Recommendations for pulmonary function laboratories in the COVID-19 era / Recomendaciones para el laboratorio de función pulmonar en la era COVID-19

Abstract The airborne spread is the main route of human-to-human transmission of coronavirus, including he SARS CoV-2 virus causing the disease known as COVID-19. The implicit risk of aerosolization of SARS CoV-2 infective microdroplets while carrying out respiratory function tests has caused a significant limitation of activity in most Pulmonary Function Laboratories since the beginning of the pandemic. This document aims to update the recommendations for the management of Pulmonary Function Laboratories in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak in Argentina. New recommendations include ways to carry out pulmonary function testing during the context of a high and low community viral spread phase, the evaluation of post-COVID-19 patients, as well as several aspects of biosafety for patients and operators. Measures consist of promoting air circulation in the environment, the use of antimicrobial filters, the protection of airways and mucous membranes, and hand washing.

Resumen La diseminación aerógena del virus SARS CoV-2 es la principal forma de transmisión interhumana de este coronavirus causante de la enfermedad conocida como COVID-19. El riesgo implícito de la aerosolización de microgotas infectantes del SARS CoV-2 durante la ejecución de las pruebas funcionales respiratorias ha provocado una importante limitación de la actividad en la mayoría de los laboratorios de función pul monar desde el inicio de la pandemia. Este documento tiene por objetivo actualizar las recomendaciones para el manejo del laboratorio de función pulmonar en el contexto de la epidemia COVID-19 en Argentina. Se incorporan nuevas recomendaciones para realizar pruebas funcionales respiratorias en el contexto de una fase alta y baja de circulación viral comunitaria, para pacientes post COVID-19, así como para la bio seguridad de pacientes y operadores. Las medidas incluyen la ventilación del ambiente, el uso de filtros antimicrobianos, la protección de vía área y mucosas y el lavado de manos.

Recommendations for pulmonary function laboratories in the COVID-19 era.

The airborne spread is the main route of human-to-human transmission of coronavirus, including e SARS CoV-2 virus causing the disease known as COVID-19. The implicit risk of aerosolization of SARS CoV-2 infective microdroplets while carrying out respiratory function tests has caused a significant limitation of activity in most Pulmonary Function Laboratories since the beginning of the pandemic. This document aims to update the recommendations for the management of Pulmonary Function Laboratories in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak in Argentina. New recommendations include ways to carry out pulmonary function testing during the context of a high and low community viral spread phase, the evaluation of post-COVID-19 patients, as well as several aspects of biosafety for patients and operators. Measures consist of promoting air circulation in the environment, the use of antimicrobial filters, the protection of airways and mucous membranes, and hand washing.

La diseminación aerógena del virus SARS CoV-2 es la principal forma de transmisión interhumana de este coronavirus causante de la enfermedad conocida como COVID-19. El riesgo implícito de la aerosolización de microgotas infectantes del SARS CoV-2 durante la ejecución de las pruebas funcionales respiratorias ha provocado una importante limitación de la actividad en la mayoría de los laboratorios de función pulmonar desde el inicio de la pandemia. Este documento tiene por objetivo actualizar las recomendaciones para el manejo del laboratorio de función pulmonar en el contexto de la epidemia COVID-19 en Argentina. Se incorporan nuevas recomendaciones para realizar pruebas funcionales respiratorias en el contexto de una fase alta y baja de circulación viral comunitaria, para pacientes post COVID-19, así como para la bioseguridad de pacientes y operadores. Las medidas incluyen la ventilación del ambiente, el uso de filtros antimicrobianos, la protección de vía área y mucosas y el lavado de manos.

Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis after an unusual physical effort.

Diaphragmatic paralysis is an uncommon cause of pulmonary dysfunction and can occur after traumatic phrenic nerve injury. Penetrating and blunt trauma to the neck is the most recognized mechanism of injury being stretching of the nerves very uncommon. We report a case of a 39-year-old man with bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis due to violent stretching of the phrenic nerves. Clinical features and diagnosis methods are also reviewed.

Frecuencia de complicaciones respiratorias en cirugía electiva general. Experiencia en un hospital universitario / Frequency of respiratory complications in elective general surgery. Experience of a university hospital

Las complicaciones respiratorias post quirúrgicas (CRPq) son causa importante de morbimortalidad asociada a la cirugía general. Objetivos: 1-Estimar la frecuencia de CRPq en cirugía electiva general. 2- Identificar factores asociados con el riesgo de CRPq, simples y accesibles desde la perspectiva del neumonólogo. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y transversal. Pacientes y métodos: De una muestra de 233 evaluaciones prequirúrgicas respiratorias (EPR) consecutivas, en 156 pacientes operados en el Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, la edad, localización de la cirugía, tabaquismo, un score de riesgo respiratorio, espirometría, clasificación de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiólogos (ASA), los hallazgos clínicos, la prescripción de medicamentos y la preexistencia de enfermedad respiratoria (EPOC y SAOS) fueron evaluados para predecir riesgo de CRPq, con prueba de X² para los respectivos intervalos de confianza (CI). El análisis de regresión logística múltiple buscó identificar predictores independientes de riesgo. Resultados: Se presentaron 26 complicaciones respiratorias en 19 pacientes (12%). El examen respiratorio anormal, el patrón obstructivo, la clasificación de ASA, el score de riesgo respiratorio y la cirugía torácica o abdominal superior se asociaron a CRPq en el análisis individual. La localización de la cirugía, la obstrucción severa de la vía aérea y el score de riesgo respiratorio resultaron predictores independientes de complicaciones. Conclusiones: Se hallaron CRPq en 12% de las cirugías estudiadas. Los factores hallados como predictores independientes coinciden en general con la revisión bibliográfica realizada. En este trabajo, el patrón ventilatorio obstructivo severo resultó un predictor significativo de CRPq.

Postoperative Respiratory Complications (PRCs) are important causes of morbidity and mortality associated to general surgery. Objectives: 1-To estimate the frequency of PRCs in General Elective Surgery. 2- To identify risk factors associated to PRCs from the pulmonologist’s perspective. Design: Prospective, descriptive and transversal study. Methods: In a sample of 233 consecutive preoperative respiratory evaluations, 156 patients were studied for PPCs risk before undergoing elective surgery at the Buenos Aires University Hospital. Age, surgery site, smoking habit, respiratory risk score, spirometry, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) classification, clinical respiratory findings, prescribed medication, and respiratory concomitant disease (COPD, Obstructive Sleep Apnea) were assessed to predict the risk of PRCs, through Chi Square analysis (X²) for the corresponding confidence intervals. Variables significantly associated to PPCs were evaluated with multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: In 19 patients, 26 PPCs were observed (12% of surgical interventions). Abnormal clinical findings, obstructive and severe obstructive pattern in spirometry, ASA classification, respiratory risk score, thoracic and upper abdominal surgery were associated to PPCs in the monovariate analysis. Surgery site, severe airway obstruction, and respiratory risk score were significantly associated to PPCs, in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: PPCs was found in 12 % of performed surgeries. Respiratory risk factors were similar to those reported in the literature. Additionally, the analysis indicated that severe airway obstruction was a significant predictor of PRCs in this study.

Cambiando el curso de la EPOC / Changing the course of COPD

Los pacientes que padecen de EPOC son claramente una población en riesgo, ya que la función pulmonar finalmente se reducirá con una tasa acelerada a medida que la enfermedad progrese. El manejo de la EPOC necesita centrarse en modificar el curso de la enfermedad, haciendo foco en cuatro áreas principales: 1) diagnóstico temprano de la enfermedad, 2) reducción del riego mediante el cese del consumo de tabaco, 3) tratamiento farmacológico y de rehabilitación pulmonar con el objeto de mejorar a corto y largo plazo, y 4) disminuir las complicaciones reduciendo las exacerbaciones. La intervención con el tratamiento farmacológico de mantenimiento en forma regular desde estadios leves de la EPOC, puede ser beneficioso para los pacientes tal como lo sugieren los ensayos en pacientes vírgenes de tratamiento (por ejemplo, tratados comoleves y utilizando beta2 agonistas a demanda). Hoy, solamente el cese del hábito tabáquico es la intervención que ha demostrado cambiar el curso clínico de la enfermedad preservando la función pulmonar. Está pendiente aún de demostrarse, si el tratamiento farmacológico puede cambiar el curso a largo plazo de la enfermedad. Los resultados de ensayos clínicos aún en curso, podrán proveer evidencia al respecto.

COPD patients are a risk group because their lung function will be reduced quickly as the disease progresses. Management of COPD needs to be focused on modifying the development of the diseases through: 1) making an earlier diagnose, 2) quitting thetobacco smoking habit, 3) making a pharmacologic and non pharmacologic plan focused on a rapid improvement, and 4) preventing exacerbations and improving the patient lung function. A sustained drug treatment intervention from the initial staging of the disease, may be beneficial, moreover in naive patients, but until now only the smoking cessation is the intervention that has proved to change the clinical course of the disease, preserving lung function. It is yet to be demonstrated whether drug treatment may change the long-term progress of the disease. The results of on going clinical trials will provide evidence on this question.

[Pneumonia due to Legionella pneumophila. Experience gathered in a University Hospital in Buenos Aires]. / Neumonia por Legionella pneumophila. Experiencia en un Hospital Universitario de Buenos Aires.

Legionnaires' disease is a well recognized cause of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) all around the world. In Latin America its incidence remains unknown. This study analyzed a cohort of 9 patients with CAP due to Legionella pneumophila observed from 1997 to 2001, in the Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martin, University of Buenos Aires. Clinical history included recent illnesses, work exposure, physical exam, prior antibiotic use and severity of illness criteria. None of the 9 patients had a history of recent travels, and 4 of them required admission in intensive care unit (ICU). Seven patients had a cigarette smoking history, four of them also had COPD, and one patient had a non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This study confirms the low specificity of clinical and general laboratory criteria to predict this etiology. Legionella isolation is difficult, and serological testing allows retrospective diagnosis but takes several weeks, while urinary antigen test gives a bed-side diagnosis. When Legionella appears in isolated cases, as happens in Argentina, it should be necessary to have a high index of suspicion to successfully arrive at an etiological diagnosis. Legionella pneumophila is a pathogen causing CAP in our area. A surveillance should be established preferably focused on selected populations including severe CAP, immunocompromised hosts and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.