Abundant hydrocarbons in the disk around a very-low-mass star.

Very-low-mass stars (those less than 0.3 solar masses) host orbiting terrestrial planets more frequently than other types of stars. The compositions of those planets are largely unknown but are expected to relate to the protoplanetary disk in which they form. We used James Webb Space Telescope mid-infrared spectroscopy to investigate the chemical composition of the planet-forming disk around ISO-ChaI 147, a 0.11-solar-mass star. The inner disk has a carbon-rich chemistry; we identified emission from 13 carbon-bearing molecules, including ethane and benzene. The high column densities of hydrocarbons indicate that the observations probe deep into the disk. The high carbon-to-oxygen ratio indicates radial transport of material within the disk, which we predict would affect the bulk composition of any planets forming in the disk.

Water in the terrestrial planet-forming zone of the PDS 70 disk.

Terrestrial and sub-Neptune planets are expected to form in the inner (less than 10 AU) regions of protoplanetary disks1. Water plays a key role in their formation2-4, although it is yet unclear whether water molecules are formed in situ or transported from the outer disk5,6. So far Spitzer Space Telescope observations have only provided water luminosity upper limits for dust-depleted inner disks7, similar to PDS 70, the first system with direct confirmation of protoplanet presence8,9. Here we report JWST observations of PDS 70, a benchmark target to search for water in a disk hosting a large (approximately 54 AU) planet-carved gap separating an inner and outer disk10,11. Our findings show water in the inner disk of PDS 70. This implies that potential terrestrial planets forming therein have access to a water reservoir. The column densities of water vapour suggest in-situ formation via a reaction sequence involving O, H2 and/or OH, and survival through water self-shielding5. This is also supported by the presence of CO2 emission, another molecule sensitive to ultraviolet photodissociation. Dust shielding, and replenishment of both gas and small dust from the outer disk, may also play a role in sustaining the water reservoir12. Our observations also reveal a strong variability of the mid-infrared spectral energy distribution, pointing to a change of inner disk geometry.

A multifunctional setup to record FTIR and UV-vis spectra of organic molecules and their photoproducts in astronomical ices.

This article describes a new, multi-functional, high-vacuum ice setup that allows to record the in situ and real-time spectra of vacuum UV (VUV)-irradiated non-volatile molecules embedded in a low-temperature (10 K) amorphous solid water environment. Three complementary diagnostic tools-UV-visible (UV-vis) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption quadrupole mass spectrometry-can be used to simultaneously study the physical and chemical behavior of the organic molecules in the ice upon VUV irradiation. The setup is equipped with a temperature-controlled sublimation oven that enables the controlled homogeneous deposition of solid species such as amino acids, nucleobases, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ice mixtures prepared from precursor gases and/or liquids. The resulting ice is photo-processed with a microwave discharge hydrogen lamp, generating VUV radiation with a spectral energy distribution representative for the interstellar medium. The characteristics, performance, and future potential of the system are discussed by describing three different applications. First, a new method is introduced, which uses broadband interference transmission fringes recorded during ice deposition, to determine the wavelength-dependent refractive index, nλ, of amorphous solid water. This approach is also applicable to other solids, pure and mixed. Second, the UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy of an VUV-irradiated triphenylene:water ice mixture is discussed, monitoring the ionization efficiency of PAHs in interstellar ice environments. The third and final example investigates the stability of solid glycine upon VUV irradiation by monitoring the formation of dissociation products in real time.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Spot Assay Measuring Borrelia burgdorferi B31-Specific Interferon Gamma-Secreting T Cells Cannot Discriminate Active Lyme Neuroborreliosis from Past Lyme Borreliosis: a Prospective Study in the Netherlands.

Two-tier serology testing is most frequently used for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis (LB); however, a positive result is no proof of active disease. To establish a diagnosis of active LB, better diagnostics are needed. Tests investigating the cellular immune system are available, but studies evaluating the utility of these tests on well-defined patient populations are lacking. Therefore, we investigated the utility of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay to diagnose active Lyme neuroborreliosis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of various study groups were stimulated by using Borrelia burgdorferi strain B31 and various recombinant antigens, and subsequently, the number of Borrelia-specific interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-secreting T cells was measured. We included 33 active and 37 treated Lyme neuroborreliosis patients, 28 healthy individuals treated for an early manifestation of LB in the past, and 145 untreated healthy individuals. The median numbers of B. burgdorferi B31-specific IFN-γ-secreting T cells/2.5 × 105 PBMCs did not differ between active Lyme neuroborreliosis patients (6.0; interquartile range [IQR], 0.5 to 14.0), treated Lyme neuroborreliosis patients (4.5; IQR, 2.0 to 18.6), and treated healthy individuals (7.4; IQR, 2.3 to 14.9) (P = 1.000); however, the median number of B. burgdorferi B31-specific IFN-γ-secreting T cells/2.5 × 105 PBMCs among untreated healthy individuals was lower (2.0; IQR, 0.5 to 3.9) (P ≤ 0.016). We conclude that the Borrelia ELISpot assay, measuring the number of B. burgdorferi B31-specific IFN-γ-secreting T cells/2.5 × 105 PBMCs, correlates with exposure to the Borrelia bacterium but cannot be used for the diagnosis of active Lyme neuroborreliosis.

Associations between FTO genotype and total energy and macronutrient intake in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Risk variants of fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene have been associated with increased obesity. However, the evidence for associations between FTO genotype and macronutrient intake has not been reviewed systematically. Our aim was to evaluate the potential associations between FTO genotype and intakes of total energy, fat, carbohydrate and protein. We undertook a systematic literature search in OVID MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE and Cochrane of associations between macronutrient intake and FTO genotype in adults. Beta coefficients and confidence intervals (CIs) were used for per allele comparisons. Random-effect models assessed the pooled effect sizes. We identified 56 eligible studies reporting on 213,173 adults. For each copy of the FTO risk allele, individuals reported 6.46 kcal day(-1) (95% CI: 10.76, 2.16) lower total energy intake (P = 0.003). Total fat (P = 0.028) and protein (P = 0.006), but not carbohydrate intakes, were higher in those carrying the FTO risk allele. After adjustment for body weight, total energy intakes remained significantly lower in individuals with the FTO risk genotype (P = 0.028). The FTO risk allele is associated with a lower reported total energy intake and with altered patterns of macronutrient intake. Although significant, these differences are small and further research is needed to determine whether the associations are independent of dietary misreporting.

Conditioned media from (pre)adipocytes stimulate fibrinogen and PAI-1 production by HepG2 hepatoma cells.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with a prothrombotic state, which may contribute to the increased risk of thrombotic events. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of (pre)adipocyte-derived adipokines on fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tissue factor (TF) production by hepatocytes. METHODS: HepG2 hepatocytes were incubated with conditioned media (CM) derived from preadipocytes and adipocytes, which had been untreated or prestimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß or IL-6. After 24 h, supernatants and cell lysates were harvested for measurement of fibrinogen, PAI-1 and TF. RESULTS: (Pre)adipocyte CM significantly enhanced the production of PAI-1 by HepG2 cells 2.5- to 4.4-fold. CM from cytokine-stimulated (pre)adipocytes significantly induced fibrinogen secretion 1.5- to 4.2-fold. TF production was not affected by the CM. After specific depletion of TNF-α, IL-1ß or IL-6 from the CM, IL-6 was shown to be the most prominent stimulus of fibrinogen secretion and IL-1ß of PAI-1 secretion. In addition, fibrinogen, PAI-1 and tissue factor production was evaluated by direct stimulation of HepG2 cells with TNF-α, IL-1ß or IL-6. IL-6 enhanced fibrinogen synthesis 4.3-fold (P<0.01), whereas IL-1ß induced PAI-1 production 5.0-fold (P<0.01). Gene expression analyses showed that TNF-α and IL-1ß stimulate the adipocyte expression of TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6. Cytokine stimulation of adipocytes may thus have induced an inflammatory response, which may have stimulated fibrinogen and PAI-1 production by HepG2 cells more potently. CONCLUSIONS: SGBS (pre)adipocytes release cytokines that increase the production of fibrinogen and PAI-1 by HepG2 cells. IL-6 and IL-1ß produced by (pre)adipocytes were the strongest inducers of fibrinogen and PAI-1 secretion, respectively.

Improving the timeframe between blood collection and interferon gamma release assay using T-Cell Xtend®.

UNLABELLED: Vacutainer CPT tubes require blood samples for TSPOT.TB to be processed within 8 h. In this study we evaluated the ability of T-Cell Xtend to maintain the number and function of lymphocytes after 24 and 48 h of blood storage, giving similar test results as in freshly isolated specimens. METHODS: Whole blood specimens from 59 individuals were collected in Vacutainer CPT tubes (CPT) and lithium heparin (LH) tubes. CPT tubes were processed within 8 h. T-Cell Xtend was added to LH tubes after 24 or 48 h. We also left LH tubes untreated for 48 h. Total number of white blood cells (WBC) and proportions of lymphocytes and granulocytes were determined in the isolated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC). We also evaluated the performance of T-Cell Xtend in the TSPOT.TB assay. RESULTS: PBMC yields from T-Cell Xtend treated LH samples did not differ from PBMC yields from CPT tubes, but T-Cell Xtend had a pronounced effect on the proportions of lymphocytes and granulocytes. The mean lymphocyte percentage in PBMCs isolated from fresh CPT blood was 84.31 ± 1.14% (at t = 48 h), but was decreased to 52.72 ± 3.34% (p < 0.05) in untreated LH blood (at t = 48 h). This effect was neutralized by T-Cell Xtend (85.44 ± 0.74%). We observed a similar but opposite effect on granulocytes: The mean proportion in untreated LH blood was increased to 40.9 ± 3.67% (p < 0.001) compared to CPT blood (8.26 ± 0.89%). Treatment of LH samples with T-Cell Xtend (48 h) restored the proportion of granulocytes to 8.47 ± 0.61%. Enumeration of spots in the TSPOT.TB assay demonstrated good agreement between CPT and T-Cell Xtend results, even after 48 h. CONCLUSIONS: T-Cell Xtend efficiently removes granulocytes from PBMC suspensions and increases the proportion of lymphocytes. TSPOT.TB results from T-Cell Xtend treated blood samples are at least comparable to the results obtained from the current CPT method. Use of standard lithium heparin blood combined with T-Cell Xtend allows up to 48 h storage of blood samples for batched processing and may further decrease the rate of indeterminate TSPOT.TB results.

Diagnostic potential of an enzyme-linked immunospot assay in tuberculous pericarditis.

Tuberculous pericarditis is a rare disease in developed countries. The diagnosis is difficult to set since there are no robust rapid tests, and culture of pericardial fluid for Mycobacterium tuberculosis is often negative. T-SPOT.TB, an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) test, measures the gamma interferon response of lymphocytes against tuberculosis antigens and can be performed on blood and body fluids. We describe a patient with tuberculous pericarditis for which the diagnosis was rapidly set by positive T-SPOT.TB results, which were confirmed by isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pericardial fluid culture. We performed a literature search to assess the diagnostic potential of ELISPOT testing in tuberculous pericarditis. The limited data on this subject indicate that T-SPOT.TB aids in diagnosing active tuberculosis (TB) infection and results in a more rapid decision to start antituberculosis treatment. Enumerating TB-specific lymphocytes and testing blood/compartmental fluid simultaneously can provide useful information on active tuberculous pericarditis.

Time-dependent regulation of yeast glycolysis upon nitrogen starvation depends on cell history.

In this study, the authors investigated how the glycolytic flux was regulated in time upon nitrogen starvation of cells with different growth histories. We have compared cells grown in glucose-limited chemostat cultures under respiratory conditions (low dilution rate of 0.1/h) to cells grown under respirofermentative conditions (high dilution rate of 0.35/h). The fermentative capacity was lower in cells grown under respiratory conditions than in cells grown under respirofermentative conditions, yet more resilient to prolonged nitrogen starvation. The time profiles revealed that the fermentative capacity even increased in cells grown under respiratory conditions during the first hours of nitrogen starvation. In cells grown under respirofermentative conditions the fermentative capacity decreased from the onset of nitrogen starvation. We have applied time-dependent Regulation Analysis to follow the fermentative capacity during nitrogen starvation. In both experiments, diverse categories of regulation were found. However, in the cells grown under respiratory conditions regulation was predominantly metabolic, whereas in the cells grown under respirofermentative conditions hierarchical regulation was dominant. To study the metabolic regulation, concentrations of intracellular metabolites, including allosteric regulators, were measured. The obtained results can explain some aspects of the metabolic regulation, but not all.

Intracellular infections enhance interleukin-6 and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 production by cocultivated human adipocytes and THP-1 monocytes.

Obesity is associated with a chronic inflammatory state, and adipocyte dysfunction is thought to play a crucial role in this. Infection of adipose tissue may trigger the production of inflammatory cytokines, leading to increased recruitment of macrophages into adipose tissue, which in turn may exacerbate the inflammatory state in obesity. Low-grade inflammation was mimicked in an in vitro coculture model with human adipocytes and THP-1 monocytes. Adipocytes and monocytes were infected with adenovirus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), or influenza A virus. After 48 h, transinfection was evaluated and interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), adiponectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) were measured. IL-6 production was upregulated in cocultures of uninfected adipocytes and THP-1 macrophages in a THP-1 cell number-dependent fashion. IL-6 production by CMV-infected adipocytes was increased relative to that of uninfected adipocytes (P < 0.01). IL-6 production by CMV-infected cocultures was 16- to 37-fold higher than that of uninfected adipocytes (P < 0.001). IL-6 production in influenza A virus-infected cocultures was increased 12- to 20-fold (P < 0.05). Only CMV infection increased levels of PAI-1 in cocultures (fourfold; P < 0.05). Soluble factors produced by THP-1 macrophages rather than by adipocytes were responsible for the increased production of IL-6 in cocultures. Infection of cocultivated human adipocytes and THP-1 monocytes with CMV or influenza A virus led to increased production of IL-6 and PAI-1. Thus, infection of adipose tissue evokes an inflammatory response, leading to adipose tissue dysfunction and subsequent overproduction of IL-6 and PAI-1. This may further compound the atherogenic effects of obesity.

Episodic formation of cometary material in the outburst of a young Sun-like star.

The Solar System originated in a cloud of interstellar gas and dust. The dust is in the form of amorphous silicate particles and carbonaceous dust. The composition of cometary material, however, shows that a significant fraction of the amorphous silicate dust was transformed into crystalline form during the early evolution of the protosolar nebula. How and when this transformation happened has been a question of debate, with the main options being heating by the young Sun and shock heating. Here we report mid-infrared features in the outburst spectrum of the young Sun-like star EX Lupi that were not present in quiescence. We attribute them to crystalline forsterite. We conclude that the crystals were produced through thermal annealing in the surface layer of the inner disk by heat from the outburst, a process that has hitherto not been considered. The observed lack of cold crystals excludes shock heating at larger radii.

Interferon-gamma release assays during follow-up of tuberculin skin test-positive contacts.

SETTING: Following a large-scale contact investigation, individuals with a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) result were offered preventive tuberculosis treatment. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of isoniazid (INH) treatment and the effect of time on interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) results during follow-up. DESIGN: TST-positive subjects (n = 122) detected during the large-scale contact investigation were included in the study. Blood was obtained every 6 months over 2 years to perform both tests. RESULTS: Preventive INH treatment was completed by 36 of the 122 (29.5%) subjects, 71 (58.2%) were followed up with 6-monthly X-ray screening and 15 (12.3%) did not complete INH treatment. The overall percentage of individuals with a positive result remained stable during the 2 years, at approximately 45-50%, but individual responses varied over time. The majority of initially low IGRA results remained below the cut-off value, initially high IGRA results remained positive, while initially intermediate IGRA results were followed by more dynamic patterns. CONCLUSION: This study showed a highly variable pattern of IGRA responses over time and suggests limited value for their use during follow-up of latently infected individuals. However, the significance of different kinetic patterns observed among subjects with intermediate initial IGRA results warrants further study.

Infection-induced inflammatory response of adipocytes in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal obesity plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. The exact pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear but adipocyte dysfunction is thought to be crucial. Infections are associated with the development of atherosclerosis as well as diabetes. In this study we investigated whether adipocytes can be infected and whether this results in production of inflammatory cytokines relevant for the development of atherosclerosis and diabetes. METHODS: Pre-adipocytes were cultured and differentiated into mature adipocytes in vitro. Adipocytes and pre-adipocytes were incubated with infective and heat-inactivated Chlamydia pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus (CMV), adenovirus (Ad) subtypes 2 and 36, influenza A and respiratory syncitial virus (RSV). After 48 h, adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were measured in supernatants. RESULTS: Infection of adipocytes with Ad-36, CMV and RSV resulted in increased IL-6 production from 192+/-22 pg ml(-1) (uninfected) to 1030+/-86 pg ml(-1), 838+/-59 pg ml(-1) and 1241+/-191 pg ml(-1), respectively (all P<0.01 vs control). In addition, Ad-36 infection slightly reduced PAI production in adipocytes (285+/-26.8 ng ml(-1) vs uninfected: 477+/-71.2 ng ml(-1); P=0.05) and pre-adipocytes (709+/-43.3 ng ml(-1) vs uninfected: 1071+/-71.8 ng ml(-1); P<0.01). In contrast, human Ad type 2 did not exert any effect on IL-6 or PAI production. None of the microorganisms induced significant changes in adiponectin and/or TNF-alpha production. CONCLUSIONS: Adipocytes can be infected with several microorganisms in vitro. Infection of adipocytes with Ad-36, but not Ad-2 leads to increased production of IL-6 which might contribute to chronic low-grade inflammation, a process known to be involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes.

Time-dependent hierarchical regulation analysis: deciphering cellular adaptation.

Cells adapt to changes in their environment by the concerted action of many different regulatory mechanisms. Examples of such mechanisms are feedback inhibition by intermediates of metabolism, covalent modification of enzymes and changes in the abundance of mRNAs and proteins. These mechanisms act in parallel at different levels in the cellular hierarchy while regulating a single process. Existing hierarchical regulation analysis determines the relative importance of these mechanisms when the cell regulates a transition from one steady-state to another. Here, the analysis is extended to the regulation of time-dependent phenomena, for which two methods are introduced and illustrated with a kinetic model incorporating transcription and translation of metabolic enzymes.

Reduced expression of neuropeptide genes in a genome-wide screen of a secretion-deficient mouse.

Activity-dependent changes in synapses rely on functional changes in resident proteins and on gene expression. We addressed the relationship between synapse activity and the expression of synaptic genes by comparing RNA levels in the neocortex of normal mice versus secretion-deficient and therefore synaptically silent munc18-1 (mammalian homologue of Caenorhabditis elegans uncoordinated locomotion-18) null mutants, using microarray expression analysis, real-time quantitative PCR and northern blotting. We hypothesized that genes under the control of synaptic activity would be differentially expressed between mutants and controls. We found that few synaptic genes were differentially expressed. However, most neuropeptide genes with detectable expression on the microarray were differentially expressed, being expressed 3-20-fold higher in control cortex. Several other secreted proteins were also differentially expressed, but genes encoding their receptors and many other synaptic components were not. Differential expression was confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR analysis. In situ hybridization indicated that the difference in neuropeptide expression was uniform and not due to the loss of specific cells in the mutant. In primary sensory neurons, which do not depend on synaptic activity for their input, the differential expression of neuropeptides was not observed. These data argue against a general relationship between the activity of synapses and the expression of their resident proteins, but suggest a link between secretion and the expression of genes encoding the secreted products.

Iron enhances endothelial cell activation in response to Cytomegalovirus or Chlamydia pneumoniae infection.

BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation has been implemented in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases like atherosclerosis. Several pathogens like Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) result in inflammation and thereby are potentially artherogenic. Those infections could trigger endothelial activation, the starting point of the atherogenic inflammatory cascade. Considering the role of iron in a wide range of infection processes, the presence of iron may complicate infection-mediated endothelial activation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and endothelial selectin (E-selectin) expression were measured using flow cytometry, as an indication of endothelial activation. Cytotoxicity was monitored using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Immunostaining was applied to measure Cp and CMV infectivity to endothelial cells. RESULTS: An increased number of infected endothelial cells in a monolayer population leads to a raised expression of adhesion molecules of the whole cell population, suggesting paracrine interactions. Iron additively up-regulated Cp-induced VCAM-1 expression, whereas synergistically potentiated Cp-induced ICAM-1 expression. Together with CMV, iron also enhanced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. These iron effects were observed without modulation of the initial infectivity of both microorganisms. Moreover, the effects of iron could be reversed by intracellular iron chelation or radical scavenging, conforming modulating effects of iron on endothelial activation after infections. CONCLUSIONS: Endothelial response towards chronic infections depends on intracellular iron levels. Iron status in populations positive for Cp or CMV infections should be considered as a potential determinant for the development of atherosclerosis.

High-resolution infrared spectroscopy of the charge-transfer complex [Ar-N2]+: a combined experimental/theoretical study.

A combined experimental and theoretical study of the charge-transfer complex [Ar-N(2)](+) is presented. Nearly 50 transitions split by spin-rotation interaction have been observed by means of infrared diode laser absorption spectroscopy in a supersonic planar plasma expansion. The band origin is at 2272.2563(18) cm(-1) and rotational constants in the ground and vibrationally (NN-stretch) excited state amount to 0.128701(8) cm(-1) and 0.128203(8) cm(-1), respectively. The interpretation of the data in terms of a charge switch upon complexation is supported by new ab initio calculations. The best estimate for a linear equilibrium structure yields R(e)(NN)=1.102 A and R(e)(Ar-N)=2.190 A. Predictions for molecular parameters not directly available from the experimental results are presented as well. Furthermore, the electronic structure and Ar-N bonding mechanism of [Ar-N(2)](+) have been analyzed in detail. The Ar-N bond is a textbook example of a classical 2-center-3-electron bond.

Azithromycin reduces Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced attenuation of eNOS and cGMP production by endothelial cells.

BACKGROUND: Intracellular infections with cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) may play a role in the aetiology of atherosclerosis. Nitric oxide (NO) is a key regulator of endothelial function. Under pathological conditions uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) leads to vessel damage as a result of production of oxygen radicals instead of NO. We hypothesized that infection-induced atherosclerosis is initiated by changes in NO metabolism and may be reversed by azithromycin treatment. METHODS: Confluent human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were infected with Cp or CMV. After 48 h of infection, production of eNOS, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured. Detection of cGMP was used as a reporter assay for the bioavailability of NO. Subsequently, Cp- and CMV-infected HUVECs were coincubated with 0.016 mg L(-1) and 1 mg L(-1) azithromycin. RESULTS: Infection with Cp (MOI 1 and MOI 0.1) and CMV (MOI 1) caused a dose- and time-dependent reduction of eNOS production in the HUVECs: Cp MOI 1: 1141 +/- 74 pg mL(-1) (P < 0.01); Cp MOI 0.1: 3189 +/- 30 pg mL(-1) (P < 0.01); CMV: 3213 +/- 11 pg mL(-1) (P < 0.01) vs. 3868 +/- 83 pg mL(-1) for uninfected HUVECs. Chlamydia pneumoniae- but not CMV-infection also reduced cGMP-production (Cp: 0.195 +/- 0.030 pmol mL(-1) (P < 0.01); CMV: 0.371 +/- 27 pmol mL(-1) (P > 0.05) vs. 0.378 +/- 0.019 pmol mL(-1) for uninfected HUVECs). CMV-infection did not affect ROS production either, but Cp-infection reduced ROS-production by 21% (P > 0.05; Cp MOI 0.1) to 68% (P < 0.01; Cp MOI 1). Azithromycin treatment restored Cp-induced eNOS, cGMP and ROS production in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: Infection with Cp in endothelial cells in vitro attenuates eNOS, cGMP and ROS production in HUVECs and azithromycin reverses Cp-induced effects on eNOS, cGMP and ROS-production. The results from our in vitro research support the role of antibiotic therapy for infection-induced atherosclerosis by indicating that azithromycin does actually improve endothelial function.

The molluscan RING-finger protein L-TRIM is essential for neuronal outgrowth.

The tripartite motif proteins TRIM-2 and TRIM-3 have been put forward as putative organizers of neuronal outgrowth and structural plasticity. Here, we identified a molluscan orthologue of TRIM-2/3, named L-TRIM, which is up-regulated during in vitro neurite outgrowth of central neurons. In adult animals, L-Trim mRNA is ubiquitously expressed at low levels in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues. Central nervous system expression of L-Trim mRNA is increased during postnatal brain development and during in vitro and in vivo neuronal regeneration. In vitro double-stranded RNA knock-down of L-Trim mRNA resulted in a >70% inhibition of neurite outgrowth. Together, our data establish a crucial role for L-TRIM in developmental neurite outgrowth and functional neuronal regeneration and indicate that TRIM-2/3 family members may have evolutionary conserved functions in neuronal differentiation.

Quantification of synapse formation and maintenance in vivo in the absence of synaptic release.

Outgrowing axons in the developing nervous system secrete neurotransmitters and neuromodulatory substances, which is considered to stimulate synaptogenesis. However, some synapses develop independent of presynaptic secretion. To investigate the role of secretion in synapse formation and maintenance in vivo, we quantified synapses and their morphology in the neocortical marginal zone of munc18-1 deficient mice which lack both evoked and spontaneous secretion [Science 287 (2000) 864]. Histochemical analyses at embryonic day 18 (E18) showed that the overall organization of the neocortex and the number of cells were similar in mutants and controls. Western blot analysis revealed equal concentrations of pre- and post-synaptic marker proteins in mutants and controls and immunocytochemical analyses indicated that these markers were targeted to the neuropil of the synaptic layer in the mutant neocortex. Electron microscopy revealed that at E16 immature synapses had formed both in mutants and controls. These synapses had a similar synapse diameter, active zone length and contained similar amounts of synaptic vesicles, which were immuno-positive for two synaptic vesicle markers. However, these synapses were three times less abundant in the mutant. Two days later, E18, synapses in the controls had more total and docked vesicles, but not in the mutant. Furthermore, synapses were now five times less abundant in the mutant. In both mutant and controls, synapse-like structures were observed with irregular shaped vesicles on both sides of the synaptic cleft. These 'multivesicular structures' were immuno-positive for synaptic vesicle markers and were four times more abundant in the mutant. We conclude that in the absence of presynaptic secretion immature synapses with a normal morphology form, but fewer in number. These secretion-deficient synapses might fail to mature and instead give rise to multivesicular structures. These two observations suggest that secretion of neurotransmitters and neuromodulatory substances is required for synapse maintenance, not for synaptogenesis. Multivesicular structures may develop out of unstable synapses.