Identifying and supporting vaccine champions in pediatric primary care: a qualitative interview study.

Implementation science research identifies clinical champions as instrumental in aligning healthcare professionals' (HCPs) behavior with practice guidelines for delivering health services, including vaccinations. However, we know relatively little about identifying or supporting champions. To characterize who vaccine champions are, what they do, and how to support their work in pediatric primary care. In 2022, we interviewed a purposive sample of peer-nominated or self-identified vaccine champions (n=20) and HCPs who worked with vaccine champions (n=4). We thematically analyzed qualitative data. Vaccine champions' defining characteristics were firsthand primary care experience, whether as providers or nursing staff, and a strong belief in vaccinations as uniquely effective tools for primary prevention. Participants noted these beliefs were "part of the DNA" of specialties like pediatrics and infectious disease, where they perceived champions as especially common. Being "insatiable in their quest for knowledge," champions primarily conceptualized their role as understanding and sharing complex information and performance metric data related to vaccine administration. Champions' role in leading other implementation strategies, such as communication training, was more peripheral. Champions reported that dedicated time and staff support helped them "go above and beyond" to improve vaccination rates. Our findings suggest that vaccine champions can be found among providers and nursing staff with deep clinical experience and commitment to primary prevention through vaccination, including through providing vaccine education to colleagues. Healthcare systems can allocate resources to support champions as educators, while exploring opportunities to extend their role in other implementation strategies to improve vaccination rates.

Clinical champions are healthcare professionals who seek to help their colleagues improve the quality of health services, including vaccinations. However, efforts to engage clinical champions are challenged by our limited understanding of these individuals. Thus, we interviewed 24 healthcare professionals from 8 healthcare systems in Wisconsin to explore who vaccine champions are, how they promote vaccination, and how healthcare systems can support them. Our interviewees described vaccine champions as healthcare professionals with direct patient care experience, whether as physicians or nurses, who demonstrated a strong dedication to vaccine promotion primarily through learning and sharing complex vaccine information and data. Having dedicated time was an important support for champions in their efforts to promote vaccination, with champions relying on their colleagues to participate in or assist with those efforts. Interviewees recommended identifying champions through nominations from their colleagues, rather than relying on vaccination rates alone. Healthcare systems may need to provide additional time and staff support to meaningfully engage champions and expand their involvement in other vaccine promotion strategies.

The AANS Harvey Cushing Medal: a demographic and academic analysis of its recipients.

Background: The Harvey Cushing Medal, awarded by the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, is the premier accolade in neurosurgery. The study's purpose was to examine the qualities and accomplishments of previous winners, emphasizing potential selection biases, with the aim to promote social justice and guide young neurosurgeons in their career paths. Results: Predominantly, recipients graduated from top-ranked United States News and World Report institutions and specialized in cerebrovascular and neuro-oncologic/skull base neurosurgery. A significant proportion held roles as department or division chairs and led neurosurgical organizations. All awardees were male, and there was a notable trend of increasing publication counts among more recent recipients. Conclusions: Commonalities among Harvey Cushing Medal winners include graduating from top institutions, holding significant leadership roles, and having an extensive publication history. However, the absence of female and underrepresented minority awardees underscores an urgent need for greater diversity in the selection process.

Associations between specialty care and improved outcomes among patients with diabetic foot ulcers.

OBJECTIVE: Specialty care may improve diabetic foot ulcer outcomes. Medically underserved populations receive less specialty care. We aimed to determine the association between specialty care and ulcer progression, major amputation, or death. If a beneficial association is found, increasing access to specialty care might help advance health equity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of Wisconsin and Illinois Medicare patients with diabetic foot ulcers (n = 55,409), stratified by ulcer severity (i.e., early stage, osteomyelitis, or gangrene). Within each stratum, we constructed Kaplan-Meier curves for event-free survival, defining events as: ulcer progression, major amputation, or death. Patients were grouped based on whether they received specialty care from at least one of six disciplines: endocrinology, infectious disease, orthopedic surgery, plastic surgery, podiatry, and vascular surgery. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models estimated the association between specialty care and event-free survival, adjusting for sociodemographic factors and comorbidities, and stratifying on ulcer severity. RESULTS: Patients who received specialty care had longer event-free survival compared to those who did not (log-rank p<0.001 for all ulcer severity strata). After adjusting, receipt of specialty care, compared to never, remained associated with improved outcomes for all ulcer severities (early stage adjusted hazard ratio 0.34, 95% CI 0.33-0.35, p<0.001; osteomyelitis aHR 0.22, 95% CI 0.20-0.23, p<0.001; gangrene aHR 0.22, 95% CI 0.20-0.24, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Specialty care was associated with longer event-free survivals for patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Increased, equitable access to specialty care might improve diabetic foot ulcer outcomes and disparities.

Effect of drysuit seals on intraocular pressure in non-immersed scuba divers.

Objective: This study quantifies the change in intraocular pressure (IOP) secondary to wearing neck seals in scuba diving drysuits. Previous work demonstrates significant pressures exerted by these seals; we hypothesize that they would. Methods: IOP was measured in 33 divers before and while wearing a drysuit using rebound tonometry. The drysuit neck seal pressures were measured using a manometer. A paired two-sample t-test was used to compare IOP before and after drysuit donning. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between neck sealing pressures and IOP by side. Results: The mean IOP in the right eye was similar pre- and post-drysuit donning, with baseline mean 15.9 mmHg (3.7 mmhg) versus 15.4 mmHG (4.3 mmHg) post-donning, p=0.41. Similarly, the mean IOP in the left eye was also similar, with mean pre-donning IOP 15.6 (3.8 mmHg) versus 15.4 mmHg (4.7 mmHg) post-donning, p=0.75. The mean right and left neck seal pressures were 23.66 (10.60) mmHg and 23.67 (7.87) mmHg, respectively. Only the correlation between right neck sealing pressure for silicone neck seals and right IOP, pre- and post-donning was significant (pre: 0.97, p-value 0.03, post: 0.98, p-value 0.02). Conclusion: No significant difference overall was detected in IOP with drysuit donning.

Association of rurality and identifying as black with receipt of specialty care among patients hospitalized with a diabetic foot ulcer: a Medicare cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Rural patients with diabetic foot ulcers, especially those identifying as black, face increased risk of major amputation. Specialty care can reduce this risk. However, care disparities might beget outcome disparities. We aimed to determine whether a smaller proportion of rural patients, particularly those identifying as black, receive specialty care compared with the national proportion. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This 100% national retrospective cohort examined Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized with diabetic foot ulcers (2013-2014). We report observed differences in specialty care, including: endocrinology, infectious disease, orthopedic surgery, plastic surgery, podiatry, or vascular surgery. We used logistic regression to examine possible intersectionality between rurality and race, controlling for sociodemographics, comorbidities, and ulcer severity and including an interaction term between rurality and identifying as black. RESULTS: Overall, 32.15% (n=124 487) of patients hospitalized with a diabetic foot ulcer received specialty care. Among rural patients (n=13 100), the proportion decreased to 29.57%. For patients identifying as black (n=21 649), the proportion was 33.08%. Among rural patients identifying as black (n=1239), 26.23% received specialty care. This was >5 absolute percentage points less than the overall cohort. The adjusted OR for receiving specialty care among rural versus urban patients identifying as black was 0.61 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.71), which was lower than that for rural versus urban patients identifying as white (aOR 0.85, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.89). This metric supported a role for intersectionality between rurality and identifying as black. CONCLUSIONS: A smaller proportion of rural patients, particularly those identifying as black, received specialty care when hospitalized with a diabetic foot ulcer compared with the overall cohort. This might contribute to known disparities in major amputations. Future studies are needed to determine causality.

Multicenter evaluation of the Quantra with the QStat Cartridge in adult patients undergoing liver transplantation.

Blood loss and transfusion of blood products are key concerns during liver transplantation. Whole-blood viscoelastic testing devices have been used to monitor hemostatic function and guide the transfusion of blood products in this patient population. The Quantra System with the QStat Cartridge is a new point-of-care, closed-system viscoelastic testing device that measures changes in clot stiffness during coagulation and fibrinolysis using ultrasound detection of resonance. The aim of this multicenter prospective observational study was to evaluate the Quantra System against the ROTEM delta device in monitoring coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients undergoing liver transplantation. One hundred twenty-five (125) adult subjects (above 18 y old) were enrolled across 5 medical centers in the US. Blood samples were collected at a minimum of 3-time points: preincision (baseline), during the anhepatic phase, and after the start of reperfusion. Performance was assessed as the correlation of equivalent measurements from the QStat Cartridge and ROTEM delta INTEM, EXTEM, and FIBTEM assays. In addition, a clinical concordance analysis was performed to assess the agreement between the 2 devices related to the detection of fibrinolysis. The correlation between the 2 viscoelastic testing devices was strong, with r -values ranging between 0.88 and 0.95, and the overall agreement with respect to detecting fibrinolysis was 90.3% (CI, 86.9%-93.2%). The results indicate that the Quantra with the QStat Cartridge provides comparable information as the ROTEM delta in the assessment of hemostatic function during a liver transplant. Quantra's simplicity of use and availability of rapid results may provide clinicians with a faster, more convenient means to assess coagulation and fibrinolysis status in the operating room and critical care setting.

Using the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities framework to better understand disparities in major amputations.

Recently, the United States experienced its first resurgence of major amputations in more than 20 years. Compounding this rise is a longstanding history of disparities. Patients identifying as non-Hispanic Black are twice as likely to lose a limb as those identifying as non-Hispanic White. Those identifying as Latino face a 30% increase. Rural patients are also more likely to undergo major amputations, and the rural-urban disparity is widening. We used the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities framework to better understand these disparities and identify common factors contributing to them. Common factors were abundant and included increased prevalence of diabetes, possible lower rates of foot self-care, transportation barriers to medical appointments, living in disadvantaged neighborhoods, and lack of insurance. Solutions within and outside the health care realm are needed. Health care-specific interventions that embed preventative and ambulatory care services within communities may be particularly high yield.

Focused selection of open cerebrovascular cases for residents interested in cerebrovascular neurosurgery.

INTRODUCTION: National and international trends continue to show greater emphasis on endovascular techniques for the treatment of cerebrovascular disease. The cerebrovascular neurosurgeon however must be adequately equipped to treat these patients via both open and endovascular techniques. METHODS: The decline in open cerebrovascular cases for aneurysm clipping has forced many trainees to pursue open cerebrovascular fellowships to increase case volume. An alternative strategy has been employed at our institution, which is early identification of subspecialty focus with resident driven self-selection of open cerebrovascular cases. RESULTS: This has allowed recent graduates to obtain enfolded endovascular training and a significant number of open cerebrovascular cases in order to obtain competence and exposure. DISCUSSION: We advocate for further self-selection paradigms supplemented with simulation training in order to obviate the need for extended post-residency fellowships.

Preclinical and Clinical Trial Results Using Talazoparib and Low-Dose Chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: On the basis of preclinical data, we hypothesized that low doses of chemotherapy (10% of therapeutic doses) with full dose of a PARP inhibitor could have improved efficacy and tolerability. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this phase I dose-escalation study, patients with BRCA-normal advanced malignancies were assigned to either talazoparib/temozolomide or talazoparib/irinotecan. Talazoparib was dose-escalated from 500 mcg to 1 mg daily before dose escalation of temozolomide/irinotecan. The starting dose of temozolomide was 25 mg/m2/day orally on days 1 to 5 and irinotecan was 25 mg/m2/day intravenously on days 1 and 15. The primary objectives of this trial were safety and tolerability, dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), and maximum tolerated dose (MTD). RESULTS: Of 40 patients enrolled, 18 (mean: 7 prior therapies) were enrolled in talazoparib + temozolomide and 22 in talazoparib + irinotecan. DLTs were hematologic in both arms, but all hematologic adverse events resolved with either treatment interruption and/or dose reductions of talazoparib. The MTDs were talazoparib 1 mg + temozolomide 37.5 mg/m2 and talazoparib 1 mg + irinotecan 37.5 mg/m2. There were four partial responses in the talazoparib + temozolomide arm and five in the talazoparib + irinotecan arm for a response rate of 23% (9/40). The pharmacokinetic profiles of talazoparib + temozolomide/irinotecan were similar to that of talazoparib monotherapy. Responses were seen independent of homologous recombination (HR) status and HR deficiency score. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that talazoparib with low-dose temozolomide or irinotecan is reasonably well tolerated and demonstrates clinical activity in a wide range of cancers. Randomized trials of talazoparib with or without low-dose chemotherapy are ongoing in small cell lung cancer and ovarian cancer.

Airway Complications in Pregnant Patients Undergoing Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Retrospective Case-Control Study.

OBJECTIVES: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an evidence-based treatment for severe depression and bipolar disorder in pregnant women. Electroconvulsive therapy involves induction of general anesthesia, muscle relaxation, and positive-pressure ventilation. Airway manipulation may lead to complications such as vocal cord injury, aspiration, inability to ventilate, and death. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were differences in the incidence of airway complications in pregnant patients who underwent mask ventilation (MV) versus endotracheal intubation (ETI) compared with nonpregnant control subjects. METHODS: We conducted a single-center retrospective chart review of all adult pregnant patients who underwent anesthesia for ECT from June 1, 2011, to June 30, 2020. Each ECT treatment delivered to a pregnant patient was matched with 2 ECT treatments delivered to a nonpregnant female control subject. Charts were queried for airway management (MV vs ETI), gestational age, and airway complications. Each ECT treatment was considered an independent event. RESULTS: Seventy-six ECT treatments from 11 pregnant patients were matched with 154 ECT treatments from 13 nonpregnant patients. In pregnant patients, airway management consisted of MV in 57 of the 76 treatments: 12 of 12 in the first trimester, 33 of 44 in the second trimester, and 12 of 20 in the third trimester. All 154 ECT treatments in the control group used MV. No airway complications were experienced in pregnant or nonpregnant patients with MV or ETI. CONCLUSIONS: No airway complications were observed in pregnant patients undergoing MV or ETI regardless of gestational age.

Regional and racial disparities in major amputation rates among medicare beneficiaries with diabetes: a retrospective study in the southeastern USA.

Objective: While rates for non-traumatic lower extremity amputations (LEA) have been declining, concerns exist over disparities. Our objectives are to track major LEA (MLEA) rates over time among Medicare beneficiaries residing in a high diabetes prevalence region in the southeastern USA (the diabetes belt) and surrounding areas. Methods: We used Medicare claims files for ~900 000 fee-for-service beneficiaries aged ≥65 years in 2006-2015 to track MLEA rates per 1000 patients with diabetes. We additionally conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data for 2015 to compare regional and racial disparities in major amputation risks after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, access-to-care and foot complications and other health factors. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defined the diabetes belt as 644 counties across Appalachian and southeastern US counties with high prevalence. Results: MLEA rates were 3.9 per 1000 in the Belt compared with 2.8 in the surrounding counties in 2006 and decreased to 2.3 and 1.6 in 2015. Non-Hispanic black patients had 8.5 and 6.9 MLEAs per 1000 in 2006 and 4.8 and 3.5 in 2015 in the Belt and surrounding counties, respectively, while the rates were similar for non-Hispanic white patients in the two areas. Although amputation rates declined rapidly in both areas, non-Hispanic black patients in the Belt consistently had >3 times higher rates than non-Hispanic whites in the Belt. After adjusting for patient demographics, foot complications and healthcare access, non-Hispanic blacks in the Belt had about twice higher odds of MLEAs compared with non-Hispanic whites in the surrounding areas. Discussion: Our data show persistent disparities in major amputation rates between the diabetes belt and surrounding counties. Racial disparities were much larger in the Belt. Targeted policies to prevent MLEAs among non-Hispanic black patients are needed to reduce persistent disparities in the Belt.

Next Steps: Studying Diabetic Foot Infections with Next-Generation Molecular Assays.

Purpose of Review: In 2019, the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot voiced six concerns regarding the use of molecular microbiology techniques for routine diagnosis of infection complicating diabetic foot ulcers. The purpose of this review is to evaluate contemporary evidence addressing each of these concerns and describe promising avenues for continued development of molecular microbiology assays. Recent Findings: Since 2019, the feasibility of conducting metagenomic and metatranscriptomic studies on diabetic foot ulcer samples has been shown. However, these preliminary studies used small samples with concerns for selection bias. We await larger-scale, longitudinal studies, potentially using the recently formed Diabetic Foot Consortium, to identify microbiome profiles associated with infection and patient outcomes. How these results would translate into a clinical diagnostic requires further clarification. Summary: High-throughput molecular microbiology techniques are not yet ready for clinical adoption as first-line diagnostics. However, moving from amplicon sequencing to metagenomic and metatranscriptomic studies has the potential to significantly accelerate development of assays that might meaningfully impact patient care.

Effect of health system on the association of rurality and level of disadvantage with receipt of diabetic eye screening.

INTRODUCTION: Rural versus urban disparities have been observed in diabetic eye screening, but whether the level of disadvantage in rural versus urban areas is related to these disparities is unclear. Our goal was to determine the role of level of disadvantage in explaining the effect of health systems on rural and urban disparities in diabetic eye screening. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study using an all-payer, state-wide claims database covering over 75% of Wisconsin residents. We included adults with diabetes (18-75 years old) who had claims billed throughout the baseline (2012-2013) and measurement (2013-2014) years. We performed multivariable regressions to assess factors associated with receipt of diabetic eye screening. The primary exposure was the primary care clinic's combined level of rurality and disadvantage. We adjusted for the health system as well as patient-level variables related to demographics and comorbidities. Health system was defined as an associated group of physicians and/or clinics. RESULTS: A total of 118 707 adults with diabetes from 698 primary care clinics in 143 health systems met the inclusion criteria. Patients from urban underserved clinics were less likely to receive screening than those from rural underserved clinics before adjusting for health system in the model. After adjusting for health system fixed effects, however, the directionality of the relationship between clinic rurality and screening reversed: patients from urban underserved clinics were more likely to receive screening than those from rural underserved clinics. Similar findings were observed for both Medicare and non-Medicare subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of health system on receipt of diabetic eye screening in rural versus urban areas is most pronounced in underserved areas. Health systems, particularly those providing care to urban underserved populations, have an opportunity to increase screening rates by leveraging health system-level interventions to support patients in overcoming barriers from social determinants of health.

Ankle brachial indices and anaerobes: is peripheral arterial disease associated with anaerobic bacteria in diabetic foot ulcers?

Background: Lower extremity amputations from diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are rebounding, and new biomarkers that predict wound healing are urgently needed. Anaerobic bacteria have been associated with persistent ulcers and may be a promising biomarker beyond currently recommended vascular assessments. It is unknown whether anaerobic markers are simply a downstream outcome of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and ischemia, however. Here, we evaluate associations between two measures of anaerobic bacteria-abundance and metabolic activity-and PAD. Methods: We built a prospective cohort of 37 patients with baseline ankle brachial index (ABI) results. Anaerobic bacteria were measured in two ways: DNA-based total anaerobic abundance using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and resulting summed relative abundance, and RNA-based metabolic activity based on bacterial read annotation of metatranscriptomic sequencing. PAD was defined three ways: PAD diagnosis, ABI results, and a dichotomous definition of mild ischemia (versus normal) based on ABI values. Statistical associations between anaerobes and PAD were evaluated using univariate odds ratios (ORs) or Spearman's correlations. Results: Total anaerobe abundance was not significantly associated with PAD diagnosis, ABI results, or mild ischemia (ORPAD = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.023-7.23, p = 0.60; Spearman's correlation coefficientABI = 0.24, p = 0.17; ORmild ischemia = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.005-5.86, p = 0.42). Anaerobic metabolic activity was not significantly associated with PAD diagnosis, ABI results, or mild ischemia (ORPAD = 1.99, 95% CI = 0.17-21.44, p = 0.57; Spearman's correlation coefficientABI = 0.12, p = 0.52; ORmild ischemia = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.03-15.16, p = 0.94). Conclusion: Neither anaerobic abundance nor metabolic activity was strongly associated with our three definitions of PAD. Therefore, anaerobic bacteria may offer additional prognostic value when assessing wound healing potential and should be investigated as potential molecular biomarkers for DFU outcomes.

Quantifying drysuit seal pressures in non-immersed scuba divers.

INTRODUCTION: Drysuits use flexible neck and wrist seals to maintain water-tight seals. However, if the seals exert too much pressure adverse physiological effects are possible, including dizziness, lightheadedness, syncope, and paresthesias in the hands. We aimed to quantify the seal pressures of neck and wrist seals in non-immersed divers. METHODS: We recruited 33 diving volunteers at two dive facilities in High Springs, Florida. After a history and physical exam, we measured vital signs as well as wrist and neck seal pressures using a manometer system. RESULTS: The mean (SD) seal pressure of the right wrist seals was found to be 38.8 (14.9) mmHg, while that of the left wrist seals was 37.6 (14.9) mmHg. The average neck seal pressure was 23.7 (9.4) mmHg. Subgroup analysis of seal material demonstrated higher mean sealing pressure with latex seals compared to silicone; however, this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Drysuit seal pressures are high enough to have vascular implications and even potentially cause peripheral nerve injury at the wrist. Divers should trim their seals appropriately and be vigilant regarding symptoms of excessive seal pressures. Further research may elucidate if seal material influences magnitude of seal pressure.

Use of Novel Strategies to Develop Guidelines for Management of Pyogenic Osteomyelitis in Adults: A WikiGuidelines Group Consensus Statement.

Importance: Traditional approaches to practice guidelines frequently result in dissociation between strength of recommendation and quality of evidence. Objective: To construct a clinical guideline for pyogenic osteomyelitis management, with a new standard of evidence to resolve the gap between strength of recommendation and quality of evidence, through the use of a novel open access approach utilizing social media tools. Evidence Review: This consensus statement and systematic review study used a novel approach from the WikiGuidelines Group, an open access collaborative research project, to construct clinical guidelines for pyogenic osteomyelitis. In June 2021 and February 2022, authors recruited via social media conducted multiple PubMed literature searches, including all years and languages, regarding osteomyelitis management; criteria for article quality and inclusion were specified in the group's charter. The GRADE system for evaluating evidence was not used based on previously published concerns regarding the potential dissociation between strength of recommendation and quality of evidence. Instead, the charter required that clear recommendations be made only when reproducible, prospective, controlled studies provided hypothesis-confirming evidence. In the absence of such data, clinical reviews were drafted to discuss pros and cons of care choices. Both clear recommendations and clinical reviews were planned with the intention to be regularly updated as new data become available. Findings: Sixty-three participants with diverse expertise from 8 countries developed the group's charter and its first guideline on pyogenic osteomyelitis. These participants included both nonacademic and academic physicians and pharmacists specializing in general internal medicine or hospital medicine, infectious diseases, orthopedic surgery, pharmacology, and medical microbiology. Of the 7 questions addressed in the guideline, 2 clear recommendations were offered for the use of oral antibiotic therapy and the duration of therapy. In addition, 5 clinical reviews were authored addressing diagnosis, approaches to osteomyelitis underlying a pressure ulcer, timing for the administration of empirical therapy, specific antimicrobial options (including empirical regimens, use of antimicrobials targeting resistant pathogens, the role of bone penetration, and the use of rifampin as adjunctive therapy), and the role of biomarkers and imaging to assess responses to therapy. Conclusions and Relevance: The WikiGuidelines approach offers a novel methodology for clinical guideline development that precludes recommendations based on low-quality data or opinion. The primary limitation is the need for more rigorous clinical investigations, enabling additional clear recommendations for clinical questions currently unresolved by high-quality data.

Association of Race, Ethnicity, and Rurality With Major Leg Amputation or Death Among Medicare Beneficiaries Hospitalized With Diabetic Foot Ulcers.

Importance: Patients identifying as Black and those living in rural and disadvantaged neighborhoods are at increased risk of major (above-ankle) leg amputations owing to diabetic foot ulcers. Intersectionality emphasizes that the disparities faced by multiply marginalized people (eg, rural US individuals identifying as Black) are greater than the sum of each individual disparity. Objective: To assess whether intersecting identities of Black race, ethnicity, rural residence, or living in a disadvantaged neighborhood are associated with increased risk in major leg amputation or death among Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized with diabetic foot ulcers. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study used 2013-2014 data from the US National Medicare Claims Data Database on all adult Medicare patients hospitalized with a diabetic foot ulcer. Statistical analysis was conducted from August 1 to October 27, 2021. Exposures: Race was categorized using Research Triangle Institute variables. Rurality was assigned using Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes. Residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods comprised those living in neighborhoods at or above the national 80th percentile Area Deprivation Index. Main Outcomes and Measures: Major leg amputation or death during hospitalization or within 30 days of hospital discharge. Logistic regression was used to explore interactions among race, ethnicity, rurality, and neighborhood disadvantage, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and ulcer severity. Results: The cohort included 124 487 patients, with a mean (SD) age of 71.5 (13.0) years, of whom 71 286 (57.3%) were men, 13 100 (10.5%) were rural, and 21 649 (17.4%) identified as Black. Overall, 17.6% of the cohort (n = 21 919), 18.3% of rural patients (2402 of 13 100), and 21.9% of patients identifying as Black (4732 of 21 649) underwent major leg amputation or died. Among 1239 rural patients identifying as Black, this proportion was 28.0% (n = 347). This proportion exceeded the expected excess for rural patients (18.3% - 17.6% = 0.7%) plus those identifying as Black (21.9% - 17.6% = 4.3%) by more than 2-fold (28.0% - 17.6% = 10.4% vs 0.7% + 4.3% = 5.0%). The adjusted predicted probability of major leg amputation or death remained high at 24.7% (95% CI, 22.4%-26.9%), with a significant interaction between race and rurality. Conclusions and Relevance: Rural patients identifying as Black had a more than 10% absolute increased risk of major leg amputation or death compared with the overall cohort. This study suggests that racial and rural disparities interacted, amplifying risk. Findings support using an intersectionality lens to investigate and address disparities in major leg amputation and mortality for patients with diabetic foot ulcers.