Reduction in Substance-Related Composite Harm Scores Through Street Soccer.

Introduction Street soccer makes the sport accessible to people affected by homelessness or precarious housing. There is overwhelming evidence that exercise improves physical and mental health. In addition, sport facilitates positive peer pressure that leads to beneficial life changes. Method To examine participants' accounts of the effects of street soccer in a sample of socially disadvantaged players from Western Canada, we collected 73 cross-sectional self-reports of life changes via a questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions on social, mental, and physical health, including substance use. This allowed the calculation of a modified composite harm score. Results Participants reported improved physical (46% of participants) and mental (43% of participants) health, reduced cigarette (50% of smokers), alcohol (45% of users), cannabis (42% of users), and other non-prescribed drug use, increased number of friends (88% of participants), improved housing (60% of participants), increased income (19% of participants), increased community medical supports (40% of participants), and decreased conflicts with police (47% of those with prior recent conflict). Perceived reductions in substance use were supported by significant changes in composite harm score. Conclusion Street soccer appears to promote improved physical, mental, and social health among people affected by homelessness or precarious housing, with reduction in substance use likely to be a key factor. This work builds upon past qualitative research showing the benefits of street soccer and supports future research which may help elucidate the mechanisms by which street soccer has beneficial effects.

Antipsychotic Drug-Induced Increases in Peripheral Catecholamines are Associated With Glucose Intolerance.

The second-generation antipsychotic drugs are widely used in the field of psychiatry, for an expanding number of different conditions. While their clinical efficacy remains indispensable, many of the drugs can cause severe metabolic side-effects, resulting in an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic disorders. The physiological basis of these side-effects remains an ongoing area of investigation. In the present study, we examined the potential role of peripheral catecholamines in antipsychotic-induced glucose intolerance. Adult female rats were acutely treated with either the first-generation antipsychotic drug haloperidol (0.1, 0.5 or 1 mg/kg) or the second-generation drugs risperidone (0.25, 1.0 or 2.5 mg/kg), olanzapine (1.5, 7.5 or 15 mg/kg) or clozapine (2, 10 or 20 mg/kg) or vehicle. Fasting glucose levels were measured and then animals were subjected to the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. Levels of peripheral norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine were concurrently measured in the same animals 75, 105 and 135 min after drug treatment. All antipsychotics caused glucose intolerance, with strongest effects by clozapine > olanzapine > risperidone > haloperidol. Plasma catecholamines were also increased by drug treatment, with greatest effects for norepinephrine and epinephrine caused by clozapine > risperidone > olanzapine > haloperidol. Importantly, there were strong and statistically significant associations between norepinephrine/epinephrine levels and glucose intolerance for all drugs. These findings confirm that increases in peripheral catecholamines co-occur in animals that exhibit antipsychotic-induced glucose intolerance, and these effects are strongly associated with each other, providing further evidence for elevated catecholamines as a substrate for antipsychotic metabolic side-effects.

A comparison of the metabolic side-effects of the second-generation antipsychotic drugs risperidone and paliperidone in animal models.

BACKGROUND: The second generation antipsychotic drugs represent the most common form of pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia disorders. It is now well established that most of the second generation drugs cause metabolic side-effects. Risperidone and its active metabolite paliperidone (9-hydroxyrisperidone) are two commonly used antipsychotic drugs with moderate metabolic liability. However, there is a dearth of preclinical data that directly compares the metabolic effects of these two drugs, using sophisticated experimental procedures. The goal of the present study was to compare metabolic effects for each drug versus control animals. METHODS: Adult female rats were acutely treated with either risperidone (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 6 mg/kg), paliperidone (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 6 mg/kg) or vehicle and subjected to the glucose tolerance test; plasma was collected to measure insulin levels to measure insulin resistance with HOMA-IR. Separate groups of rats were treated with either risperidone (1, 6 mg/kg), paliperidone (1, 6 mg/kg) or vehicle, and subjected to the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. RESULTS: Fasting glucose levels were increased by all but the lowest dose of risperidone, but only with the highest dose of paliperidone. HOMA-IR increased for both drugs with all but the lowest dose, while the three highest doses decreased glucose tolerance for both drugs. Risperidone and paliperidone both exhibited dose-dependent decreases in the glucose infusion rate in the clamp, reflecting pronounced insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: In preclinical models, both risperidone and paliperidone exhibited notable metabolic side-effects that were dose-dependent. Differences between the two were modest, and most notable as effects on fasting glucose.

Differential Effects of Acute Treatment With Antipsychotic Drugs on Peripheral Catecholamines.

Antipsychotic drugs represent the most effective treatment for chronic psychotic disorders. The newer second generation drugs offer the advantage of fewer neurological side-effects compared to prior drugs, but many cause serious metabolic side-effects. The underlying physiology of these side-effects is not well-understood, but evidence exists to indicate that the sympathetic nervous system may play an important role. In order to examine this possibility further, we treated separate groups of adult female rats acutely with either the first generation antipsychotic drug haloperidol (0.1 or 1 mg/kg) or the second generation drugs risperidone (0.25 or 2.5 mg/kg), clozapine (2 or 20 mg/kg), olanzapine (3 or 15 mg/kg) or vehicle by intraperitoneal injection. Blood samples were collected prior to drug and then 30, 60, 120, and 180 mins after treatment. Plasma samples were assayed by HPLC-ED for levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. Results confirmed that all antipsychotics increased peripheral catecholamines, although this was drug and dose dependent. For norepinephrine, haloperidol caused the smallest maximum increase (+158%], followed by risperidone (+793%), olanzapine (+952%) and clozapine (+1,684%). A similar pattern was observed for increases in epinephrine levels by haloperidol (+143%], olanzapine (+529%), risperidone (+617%) then clozapine (+806%). Dopamine levels increased moderately with olanzapine [+174%], risperidone [+271%], and clozapine [+430%]. Interestingly, levels of the catecholamines did not correlate strongly with each other prior to treatment at baseline, but were increasingly correlated after treatment as time proceeded. The results demonstrate antipsychotics can potently regulate peripheral catecholamines, in a manner consistent with their metabolic liability.

Sex-related Differences in Emergency Department Renal Colic Management: Females Have Fewer Computed Tomography Scans but Similar Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Sex-related differences occur in many areas of medicine. Emergency department (ED) studies have suggested differences in access to care, diagnostic imaging use, pain management, and intervention. We investigated sex-based differences in the care and outcomes for ED patients with acute renal colic. METHODS: This was a multicenter population-based retrospective observational cohort study using administrative data and supplemented by structured chart review. All patients seen in Calgary Health Region EDs between January 1 and December 31, 2014, with an ED diagnosis of renal colic based on the following ICD-10 codes were eligible for inclusion: calculus of kidney (N200), calculus of ureter (N201), calculus of kidney with calculus of ureter (N202), hydronephrosis with renal and ureteral calculous obstruction (N132), unspecified renal colic (N23), and unspecified urinary calculus (N209). ED visit data and test results were accessed in the regional ED clinical database. Stone characteristics were captured from diagnostic imaging reports. Regional hospital databases were used to identify subsequent ED encounters, hospital admissions, and surgical procedures within 60 days. Outcomes were stratified by sex. The primary outcome, intended as a marker of overall effectiveness of ED care, was the unscheduled 7-day ED revisit rate among patients who were discharged home after their index ED visit. Secondary outcomes included ED pain management as reflected by administration of narcotics or intravenous nonsteroidals, the performance of advanced imaging-either ultrasound (US) or computed tomography (CT), and the proportion of patients who required hospitalization or surgical intervention within 60 days. RESULTS: From January 1 to December 31, 2014, a total of 3,104 eligible patients were studied: 1,111 women (35.8%) and 1,993 men (64.2%). Baseline characteristics, access times, analgesic use, and admission rates were similar in both groups. Men were more likely to have CT (68.9% vs. 58.5%, difference = 10.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.8 to 14.0) while women were more likely to have US (20.8% vs. 9.6%, difference = 11.2%, 95% CI = 8.4 to 13.9). At 7 days, 17.9% of women and 19.0% of men who were discharged after their index ED visit required an ED revisit (difference = 1.1%, 95% CI = -2.8 to 4.9). Men were more likely to be hospitalized at 7 days (9.8% vs. 6.5%, difference = 3.3%, 95% CI = 0.6 to 6.0). CONCLUSION: This study shows greater reliance on US in females but no other sex-specific differences in the management of ED patients with acute renal colic. Higher CT use in men was not associated with improved outcomes, and we found no important differences in access to care, diagnostic or treatment intensity, or revisit rates as a marker of care effectiveness.

Blood pressure lowering efficacy of beta-1 selective beta blockers for primary hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Beta blockers are commonly used to treat hypertension. The blood pressure reading is the primary tool for physicians and patients to assess the efficacy of the treatment. The blood pressure lowering effect of beta-1 selective blockers is not known. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the dose-related effects of various doses and types of beta-1 selective adrenergic receptor blockers on systolic and diastolic blood pressure versus placebo in people with primary hypertension. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE) for related reviews.We searched the following databases for primary studies: the Cochrane Hypertension Specialised Register (All years to 15 October 2015), CENTRAL via the Cochrane Register of Studies Online (2015, Issue 10), Ovid MEDLINE (1946 to 15 October 2015), Ovid EMBASE (1974 to 15 October 2015) and ClinicalTrials.gov (all years to 15 October 2015).The Hypertension Group Specialised Register includes controlled trials from searches of CAB Abstracts, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, Food Science and Technology Abstracts (FSTA), Global Health, LILACS, MEDLINE, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, PsycINFO, Web of Science and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP).Electronic databases were searched using a strategy combining the Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategy for identifying randomized trials in MEDLINE: sensitivity-maximizing version (2008 revision) with selected MeSH terms and free text terms. No language restrictions were used. The MEDLINE search strategy was translated into CENTRAL, EMBASE, the Hypertension Group Specialised Register and ClinicalTrials.gov using the appropriate controlled vocabulary as applicable. Full strategies are in Appendix 1. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel or cross-over trials. Studies had to contain a beta blocker monotherapy arm with fixed dose. People enrolled into the studies had to have primary hypertension at baseline. Duration of studies had to be between 3 weeks to 12 weeks. Drugs in this class of beta blockers are atenolol, betaxolol, bevantolol, bisoprolol, esmolol, metoprolol, nebivolol, pafenolol, practolol. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors confirmed the inclusion of studies and extracted the data independently. Review Manager (RevMan) 5.3.5 was used to synthesise data. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 56 RCTs (randomised controlled trials) that examined the blood pressure (BP) lowering efficacy of beta-1 selective blockers (beta-1 blocker) in 7812 primary hypertensive patients. Among the included trials, 26 RCTs were parallel studies and 30 RCTs were cross-over studies, examining eight beta-1 blockers. Overall, the majority of beta-1 blockers studied significantly lowered systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In people with mild to moderate hypertension, beta-1 selective blockers lowered BP by an average of -10/-8 mmHg and reduced heart rate by 11 beats per minute. The maximum BP reduction of beta-1 blockers occurred at twice the starting dose. Individual beta-1 blockers did not exhibit a graded dose-response effect on SBP and DBP over the recommended dose range.Most beta-1 blockers tested significantly lowered heart rate. A graded dose-response of beta-1 blockers on heart rate was evident. Higher dose beta-1 blockers lowered heart rate more than lower doses. Individually and overall beta-1 blockers did not affect pulse pressure, which distinguishes them from other classes of drugs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review provides low quality evidence that in people with mild to moderate hypertension, beta-1 selective blockers lowered BP by an average of -10/-8 mmHg and reduced heart rate by 11 beats per minute as compared to placebo. The effect of beta-1 blockers at peak hours, -12/-9 mmHg, was greater than the reduction at trough hours, -8/-7 mmHg. Beta-1 selective blockers lowered BP by a greater magnitude than dual receptor beta-blockers and partial agonist beta-blockers, lowered BP similarly to nonselective beta-blockers. Beta-1 selective blockers lowered SBP by a similar degree and lowered DBP by a greater degree than diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. Because DBP is lowered by a similar extent to SBP, beta-1 selective blockers do not reduce pulse pressure.

White matter deficits assessed by diffusion tensor imaging and cognitive dysfunction in psychostimulant users with comorbid human immunodeficiency virus infection.

BACKGROUND: Psychostimulant drug use is commonly associated with drug-related infection, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Both psychostimulant use and HIV infection are known to damage brain white matter and impair cognition. To date, no study has examined white matter integrity using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in chronic psychostimulant users with comorbid HIV infection, and determined the relationship of white matter integrity to cognitive function. METHODS: Twenty-one subjects (mean age 37.5 ± 9.0 years) with a history of heavy psychostimulant use and HIV infection (8.7 ± 4.3 years) and 22 matched controls were scanned on a 3T MRI. Fractional anisotropy (FA) values were calculated with DTI software. Four regions of interest were manually segmented, including the genu of the corpus callosum, left and right anterior limbs of the internal capsule, and the anterior commissure. Subjects also completed a neurocognitive battery and questionnaires about physical and mental health. RESULTS: The psychostimulant using, HIV positive group displayed decreased white matter integrity, with significantly lower FA values for all white matter tracts (p < 0.05). This group also exhibited decreased cognitive performance on tasks that assessed cognitive set-shifting, fine motor speed and verbal memory. FA values for the white matter tracts correlated with cognitive performance on many of the neurocognitive tests. CONCLUSIONS: White matter integrity was thus impaired in subjects with psychostimulant use and comorbid HIV infection, which predicted worsened cognitive performance on a range of tests. Further study on this medical comorbidity is required.

Therapeutic drug levels of second generation antipsychotics in youth: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: In children and adolescents, the prevalence rate of mental illness is claimed to be as high as 10-20%. Effective pharmacological treatments are available for use in children, adolescents, and adults; however, most of what is known about the effects of these treatments has been confirmed in clinical studies involving adults only. Second generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) are the most common class of antipsychotic medication used in pediatric populations, and these drugs are increasingly being used for disorders other than psychosis. Many SGAs are routinely used in pediatric care, and the vast majority of use in this population is off label. Children, adolescents, and adults differ in age, weight, height, and metabolism, which may lead to pharmacokinetic differences in how drugs ultimately affect target tissues. The aim of this review is to summarize and evaluate the literature that investigated blood plasma levels of SGAs in youth. METHODS: Plasma levels were assessed in relation to their administered dose, indication, and therapeutic range (if known). Studies were limited to those evaluating oral administration only. A systematic electronic database search for peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2013 was conducted. Twenty-one articles were included in the review. Additional articles for discussion were also included throughout the article. RESULTS: The only SGA that may require routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in youth given the current body of research is clozapine. Highly variable results were seen in studies of aripiprazole, olanzapine, and risperidone, indicating that more research is needed on plasma levels with these drugs. Quetiapine maintained a similar profile to that found in adults, with no dosage adjustments or indications of TDM. CONCLUSION: TDM may be indicated in any circumstance in which cytochrome P450 inhibitors or inducers are coprescribed. Further research is required for establishing a sounder safety profile for SGA use in the pediatric population.

Blood pressure lowering efficacy of partial agonist beta blocker monotherapy for primary hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Partial agonists are a subclass of beta blockers used to treat hypertension in many countries. Partial agonist act by stimulating beta receptors when they are quiescent and blocking beta receptors when they are active. The blood pressure (BP) lowering effect of partial agonist beta blockers has not been quantified. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the dose-related effects of various partial agonists beta blockers on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate versus placebo in patients with primary hypertension. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Hypertension Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, EMBASE and ClinicalTrials.gov for randomized controlled trials up to October 2014. The WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) is searched for inclusion in the Group's Specialised Register. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled parallel or cross-over trials. Studies must contain a partial agonist monotherapy arm with fixed dose. Patients enrolled into the studies must have primary hypertension at baseline (defined as SBP/DBP > 140/90 mmHg). Duration of studies must be between three to 12 weeks. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors (GW and HB) confirmed the inclusion of studies and extracted the data independently. MAIN RESULTS: Thirteen randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trials that examined the blood pressure lowering efficacy of six partial agonists in 605 hypertensive patients were included in this review. Five of the included studies were parallel studies and the other eight were cross-over studies. The overall risk of bias is high in this review due to the small sample size and high risk of detection bias. Pindolol, celiprolol and alprenolol lowered SBP and DBP compared to placebo. Acebutolol lowered SBP but there was no clear evidence that it lowered DBP. There was no clear evidence that pindolol and oxprenolol lowered SBP or DBP. Other than for celiprolol, sample sizes were generally small increasing the uncertainty in findings for individual agents versus placebo. In patients with moderate to severe hypertension, partial agonists (considered as a subclass) lowered peak BP by an average of 8 mmHg systolic (95% CI, -10 to -6, very low quality evidence), 4 mmHg diastolic (95%CI, -5 to -3, very low quality evidence) and reduced heart rate by five beats per minute (95%CI, -6 to -4, very low quality evidence). Higher dose partial agonists did not appear to provide additional BP lowering effects compared to lower dose. The maximum BP lowering effect of the overall subclass occurred at the starting dose. Partial agonists reduced pulse pressure by 4 mmHg (95% CI, -5 to -2, very low evidence). Only one study reported withdrawal due to adverse effects, the risk ratio (95% confidence interval) was 0.72 (0.07, 7.67). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There was very low quality evidence that in patients with moderate to severe hypertension, partial agonists lowered peak BP by an average of 8/4 mmHg and reduced heart rate by five beats per minute. There was no evidence of a greater effect at doses higher than the initial doses. This estimate was probably exaggerated as it was subject to a high risk of bias. Based on the indirect comparison of the results in this review and two Cochrane reviews on angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), which also used similar inclusion criteria as this review, the BP lowering effect appeared to be less than the effect in patients with mild to moderate elevated BP who were taking ACE inhibitors and ARBs based on an indirect comparison. Withdrawals due to adverse effects were only reported in one trial so it is impossible to assess the harm of these drugs.

Improving metabolic and cardiovascular health at an early psychosis intervention program in vancouver, Canada.

Psychotic disorders most commonly appear during the late teenage years and early adulthood. A focused and rapid clinical response by an integrated health team can help to improve the quality of life of the patient, leading to a better long-term prognosis. The Vancouver Coastal Health early psychosis intervention program covers a catchment area of approximately 800,000 people in the cities of Vancouver and Richmond, Canada. The program provides a multidisciplinary approach to supporting patients under the age of 30 who have recently experienced first-break psychosis. The program addresses the needs of the treatment environment, medication, and psychological therapies. A critical part of this support includes a program to specifically improve patients' physical health. Physical health needs are addressed through a two-pronged, parallel approach. Patients receive routine metabolic health assessments during their first year in the program, where standard metabolic parameters are recorded. Based on the results of clinical interviews and laboratory tests, specific actionable interventions are recommended. The second key strategy is a program that promotes healthy lifestyle goal development. Patients work closely with occupational therapists to develop goals to improve cardiometabolic health. These programs are supported by an active research environment, where patients are able to engage in studies with a focus on improving their physical health. These studies include a longitudinal evaluation of the effects of integrated health coaching on maintaining cardiometabolic health in patients recently admitted to the program, as well as a clinical study that evaluates the effects of low versus higher metabolic risk antipsychotic drugs on central adiposity. An additional pharmacogenomic study is helping to identify genetic variants that may predict cardiometabolic changes following treatment with antipsychotic drugs.

An evaluation of the effects of the novel antipsychotic drug lurasidone on glucose tolerance and insulin resistance: a comparison with olanzapine.

Over the past two decades, there has been a notable rise in the use of antipsychotic drugs, as they are used to treat an increasing number of neuropsychiatric disorders. This rise has been led predominantly by greater use of the second generation antipsychotic (SGA) drugs, which have a low incidence of neurological side-effects. However, many SGAs cause metabolic dysregulation, including glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, thus increasing the risk of cardiometabolic disorders. The metabolic effects of the novel SGA lurasidone, which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2010, remain largely unknown. As rodent models accurately predict the metabolic effects of SGAs in humans, the aim of the present study was to use sophisticated animal models of glucose tolerance and insulin resistance to measure the metabolic effects of lurasidone. In parallel, we compared the SGA olanzapine, which has established metabolic effects. Adult female rats were treated with vehicle, lurasidone (0.2, 0.8 or 2.0 mg/kg, s.c.) or olanzapine (10.0 mg/kg, s.c.) and subjected to the glucose tolerance test (GTT). Separate groups of rats were treated with vehicle, lurasidone (0.2, 0.8 or 2.0 mg/kg, s.c.) or olanzapine (1.5 and 15 mg/kg, s.c.) and tested for insulin resistance with the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HIEC). Compared to vehicle treated animals, lurasidone caused mild glucose intolerance in the GTT with a single dose, but there was no effect on insulin resistance in the GTT, measured by HOMA-IR. The HIEC also confirmed no effect of lurasidone on insulin resistance. In contrast, olanzapine demonstrated dose-dependent and potent glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance in both tests. Thus, in preclinical models, lurasidone demonstrates mild metabolic liability compared to existing SGAs such as olanzapine. However, confirmation of these effects in humans with equivalent tests should be confirmed.

Pharmacological treatment of antipsychotic-induced dyslipidemia and hypertension.

Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are associated with significant comorbid metabolic abnormalities. Adjunct medications may be prescribed to treat these metabolic side effects, but the evidence supporting this practice (especially for the management of antipsychotic-associated dyslipidemia and hypertension) is limited. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the effects of adjunct medications on triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and blood pressure levels in participants taking SGAs for psychosis. Studies were systematically searched and evaluated. Studies were included for review if participants were taking SGAs and if lipid and/or blood pressure levels were included as outcome measures. Statins, conventional lipid-lowering agents, fluvoxamine, ramelteon, topiramate, valsartan, telmisartan, omega-3 fatty acids, metformin (including both immediate-release and extended-release formulations), and a combination of metformin-sibutramine seemed to have beneficial effects on lipid levels. Valsartan, telmisartan, and topiramate appeared to be effective for controlling increases in blood pressure. The literature on adjunct medications for the treatment of antipsychotic-associated dyslipidemia and hypertension is not exhaustive, and long-term randomized-controlled trials would offer valuable results.

Antidiabetic-drug combination treatment for glucose intolerance in adult female rats treated acutely with olanzapine.

Second generation antipsychotic drugs are routinely used as treatment for psychotic disorders. Many of these compounds, including olanzapine, cause metabolic side-effects such as impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Individual antidiabetic drugs can help control elevated glucose levels in patients treated with antipsychotics, but the effects of combining antidiabetics, which routinely occurs with Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, have never been studied. Presently, we compared the effects of the three different antidiabetics metformin (500mg/kg, p.o.), rosiglitazone (30mg/kg, p.o.) and glyburide (10mg/kg, p.o.) on metabolic dysregulation in adult female rats treated acutely with olanzapine. In addition, dual combinations of each of these antidiabetics were compared head-to-head against each other and the individual drugs. The animals received two daily treatments with antidiabetics and were then treated acutely with olanzapine (10mg/kg, i.p.). Fasting glucose and insulin levels were measured, followed by a 2h glucose tolerance test. Olanzapine caused a large and highly significant glucose intolerance compared to vehicle treated rats. Rosiglitazone decreased glucose levels non-significantly, while both metformin and glyburide significantly decreased glucose levels compared to olanzapine-only treated animals. For antidiabetic dual-drug combinations, the rosiglitazone-metformin group showed an unexpected increase in glucose levels compared to all of the single antidiabetic drugs. However, both the metformin-glyburide and rosiglitazone-glyburide groups showed significantly greater reductions in glucose levels following olanzapine than with single drug treatment alone for metformin or rosiglitazone, bringing glucose levels down to values equivalent to vehicle-only treated animals. These findings indicate that further study of antidiabetic dual-drug combinations in patients treated with antipsychotic drugs is warranted.

Metabolic side-effects of the novel second-generation antipsychotic drugs asenapine and iloperidone: a comparison with olanzapine.

BACKGROUND: The second generation antipsychotic (SGA) drugs are widely used in psychiatry due to their clinical efficacy and low incidence of neurological side-effects. However, many drugs in this class cause deleterious metabolic side-effects. Animal models accurately predict metabolic side-effects for SGAs with known clinical metabolic liability. We therefore used preclinical models to evaluate the metabolic side-effects of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance with the novel SGAs asenapine and iloperidone for the first time. Olanzapine was used as a comparator. METHODS: Adults female rats were treated with asenapine (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg), iloperidone (0.03, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg) or olanzapine (0.1, 0.5, 1.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg) and subjected to the glucose tolerance test (GTT). Separate groups of rats were treated with asenapine (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg), iloperidone (1.0 and 10 mg/kg) or olanzapine (1.5 and 15 mg/kg) and tested for insulin resistance with the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HIEC). RESULTS: Asenapine showed no metabolic effects at any dose in either test. Iloperidone caused large and significant glucose intolerance with the three highest doses in the GTT, and insulin resistance with both doses in the HIEC. Olanzapine caused significant glucose intolerance with the three highest doses in the GTT, and insulin resistance with the higher dose in the HIEC. CONCLUSIONS: In preclinical models, asenapine shows negligible metabolic liability. By contrast, iloperidone exhibits substantial metabolic liability, comparable to olanzapine. These results emphasize the need for appropriate metabolic testing in patients treated with novel SGAs where current clinical data do not exist.

Antipsychotic polypharmacy increases metabolic dysregulation in female rats.

Antipsychotic polypharmacy refers to the clinical practice of treating a patient with two or more antipsychotic drugs concurrently. There is abundant evidence in the clinical literature that treatment with antipsychotic polypharmacy is associated with an increased prevalence of drug side effects compared with monotherapy. This includes drug-induced metabolic side effects, such as glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. As these metabolic side effects have been accurately modeled in preclinical rodent paradigms using drug monotherapy, the goal of the present study was to determine the metabolic effects of antipsychotic polypharmacy using an established rodent model. In the first experiment, adult female rats were treated with clozapine (5 mg/kg), risperidone (1 mg/kg), vehicle, or clozapine + risperidone. In the second experiment, rats were treated with clozapine (5 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), vehicle, or clozapine + haloperidol. Animals were then subjected to a glucose tolerance test. Compared with vehicle-treated control animals, risperidone and haloperidol had no effect on any of the metabolic indices when administered on their own. Addition of risperidone to clozapine significantly increased fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance compared with the clozapine-only group. The addition of haloperidol to clozapine significantly increased fasting insulin levels, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance compared with clozapine-only rats. These results are consistent with clinical studies and therefore indicate that animal models can successfully be used to study the metabolic side effects of antipsychotic drugs. Future studies related to understanding the physiological mechanisms involved remain a priority.

Differential effects of 3 classes of antidiabetic drugs on olanzapine-induced glucose dysregulation and insulin resistance in female rats.

BACKGROUND: The second-generation antipsychotic drug olanzapine is an effective pharmacological treatment for psychosis. However, use of the drug is commonly associated with a range of metabolic side effects, including glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. These symptoms have been accurately modelled in rodents. METHODS: We compared the effects of 3 distinct classes of antidiabetic drugs, metformin (100 and 500 mg/kg, oral), rosiglitazone (6 and 30 mg/kg, oral) and glyburide (2 and 10 mg/kg, oral), on olanzapineinduced metabolic dysregulation. After acutely treating female rats with lower (7.5 mg/kg) or higher (15 mg/kg) doses of olanzapine, we assessed glucose intolerance using the glucose tolerance test and measured insulin resistance using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance equation. RESULTS: Both doses of olanzapine caused pronounced glucose dysregulation and insulin resistance, which were significantly reduced by treatment with metformin and rosiglitazone; however, glucose tolerance did not fully return to control levels. In contrast, glyburide failed to reverse the glucose intolerance caused by olanzapine despite increasing insulin levels. LIMITATIONS: We evaluated a single antipsychotic drug, and it is unknown whether other antipsychotic drugs are similarly affected by antidiabetic treatments. CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that oral hypoglycemic drugs that influence hepatic glucose metabolism, such as metformin and rosiglitazone, are more effective in regulating olanzapine-induced glucose dysregulation than drugs primarily affecting insulin release, such as glyburide. The current model may be used to better understand the biological basis of glucose dysregulation caused by olanzapine and how it can be reversed.

Preclinical models of antipsychotic drug-induced metabolic side effects.

Antipsychotic drugs (APDs), and the 'atypical' APDs in particular, are commonly associated with metabolic side effects in humans. These include glucose dysregulation, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, weight gain and hypertension, which put patients at increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders. The underlying biology of APD-induced side effects in humans is poorly understood, and therefore preclinical rodent models are essential for translational research. With numerous recent studies on the topic, there is an emerging consensus that some symptoms, such as glucose dysregulation and insulin resistance, are more reliably observed than others, such as weight gain and hypertension, but, comparison between preclinical studies is complicated by numerous factors, including drug-specific effects and variables such as diet and treatment regimen. In this paper, we provide a major review of this important and growing field of preclinical study, and address crucial issues for future research.

A parametric study of the acute effects of antipsychotic drugs on glucose sensitivity in an animal model.

The therapeutic use of atypical antipsychotics is associated with a high incidence of metabolic side-effects. In the present study we examined the acute effects of both high and low-dose atypical antipsychotic drugs and one typical drug on alterations in glucose and insulin parameters using a rodent model. The effects of administration of clozapine (2mg/kg; 20mg/kg), olanzapine (1.5mg/kg; 15 mg/kg), risperidone (0.5mg/kg; 2.5mg/kg) and haloperidol (0.1mg/kg; 1.0mg/kg) on glucose sensitivity and insulin resistance were determined through HOMA-IR values in fasted rats and glucose clearance during a glucose tolerance test. Acute effects were determined 60, 180 or 360 min following drug administration. The atypical antipsychotics produced significant dose and time dependent effects on fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, HOMA-IR values, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. The greatest effect on glucose dysregulation was noted primarily with clozapine and olanzapine; however, all four treatments caused significant increases in fasting glucose and/or insulin levels with the high dose, 60 min post-drug administration. Together, these findings indicate that acute administration of antipsychotic drugs has potent effects on metabolic regulation of glucose and insulin sensitivities, which may contribute to metabolic side-effects seen in humans.