Metric Learning in Histopathological Image Classification: Opening the Black Box.

The application of machine learning techniques to histopathology images enables advances in the field, providing valuable tools that can speed up and facilitate the diagnosis process. The classification of these images is a relevant aid for physicians who have to process a large number of images in long and repetitive tasks. This work proposes the adoption of metric learning that, beyond the task of classifying images, can provide additional information able to support the decision of the classification system. In particular, triplet networks have been employed to create a representation in the embedding space that gathers together images of the same class while tending to separate images with different labels. The obtained representation shows an evident separation of the classes with the possibility of evaluating the similarity and the dissimilarity among input images according to distance criteria. The model has been tested on the BreakHis dataset, a reference and largely used dataset that collects breast cancer images with eight pathology labels and four magnification levels. Our proposed classification model achieves relevant performance on the patient level, with the advantage of providing interpretable information for the obtained results, which represent a specific feature missed by the all the recent methodologies proposed for the same purpose.

The Mba1 homologue of Trypanosoma brucei is involved in the biogenesis of oxidative phosphorylation complexes.

Consistent with other eukaryotes, the Trypanosoma brucei mitochondrial genome encodes mainly hydrophobic core subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation system. These proteins must be co-translationally inserted into the inner mitochondrial membrane and are synthesized by the highly unique trypanosomal mitoribosomes, which have a much higher protein to RNA ratio than any other ribosome. Here, we show that the trypanosomal orthologue of the mitoribosome receptor Mba1 (TbMba1) is essential for normal growth of procyclic trypanosomes but redundant in the bloodstream form, which lacks an oxidative phosphorylation system. Proteomic analyses of TbMba1-depleted mitochondria from procyclic cells revealed reduced levels of many components of the oxidative phosphorylation system, most of which belong to the cytochrome c oxidase (Cox) complex, three subunits of which are mitochondrially encoded. However, the integrity of the mitoribosome and its interaction with the inner membrane were not affected. Pull-down experiments showed that TbMba1 forms a dynamic interaction network that includes the trypanosomal Mdm38/Letm1 orthologue and a trypanosome-specific factor that stabilizes the CoxI and CoxII mRNAs. In summary, our study suggests that the function of Mba1 in the biogenesis of membrane subunits of OXPHOS complexes is conserved among yeast, mammals and trypanosomes, which belong to two eukaryotic supergroups.

Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: A Cross-Sectional Survey among Urologists in Switzerland, Germany, and Austria.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a potentially preventable adverse side effect of mainly antiresorptive drugs. MRONJ is expected to become a growing clinical problem due to the aging population and the increasing number of patients requiring antiresorptive agents. Knowledge and awareness about MRONJ and elimination of the oral and dental risk factors before starting antiresorptive therapy (AR) are fundamental to reducing the incidence of MRONJ. In urology, ARs are used primarily in patients suffering from bone metastases due to prostate cancer and to prevent cancer-treatment-induced bone loss (CTIBL) in prostate cancer patients receiving endocrine therapy. This postal survey aimed to evaluate disease-related knowledge and awareness about implementing oral examinations for patients starting AR among Swiss, German, and Austrian urologists. A total of 176 urologists returned the completed questionnaire, yielding a response rate of 11.7%. Of the respondents, 44.9% (n = 79) and 24.4% (n = 43) stated that they give more than five first-time prescriptions of denosumab and of intravenous or oral bisphosphonates per year, respectively. Only 14.8% (n = 26) of the participating urologists had never encountered MRONJ cases related to BPs. Of the participants, 89.8% (n = 158) had implemented referrals to dentists for oral examination before initiating AR. The mean percentage of correct answers regarding the knowledge about MRONJ was 70.9% ± 11.2%. In contrast to previous surveys on MRONJ among physicians, this study showed that the participating urologists were sufficiently informed about MRONJ, as reflected by the high number of participants implementing preventive dental screenings.

Mitoribosomal small subunit maturation involves formation of initiation-like complexes.

Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) play a central role in synthesizing mitochondrial inner membrane proteins responsible for oxidative phosphorylation. Although mitoribosomes from different organisms exhibit considerable structural variations, recent insights into mitoribosome assembly suggest that mitoribosome maturation follows common principles and involves a number of conserved assembly factors. To investigate the steps involved in the assembly of the mitoribosomal small subunit (mt-SSU) we determined the cryoelectron microscopy structures of middle and late assembly intermediates of the Trypanosoma brucei mitochondrial small subunit (mt-SSU) at 3.6- and 3.7-Å resolution, respectively. We identified five additional assembly factors that together with the mitochondrial initiation factor 2 (mt-IF-2) specifically interact with functionally important regions of the rRNA, including the decoding center, thereby preventing premature mRNA or large subunit binding. Structural comparison of assembly intermediates with mature mt-SSU combined with RNAi experiments suggests a noncanonical role of mt-IF-2 and a stepwise assembly process, where modular exchange of ribosomal proteins and assembly factors together with mt-IF-2 ensure proper 9S rRNA folding and protein maturation during the final steps of assembly.

Structural Insights into the Mechanism of Mitoribosomal Large Subunit Biogenesis.

In contrast to the bacterial translation machinery, mitoribosomes and mitochondrial translation factors are highly divergent in terms of composition and architecture. There is increasing evidence that the biogenesis of mitoribosomes is an intricate pathway, involving many assembly factors. To better understand this process, we investigated native assembly intermediates of the mitoribosomal large subunit from the human parasite Trypanosoma brucei using cryo-electron microscopy. We identify 28 assembly factors, 6 of which are homologous to bacterial and eukaryotic ribosome assembly factors. They interact with the partially folded rRNA by specifically recognizing functionally important regions such as the peptidyltransferase center. The architectural and compositional comparison of the assembly intermediates indicates a stepwise modular assembly process, during which the rRNA folds toward its mature state. During the process, several conserved GTPases and a helicase form highly intertwined interaction networks that stabilize distinct assembly intermediates. The presented structures provide general insights into mitoribosomal maturation.

Mitoribosomal small subunit biogenesis in trypanosomes involves an extensive assembly machinery.

Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) are large ribonucleoprotein complexes that synthesize proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome. An extensive cellular machinery responsible for ribosome assembly has been described only for eukaryotic cytosolic ribosomes. Here we report that the assembly of the small mitoribosomal subunit in Trypanosoma brucei involves a large number of factors and proceeds through the formation of assembly intermediates, which we analyzed by using cryo-electron microscopy. One of them is a 4-megadalton complex, referred to as the small subunit assemblosome, in which we identified 34 factors that interact with immature ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and recognize its functionally important regions. The assembly proceeds through large-scale conformational changes in rRNA coupled with successive incorporation of mitoribosomal proteins, providing an example for the complexity of the ribosomal assembly process in mitochondria.

On the association between oral piercings and periodontal conditions-A case series.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between oral piercings and periodontal health or inflammation in patients seeking treatment at the University of Basel, Switzerland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Records of patients from the pool of patients at the Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology were consecutively screened between November 2016 and January 2017. Eighteen patients with a tongue and/or a lip piercing were included. Three out of 18 patients wore both piercings, that is 14 tongue piercings and seven lip piercings were assessed. Epidemiologic, socio-economic, piercing characteristics and clinical parameters were recorded. Periodontal findings in teeth close to the piercing were compared to the parameters of the total dentition. RESULTS: In patients with a tongue piercing (n = 14), percentages of sites with bleeding on probing, probing pocket depths ≥6 mm, clinical attachment loss ≥6 mm and gingival recessions ≥2 mm were more frequently increased in teeth close to the piercing compared to teeth not affected by the piercing. In patients with a lip piercing (n = 7), periodontal findings did not differ markedly in teeth close to the piercing compared to teeth not affected by the piercing. CONCLUSIONS: Tongue piercings may negatively affect periodontal conditions of teeth with close proximity to the piercing.