Use by the Russian Army of protective means against German chemical weapon applied during the First World War.

The first can be considered the simplest mask gauze or cotton-gauze impregnated with sodium hyposufite, which pressed to his face and breathed through it (i. e. <> gas mask, based on the principle of chemical neutralization of toxic substances). The most successful type of domestic wet gas mask is considered to be a gas mask constructed. by N. T.Prokofev with hermetically inserted glasses of plain glass. Using by Germany all new toxic substances required continuous improvement of gas masks and the use of not chemical, but physical principle of neutralization, based on the non-specific binding molecules toxic agent. Creation in Russia really acting dry gas mask associated with the name of the outstanding scientist. Zelinsky, first proposed, to use as activated carbon adsorbent. Engineer Petrograd factory < E.L.Kummant developed rubber helmet with goggles, do not require special mounting head and reliably protects both respiratory tract and eyes from exposure to toxic substances. The principle of the device mask Zelinsky-Kummant - canister with activated charcoal (and various additives) and a rubber facemask-is the basis of all modern designs masks.

[Use of chemical war gases at the Russian-German front during the First World War].

The First World War was notable for the widespread use of machine military hardware and absolutely new type of weapon--chemical weapon. As a result of the first gas attack by chlorine undertaken by the German army against the Russian armies on May, 31st, 1915, heavy poisonings have received 9100 people, 6000 of them died. Chemical attack of Germany against Russia was limited by the use chemical gases of suffocating action: chlorine, bromine,phosgene and diphosgene. It is not known exactly, how many times Germany attacked Russian positions with use of chemical gases. On available data, in the First World War from application by German of the chemical weapon Russia has suffered more, than any other of the at war countries: from five hundred thousand poisoned have died nearby 66,000 people. In turn, having received in the order the chemical weapon of own manufacture, Russian army itself tried to attack in the German armies. It is authentically known only about several cases of application dy Russian of fighting poison gases, and in all cases of loss of germen were insignificant.

[Peculiarities of medical support of Soviet troops during the Battle of Kursk].

Peculiarities of medical support of Soviet troops during the Battle of Kursk. The article analyzes the experience of medical support of the Red Army troops during the Battle of Kursk (July-August 1943). The data characterizing particular forms and methods of work of the medical service of the fionts in the dynamics of the defensive and offensive operations. The basis of the organization of medical evacuation support was a continuous movement of medical institutions for the conduct of the troops and treating the injured on the spot. The succes of the Medical Service was possible thanks to the mobility and manoeuvrability of surgical forces, the formation of emergency medical teams gain and mobile surgical teams, echelonment specialized medical care. Activities carried out to provide various types of medical care - on the battlefield, in the regimental and divisional health centres, hospitals - allowed to return in order to 180 000 wounded and sick. Due to the effective anti- epidemic protection could prevent the spread of the troops of mass infectious diseases.

[Unique exhibits and collections dedicated to the Great patriotic War in funds of the Military-medical museum].

The Military Medical Museum, where concentrated materials reflecting the multifaceted activities of the medical service at the front of the bloodiest war in human history, was established in the midst of the Great Patriotic War. For targeted collection of materials were formed special front brigades, which included artists, photographers, a pathologist, a spokesman for the museum. Thanks to their work, the museum has a collection of unique materials--genuine evidence of war, reflecting all aspects of the health departments of fronts, armies, parts and cities in the form of drawings, products, models, models, photographs, charts, medical supplies, documents, etc. On the basis of materials of the museum was prepared 35-volume work <

[The contribution of the Archive of the Military Medical Museum in summarizing the experience of the Great Patriotic War].

During 70 years of existence of the Military Medical Museum one of its main goals was to create an archive of military medical documents, the formation of his ideology and collecting funds, saving and promotion of unique materials related to the history of Russia, feat of arms Defenders of the Fatherland in the wars of the XX century. Creating a military medical museum archive was conceived in the beginning of the Great Patriotic War by leading figures of the military medicine--E.I.Smirnov, S.M.Bagdasaryan, V.N.Shevkunenko, A.N.Maksimenkov, who offered to collect all materials about the work of physicians at the front and in the rear, to consider the archive as a base for scientific works on the history of the military health care. Today the archive was removed from the Army Medical Museum and now it is a branch of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation (military medical records). His staff keeps the traditions established by predecessors and use in their activities a wealth of experience and background research.

[Branch No. 2 of the Vishnevskiy Central Military Clinical Hospital No. 3 celebrates the 25th anniversary].

Authors present a short summary about the history of 6th Central Military Clinical Hospital (now - Branch N 2 of the Vishnevskiy Central Military Clinical hospital N3), founded in September 1989. Hospital Branch N 2 is one of the first specialized applied research centres in our country, many highly-qualified, experienced and certified professional work at the hospital; they are proficient in original and unique methods of treatment based on high technologies and capable to solve any problem, even the most difficult, connected with medical rehabilitation of patients. Hospital Branch N 2 is also known as the Centre of orthopaedic and prosthetic aid to disabled servicemen. Also patients with different diseases and suffering from boardline mental disorders, psychosomatic disorders and chronic fatigue syndrome receive complete rehabilitative therapy under "late" hospital stage.

[Russian Red Cross Society and its role in providing medical aid to wounded and sick people during the First World War].

Russian Red Cross Society during the First World War played a significant role in health care, preservation of human life and return of millions of experienced soldiers to duty. The Red Cross Society formed and sent to the front their medical institutions (military hospitals, hospitals, hospital trains, etc.), trained medical nurses, charity nurses and orderlies of the Red Cross. Famous professor-surgeons worked as the consultants of the Red Cross Society, under their leadership were organized mobile surgical units. Society has created mobile nutrition and dressing units, X-ray units, psychiatric reception and collection points. The Red Cross Society assisted the military Department in the fight against infectious diseases.

[The historical experience of medical service in cooperation with state healthcare facilities during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945].

Cooperation issues between military-medical service and civil healthcare in the field of delivery of medical aid to patients in the rear of country are considered in the artic. The rear is a final stage of the care by echelon and the main medical reserve force for front and army areas. Wide hospital network in the rear consisted mainly of evacuation hospitals of the People's Commissariat of the USSR healthcare. Cooperation between military-medical service and civil healthcare facilities was required. Sometimes necessary cooperation failed and made mutual helming of evacuation hospitals difficult. But despite the problems the main problem - return of maximum wounded soldiers to active duty was solved during the Great Patriotic War.

[I.P. Pavlov and L.A. Orbeli: new materials in stocks of the military medical museum].

The article presents the previously unpublished letter of I.P. Pavlov to L.A. Orbeli being kept in stocks of the Military medical museum of military medical museum of the S.M. Kirov military medical academy. The needed commentaries are given.

[First medical museum of Russia (150-anniversary of the Surgical museum of the Imperial Medical-Surgery Academy)].

The opening in 1863 of the Surgical museum of the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy was the sign of a new age in the development of medical science. It became the first medical museum in our country. It was the period when similar museums appeared in Europe and America. Thus all over the world were formed the first museums that amassed their collections, the later basis of modem medical museums.

[Medical supply of the Russian army during the Patriotic War in 1812].

The article is devoted to the 200th anniversary of the victory of the russian weapon in the Patriotic War in 1812. Russian military medics lended a weighty contribution to destruction of the strongest Napoleonic army. Together with russian soldiers they suffered woes and hardships, accompanied Russian soldiers not only in moments of victories but also in the most hard moment, saving lives of wounded and illed, soldiers and civil population. Structure of medical service of the Russian Army, types of delivery of health care, some epispdes of the work of military medics are described.

[Pavlov's unknown letter to L. A. Orbely].

The text of Ivan P. Pavlov's unknown letter addressed to Leon A. Orbely is published for the first time. The document is kept in the Fund of the Military Medical Museum of the Military Medical Academy named after Sergey M. Kirov.

[Development of the rehabilitation system for wounded during the late hospital stage].

The current article deals with the main methods of development of the rehabilitation system for wounded during the late hospital stage. The problems of specialized rehabilitation for injured, patients of cardiology and neurology and the application of the newest rehabilitation techniques used to optimize medical aid in order to promote professional qualities recovery experience are also considered.

[Guardian of Mercy (the 70th anniversary of the Military Medical Museum)].

The article is dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Army Medical Museum, established in 1942. There are a lot of original materials and documents of medical support of the Russian army, introducing with the volume of medical care to the wounded and sick in the past among the exhibits located in St. Petersburg Museum. In recent years the museum created projects, gained popularity in Russia and abroad, which caused a lot of good reviews from professionals and audiences. Among them are "Anatomical Theatres", "Mercy Without Borders", "Together we are strong", "Between Life and Death", "Medicine Heights" and many others. The museum is well known in Russia and far beyond its borders as a custodian of historical traditions of Russian medicine, multidisciplinary research and educational institution, which is a unique cultural federal and international importance, according to the riches of museum collections unrivaled among medical museums of Russia and the world.

[Providing medical care in the Leningrad hospitals during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940].

Leningrad Health Care was assigned a central role in medical care of wounded and sick during the Soviet-Finnish war during 1939-1940. The outbreak of war in Leningrad and its suburbs, as well as a number of settlements adjacent to the front-line rear areas, was deployed hospital bed net hospital base of the front. Medical institutions of Leningrad, serve the needs of the army and navy, were not uniform in its structure. They had different departmental subordination, as well as the nature and scope of tasks. During the period from December 1, 1939 to September 1, 1940 in Leningrad, has received 167 915 persons. In the City there was a range of institutions, where the wounded and sick have finished a course of treatment, as well as rehabilitated.

[Founder of medical dynasty Iakov Alekseevich Chistovich].

Biography of one of the former chefs of the Medico-surgical academy professor Yakov Alekseevich Chistovich is given in this article. Ya.A. Chistovich--famous medicolegist, hygienist, historian of medicine--left not only rich medical-research heritage but also became the founder of great medical dynasty. In Yakov Alekseevich's steps treaded 3 his sons, grandsons and a few generations of descendants.

["Everything, made by soviet military medicine during the last war, could be called a feat..."].

The article presents an observe of different aspects of activity of military-medical service of the Red Army for the period of the Great Patriotic War on the base of complex examination of archive sources and large sphere of literature. Was shown contribution of several representatives of military service, their work on front and in rearwards.

[Chistovich Yakov Alekseevich: portrait without uniform].

The article presents not well-known data about genesis, family status and private life of a famous Russian historian of medicine, judicial physician and hygienist of the XIX century Chistovich Yakov Alekseevich. He was the leader of Saint-Petersburg Medical-surgical academy in 1871-1875. There was lighted a civil activity of Chistovich Ya.A. on the post of the chief of Supportive medical cash and chief of Collective of Russian physicians in S.-Petersburg.

[Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov: at the beginning (to the 220th anniversary of the greatest surgeon and anatomist birth)].

The article is concern with years of youth of the greatest Russian surgeon and anatomist Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov, his education in Moscow and Derpt University. Formation of N.I. Pirogov as a surgeon of a new type following by the deepest anatomical knowledge is showed. There is a supposition that with the departure from Derpt to Saint-Petersburg Pirogov's initial phase of work ended and began his new, mature period of work.