Foliar application of methyl jasmonate and methyl jasmonate supported on nanoparticles: Incidence on grape phenolic composition over two seasons.

Tools to address the mismatch between technological and phenolic maturity of grapes are needed. Application of elicitors could be an effective alternative. This work compares the effect of the application of methyl jasmonate (MeJ) in conventional form and, as a novelty, in the form of MeJ-doped nanoparticles (ACP-MeJ) on the phenolic composition of Tempranillo grapes. Results showed that, regardless of season, both treatments increased the grape total phenols content. In 2019, most of the anthocyanins, and to a lesser extent the flavanols, increased with the application of MeJ, and several hydroxycinnamic acids increased in the grapes treated with ACP-MeJ, with dose 10 times lower than those of the MeJ conventional. In 2020, anthocyanins were not affected by the treatments, but total flavanols, flavonols, hydroxybenzoic acid, and stilbenes increased after ACP-MeJ application. Thus, foliar application of ACP-MeJ could serve to increase grape phenolic composition, reducing maturity decoupling and the environmental impact.

Posterior auricular artery helix root free flap-part I: radio-anatomical study.

Full-thickness defects of the distal nose are an ongoing surgical challenge. Among the available techniques, pre-auricular chondrocutaneous free flaps based on the superficial temporal artery (STA) have good aesthetic and functional outcomes. However they often require autologous venous grafts. The aim of this radio-anatomical study was to evaluate the feasibility of the helix root free flap based on the posterior auricular artery (PAA). Vascular lengths, diameters, and networks were investigated in flaps harvested from cadavers. The perfusion of the flaps was studied by injecting patent blue. Some flaps were also injected with contrast agent and studied by angiography and computed tomography. Ten flaps from seven fresh cadavers were dissected and analysed. The mean length of the PAA was 114.2 mm and the mean diameter was 2.2 mm. Perfusion was investigated in six flaps and considered good in three of these. The study results demonstrate the feasibility of PAA-based helix root free flaps. This alternative technique provides an 11 cm pedicle with vessels of appropriate calibre, facilitating any potential microsurgery. The scar is mostly hidden behind the ear. This PAA-based helix root free flap could be a reliable and promising single-stage procedure to repair complex defects of the alae nasi.

Influence of seaweed foliar application to Tempranillo grapevines on grape and wine phenolic compounds over two vintages.

The study of seaweeds is increasing in viticulture due to their implications on plant protection and grape quality. This trial aimed to study the effects of foliar applications of an Ascophyllum nodosum extract at low (0.25%, v v-1) and high (0.50%, v v-1) dosages on grape and wine phenolic compounds in 2017 and 2018. In grapes, seaweed biostimulation increased the content of malvidin-3-glc, myricetin-3-glc and myricetin-3-gal in 2017 season. Moreover, both treatments improved the synthesis of trans-piceid and total stilbenes in both seasons. Sensory analysis revealed that 2017 wines had more color than the 2018 wines, which coincided with color intensity parameters. Therefore, seaweed applications to grapevines improved stilbenes content in grapes independently of the season and its effects on the rest of phenolic compounds in grapes and wines depended strongly of season factor.

Seaweed foliar applications at two dosages to Tempranillo blanco (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines in two seasons: Effects on grape and wine volatile composition.

The effects of seaweed applications to grapevines on grape and wine volatile composition are currently unknown. The aim of this work was to study the influence of seaweed foliar applications (Ascophyllum nodosum) to a Tempranillo blanco vineyard on grape and wine volatile composition. A low (Ld) and a high dosage (Hd) of the seaweed fertilizer was applied in two consecutive seasons (2017-2018). The most abundant family of varietal volatile compounds in Tempranillo blanco grapes was C13 norisoprenoid. Hd treatment tended to increase the concentration of certain C6 compounds in grapes in both seasons, whereas Ld application tended to decrease 2-phenylethanol and 2-phenylethanal content in grapes with a season dependence. Season factor affected to the concentration of most of the volatile compounds in grapes due to the differences on rainfall, which affected to the weight of 100 berries and physico-chemical parameters. Yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) in musts could have affected the concentration of most of the wine volatile compounds. According to odor activity values (OAV), Tempranillo blanco wines were characterized as floral, fruity, banana, pear, among others aroma compounds.

Study of must and wine amino acids composition after seaweed applications to Tempranillo blanco grapevines.

Recently, A.O.C. Rioja have selected and enlisted the Tempranillo blanco as a new grapevine variety to be cultivated in this area. This is the first report that studies amino acid and ammonium composition of grape juice and wine from Tempranillo blanco. The aim was to study the effect of foliar application of a seaweed extract to a Tempranillo blanco vineyard on must and wine amino acids and ammonium content. The results suggested that Tempranillo blanco behaved as an arginine accumulator variety. Biostimulation after seaweed applications at a high dosage (Hd) to the grapevines increased the concentration of several amino acids in the 2017 season, while scarcely affected their content in 2018. Phenylalanine, precursor of several volatile and phenolic compounds, was increased in both seasons after Hd applications. Season was the most important factor in the variability of the must and wine amino acids concentration, followed by treatment and its interaction.

[Burnout syndrome among third year medical students in Caen: Prevalence and associated factors]. / Syndrome de burn out chez les étudiants en pré-externat de la faculté de médecine de Caen : prévalence et facteurs associés.

BACKGROUND: Burnout syndrome is a reality in health professions. Many studies report a growing and alarming exhaustion among doctors and residents in France. However, medical studies deemed to be stressful, medical students could be also affected by this syndrome. Few studies are conducted in France at this stage of training, so we will focus our study on the sensitivity to burnout syndrome of students in pre-clerkship. METHODS: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 312 students in their third year of medical school in Caen, France. These students answered a questionnaire about their lifestyle and their course, and two pre-established questionnaires, the MBI-test with the emotional exhaustion subscale (EE score) tracking burnout and the GHQ-28 evaluating psychiatric morbidity not psychotic. RESULTS: More than 4 in 10 (42.6%) students had a high EE score and a positive GHQ-28 score. More than one student in two (59.8%) had a moderate to high emotional exhaustion score. Likewise for the GHQ-28 score, 53.4% of students had a positive score. In addition, nearly one in three students (29.8%) felt threatened by burnout. Finally, various factors appeared to be related to burnout: female gender, wanting to stop studying, lack of support or changes in appetite. CONCLUSION: Burnout is a reality and many factors are associated with it. The study has allowed us to study its factors more closely to get a better understanding but many parameters remain uncertain and deserve more investigation. However, we must continue to act and implement care and support for students at risk. In the same way, it is necessary to sensitize and train students for a primary prevention against burnout from the first cycle of medical studies.

3D Bioprinting:principles, fantasies and prospects.

Conventional three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques have been growing in importance in the field of reconstructive surgery. Three-dimensional bioprinting is the adaptation of 3D printing techniques to tissue engineering, through the use of a bio-ink containing living cells and biomaterials. We hereby describe the principles of bioprinting, its main current limitations, and the prospects of this technique. A PubMed/MEDLINE search was performed. A total of 40 publications were included. To date, most of the tissues have been printed with promising results in vitro (e.g., skin, cartilage, and muscle). The first animal studies are promising for small-scale defects. Vascularization issues are the main limitation to printing large constructs. Once the barrier of vascularization is overcome, printing organs and composite tissues of any size could be possible, opening the doors for personalized medicine based on medical imaging. Printing custom-made autologous grafts or flaps could minimize donor site morbidity and maximize the morphological results. Considering the potential future applications of bioprinting in the field of reconstructive surgery, one has to be aware of this tool, which could drastically change our practice.

Effects on chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in different grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) after nitrogen and elicitor foliar applications to the vineyard.

Photosynthetic pigments, including carotenoids are important secondary metabolites, which play a key role in photosynthesis. There is little information about the effects of nitrogen and elicitor applications on chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations in grapes. The aim of this work was therefore to study the effects of the foliar application of nitrogen sources and elicitors to Tempranillo, Garnacha and Graciano (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines on chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. The results showed that ß-carotene and lutein were the most abundant carotenoids in all the samples, ranging from 1336 and 227 to 7054 and 1382 µg/g, respectively. The applied treatments had greater impact on chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in Tempranillo grapes than in Graciano and Garnacha varieties. The content of chlorophyll was determined by the variety factor, while the concentration of carotenoids was influenced by the interaction of variety and treatment factors, depending on the type of foliar application.

Unusual cystic lesion of the eyebrow: A case report of malignant chondroid syringoma.

INTRODUCTION: Malignant chondroid syringomas, also known as cutaneous malignant mixed tumors, are rare neoplasms that most frequently occur on the torso or extremities of women. Here, we present an illustrated case of a facial malignant chondroid syringoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 32-year-old female patient with no notable medical history presented with an approximately 1cm-wide, painless, palpably-mobile subcutaneous nodule, suggestive of a sebaceous cyst, just above the middle third of the right eyebrow. The nodule had grown steadily over six months. She had no palpable cervical lymphadenopathies. RESULTS: Anatomic pathology of the enucleated nodule found an adnexal sudoriparous tumor measuring 6×10mm and indicative of a malignant chondroid syringoma. Cervicofacial computed tomography and positron emission tomography scans showed no near or distant lymph node involvement. A second intervention for wide excision around the original enucleation lesion (+1cm) was validated in a multidisciplinary, cancerology-dermatology consultation. The eyebrow was reconstructed with a temporally-harvested fasciocutaneous island flap. DISCUSSION: Malignant chondroid syringomas are very rare and thus no standardized treatment has been established for them. Only 12 craniofacial localizations have been described to date. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy have not been shown effective for this malignancy, leaving only wide excision as a therapeutic option. A high and sustained (as much as 20 years after the initial diagnosis) risk of recurrence or metastasis necessitates prolonged patient follow-up.

[Stereophotogrammetry and facial surgery: Principles, applications and prospects]. / Photographie 3D en chirurgie de la face : principes, intérêts et perspectives.

The clinical examination of the face needs a reliable, objective and innocuous tool. Stereophotogrammetry for a medical use has been available for more than fifteen years but its popularity is still limited by a high cost. We hereby define the principles of stereophotogrammetry, its fields of application in facial surgery and the prospects, which might soon be offered by a wider access to this technique.

[Alberic Pont, the great war and the "broken faces"]. / Albéric Pont, la grande guerre et les gueules cassées.

The First World War and the number of facial injuries made specialized trauma centers necessary. Alberic Pont was trained both in medicine and dentistry. He founded in Lyon one of the first French specialized wards, which received more than 7000 soldiers overall. Through his charisma, his skills, his creativity and his generosity, he must be considered as a symbol among the pioneers of maxillo-facial surgery, which was then at its early stage. The centenary of World War I is the occasion to shed light on this man who dedicated his career to those who were renamed "broken faces".

Chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible: A comparative study of 10 cases with primary chronic osteomyelitis and 12 cases with secondary chronic osteomyelitis.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to compare a group of patients with Primary Chronic Osteomyelitis of the mandible (PCO) and a group with Secondary Chronic Osteomyelitis of the mandible (SCO) to support the classification of osteomyelitis of the jaws defined by Eyrich et al. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Medical records of patients with chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible were screened and relevant clinical data was recorded retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups according the criteria proposed by Eyrich et al.: one group with PCO and one with SCO. Comparison was made between these two groups. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were included, 10 in the PCO group, and 12 in the SCO group. The main differences between the two groups concerned the duration of the symptoms (100% of the cases in the PCO group lasted more than 2years, versus 8.3% in the SCO group, P<0.05), computed tomography images of bone sclerosis and bone hypertrophy (present in respectively 100% and 50% of the patients in the PCO group, vs. 36.4% and 0% in the SCO group, P<0.05), and the treatment (100% of surgical decortication and 80% of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug or steroids use in the PCO group vs. 25% and 0% in the SCO group, P<0.05). DISCUSSION: The classification proposed by Eyrich et al. seems relevant according to the results of our study, PCO and SCO differing especially on the duration of the symptoms, the radiologic findings and the treatment and its outcomes.

Altered gene expression in human placenta after suspected preterm labour.

INTRODUCTION: Suspected preterm labour occurs in around 9% of pregnancies. However, almost two-thirds of women admitted for threatened preterm labour ultimately deliver at term and are considered risk-free for fetal development. METHODS: We examined placental and umbilical cord blood samples from preterm or term deliveries after threatened preterm labour as well as term deliveries without threatened preterm labour. We quantitatively analysed the mRNA expression of inflammatory markers (IL6, IFNγ, and TNFα) and modulators of angiogenesis (FGF2, PGF, VEGFA, VEGFB, and VEGFR1). RESULTS: A total of 132 deliveries were analysed. Preterm delivery and term delivery after suspected preterm labour groups showed similar increases in TNFα expression compared with the term delivery control group in umbilical cord blood samples. Placental samples from preterm and term deliveries after suspected preterm labour exhibited significantly increased expression of TNFα and IL6 and decreased expression of IFNγ. Suspected preterm labour was also associated with altered expression of angiogenic factors, although not all differences reached statistical significance. DISCUSSION: We found gene expression patterns indicative of inflammation in human placentas after suspected preterm labour regardless of whether the deliveries occurred preterm or at term. Similarly, a trend towards altered expression of angiogeneic factors was not limited to preterm birth. These findings suggest that the biological mechanisms underlying threatened preterm labour affect pregnancies independently of gestational age at birth.

Efficacy of the postoperative management after microsurgical free tissue transfer.

INTRODUCTION: The physical and medical postoperative measures after free flap reconstruction vary substantially between surgical units. The objective of this review was to identify the postoperative measures which proved a significant positive effect on free flap survival. METHOD: A review was conducted in the MEDLINE database on the English and French literature. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Twenty-eight articles were retained. A meta-analysis of 4984 patients who were given antithrombotics (viz. antiplatelets and anticoagulants) postoperatively found that these treatments were of no significant benefit to free flap survival and increased the risk of postoperative hematoma. Postoperative transfusions did not favor free flap survival and were associated with a higher incidence of medical complications. Preoperative anemia was a risk factor for free flap failure. Blood pressure control, vasodilators, antioxidants, corticotherapy, oxygen therapy, and prolonged immobilization were of no proven benefit. CONCLUSION: No postoperative therapy, whether drug-based or not, has been shown to have a significant positive effect on free flap survival.

Association of surgical excision and brachytherapy for the management of keloids.

Many techniques have been described to prevent the appearance and relapse of keloids but most of them have an efficacy lower than 50%. Our objective is to describe our standardized management of keloids by associated surgery and brachytherapy. Surgery-brachytherapy is usually given only when less invasive treatments failed. Both a surgeon and a radiotherapist are involved. Forty-eight hours of hospitalization in a surgery unit are required. The extra-lesional excision is performed and a brachytherapy sheath is placed in the dermis plane. An iridium source with an initial activity of 300 GBq is used to deliver high dose rate brachytherapy. The brachytherapy sessions are held in a lead-shielded room in a radiotherapy unit: the first session at 6 h after surgical excision, while the second and third on the following day. The total dose administered is 18 Gy. A surgical workup is scheduled at 10 days. The patient is followed-up closely by the radiotherapist for an 18-month period. The recurrence rate after 2 years is 8 to 12%. The main complaints are dyschromia, telangiectasia and skin atrophy.

[Surgical approaches of tumors of the posterior cone of the orbit]. / Voies d'abords des tumeurs du cône postérieur de l'orbite.

The surgical management of posterior orbital tumors is complex because it is an anatomical area located at the borders between the face and the skull base. The goal of the procedures carried-out in this area is to resect the tumor while preserving vision by using the safest possible approach. The aim of our work was to determine, in the light of our experience and of a review of the literature, the advantages and drawbacks of the numerous approaches described.

Condylar resorption after orthognathic surgery: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Condylar resorption after orthognathic surgery (CROS) represents a progressive alteration of shape and volume of the mandibular condyle. It is a known factor of surgical relapse. The aim of this systematic review was to discuss the physiopathology, mechanisms, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of this disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed on the Pubmed database from 1970 to 2014, using following terms: ("orthognathic surgery") AND ("condylar resorption" OR "progressive condylar resorption" OR "idiopathic condylar resorption" OR "condylar atrophy" OR "condylolysis"). Papers were included according inclusion and exclusion criterias. RESULTS: The search leaded to 32 articles. Seventeen were included. CROS was a condylar remodeling secondary to an imbalance between mechanical stress applied to the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) and the host adaptive capacities. It mainly occurred in 14 to 50years old women with pre-existing TMJ dysfunction, estrogen deficiency, class II malocclusion with a high mandibular plane angle, a diminished posterior facial height and a posteriorly inclined condylar neck. Mandibular advancement superior to 10mm, counterclockwise rotation of the mandible and posteriorly condylar repositioning were associated with an increased risk of CROS. DISCUSSION: Treatment consists in re-operation in case of degradation of the occlusal result after an inactivity period of at least 6 months. Condylectomy with allogenic or autologous reconstruction is an alternative. Prevention is crucial and requires at-risk patient information.

[Head and neck superficial venous malformations]. / Malformations veineuses superficielles cervico-faciales. Mise au point.

Management of vascular malformations and vascular tumors has recently been maximized by the establishment of an accurate clinical and histological classification and by the development of multidisciplinary expert consultations. Head and neck localizations of venous malformations are common, thus maxillo-facial surgeons should be aware of the characteristics of this pathology and the principles of its management. Diagnosis is mainly clinical and must be certified by Doppler-ultrasonography and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with T2 fat-saturation sequence. Therapeutic decision depends on the volume of the lesion, and on functional, cosmetic and psychological complaints. Sclerotherapy is now the preferred treatment of head and neck venous malformations. It is performed in specialized interventional radiology units by intralesional injections of sclerosing solution under fluoroscopic guidance. Surgery is useful in some cases, either on its own or following sclerotherapy. In case of bulky lesion, it is necessary to search for and prevent a severe coagulopathy before planning any intervention.

[Management of craniofacial type 1 neurofibromatosis]. / Prise en charge des atteintes craniofaciales de la neurofibromatose de type 1.

Type I neurofibromatosis (NF) is the most common autosomal dominant disease. It concerns one in 3000 births, the penetrance is close to 100% and 50% of new cases are de novo mutations (17q11.2 chromosome 17 location). Cranio-maxillofacial region is concerned in 10% of the cases, in different forms: molluscum neurofibroma, plexiform neurofibroma, cranio-orbital neurofibroma, parotido-jugal neurofibroma, cervical neurofibroma. These lesions have different prognosis depending on the craniofacial localization: ocular functional risk, upper airway compressive risk, nerve compression risk, aesthetic and social impact. The maxillofacial surgeon in charge of patients with type I NF should follow the patient from the diagnosis and organize the different surgical times in order to take care about the different issues: vital, functional and aesthetic. We describe the treatment of facial localizations of type 1 NF as it is done at the University Hospital of Lyon and at the Rhône-Alpes-Auvergne neurofibromatosis reference center.