic therapy after endovascular treatment and after valve surgery. Considering its specific risks, particularly in patients with IE who may be on anticoagulation, digital subtraction angiography is not used routinely in this context. Therefore, SWAN might be an alternative method for selecting patients with IE who need conventional angiography and might be useful for serial follow-up and monitoring after treatment. Future studies should investigate the role of SWAN for the detection of IIAs.