Janus structural TaON/Graphene-like carbon dual-supported Pt electrocatalyst enables efficient oxygen reduction reaction.

Developing carbon-supported Pt-based electrocatalysts with high activity and long-durability for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is an enormous challenge for their commercial applications due to the corrosion of carbon supports in acid/alkaline solution at high potential. In this work, a Janus structural TaON/graphene-like carbon (GLC) was synthesized via an in-situ molecular selfassembly strategy, which was used as a dual-carrier for platinum (Pt). The as-obtained Pt/TaON/GLC presents high half-wave potential (0.94 V vs. RHE), excellent mass (1.48 A mgPt-1) and specific (1.75 mA cmPt-2) activities at 0.9 V, and superior long-term durability with a minimal loss (8.0 %) of mass activity after 10,000 cycles in alkaline solution, outperforming those of Pt/C and other catalysts. The structural characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the Pt/TaON/GLC catalyst exhibits the maximum synergies, including enhanced interfacial electron density, improved charge transfer, enhanced O2 adsorption, andsuperimposed OO cleavage. This work shows a potential strategy for preparing the high-active and long-durable Pt-based electrocatalyst by synergism-promoted interface engineering.

Ni/Graphene Coating for Enhanced Corrosion Resistance of Metal Foam Flow Field in Simulated PEMFC Cathode Environment.

Metal foam flow field suffers serious corrosion issues in proton exchange membrane fuel cells due to its large surface area. Ni and Ni/graphene coatings are prepared under constant and gradient current modes, respectively, to improve the corrosion resistance. The effect of the electrodeposition current mode and the deposition mechanism is studied. Compared with Ni coating, Ni/graphene coating brings low corrosion current density and high coating resistance, effectively enhancing the stability of Ni foam in an acidic environment. Different from Ni coating with a single layer, Ni/graphene deposits have core-shell structure, with graphene coated on the surface of Ni nanoparticles. It is shown that graphene deposits cover the Ni particles during the electrodeposition, which protects nickel particles from agglomeration and forms an inert film on the surface of the porous structure. After an 8 h constant potential test, no significant pitting is observed on the surface of Ni/graphene coating, showing excellent anticorrosion performance. As to the effect of the deposition current mode, it is shown that more composite particles deposit on the upper layer under the gradient current mode, which brings denser protective film and fewer surface defects on the surface. Ni/graphene coating electrodeposited under a gradient current mode between 0 and 10 mA·cm-2 exhibits the lowest corrosion current densities. The values at 50 and 80 °C are only 62.9 and 26.0% of those of uncoated Ni foam, respectively.

Characteristics analysis of hepatitis B core-related antigen in children with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic viral hepatitis B infection.

BACKGROUND: The objective of antiviral therapy for chronic viral hepatitis B infection (CHB) is to achieve a functional cure. An important viral marker in the serum of patients with CHB is the serum hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg). However, there is limited research on HBcrAg in juvenile patients with CHB. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between serum HBcrAg and other hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers in children with CHB and its predictive significance for prognosis during antiviral therapy. METHODS: A single-center retrospective study was conducted involving 79 children with CHB, aged between 0 and 16 years. All the children were treated with interferon [or combined nucleos(t)ide analogs] for 48 weeks. HBcrAg, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and HBV DNA were measured before treatment, and at 12 and 48 weeks after treatment. The enrolled children were classified into the seroclearance group and the nonseroclearance group based on the therapeutic outcome. RESULTS: HBsAg seroclearance was observed in 28 out of 79 patients and hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion without HBsAg seroclearance was observed in 14 out of 79 patients following the conclusion of the treatment, with baseline HBcrAg titer levels showing no statistical significance in both the seroclearance and nonseroclearance groups (P = 0.277). HBsAg and HBV DNA were positively correlated with HBcrAg in children with CHB (R2 = 0.3289, 0.4388). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the decrease in HBcrAg at 12 weeks of treatment as a predictor of seroclearance at 48 weeks of treatment, exhibited a value of 0.77. CONCLUSION: A decrease in serum HBcrAg levels in children with hepatitis B serves as a prognostic indicator.

Study on the fabrication and controlled release behavior of N-Acetylneuraminic acid-loaded hydrogels stabilized by gelatin/whey protein isolate.

Gelatin (GEL), pectin (PEC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and whey protein isolate (WPI) were employed to formulate hydrogels for stabilizing N-Acetylneuraminic Acid (NeuAc). GEL/WPI-NeuAc hydrogels, irrespective of the ratio, exhibited a flexible and smooth surface with a continuous three-dimensional network structure internally. Porosity of the three types of hydrogels increased from 3.69% to 86.92% (GEL/WPI), 41.67% (PEC/WPI), and 87.62% (CMC/WPI), rendering them suitable as carriers for NeuAc encapsulation. The dynamic swelling behavior of all hydrogels followed Schott's second-order kinetics model. The degradation performance of GEL, PEC, and CMC/WPI-NeuAc hydrogels was optimal at a 5: 5 ratio, with degradation rates of 80.39 ± 1.26%, 82.38 ± 1.96%, and 81.39 ± 1.57%, respectively. GEL, PEC, CMC/WPI-NeuAc hydrogels demonstrated decreased release rates of 44.56%, 31.04%, and 41.26%, respectively, compared to free NeuAc, post gastric digestion. The present investigation suggests the potential of GEL/WPI hydrogels as effective carriers for delivering NeuAc encapsulation.

MCM8 interacts with DDX5 to promote R-loop resolution.

MCM8 has emerged as a core gene in reproductive aging and is crucial for meiotic homologous recombination repair. It also safeguards genome stability by coordinating the replication stress response during mitosis, but its function in mitotic germ cells remains elusive. Here we found that disabling MCM8 in mice resulted in proliferation defects of primordial germ cells (PGCs) and ultimately impaired fertility. We further demonstrated that MCM8 interacted with two known helicases DDX5 and DHX9, and loss of MCM8 led to R-loop accumulation by reducing the retention of these helicases at R-loops, thus inducing genome instability. Cells expressing premature ovarian insufficiency-causative mutants of MCM8 with decreased interaction with DDX5 displayed increased R-loop levels. These results show MCM8 interacts with R-loop-resolving factors to prevent R-loop-induced DNA damage, which may contribute to the maintenance of genome integrity of PGCs and reproductive reserve establishment. Our findings thus reveal an essential role for MCM8 in PGC development and improve our understanding of reproductive aging caused by genome instability in mitotic germ cells.

Incidence of cardiovascular mortality among head and neck cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: While treatment advancements have prolonged the lives of patients with head and neck cancer, the subgroups of these patients at higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality remain unclear. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database for patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer from 2000 to 2019. We compared their CVD mortality against the general US population using standardized mortality ratios (SMRs). RESULTS: Our analysis included 474,366 patients, identifying that 14% of deaths were due to CVD, with an SMR of 1.19. Notably, patients under the age of 39 had a CVD SMR increase of over 100-fold. Those with distant tumor stages showed the highest CVD SMR of 1.52 (95% CI 1.50-1.54). An upward trend in SMR to 2.53 (95% CI 2.51-2.56) was observed from 2011 to 2019. Within the initial 5-year post-diagnosis, the SMR for CVD was 3.17 (95% CI 3.14-3.20), which exceeded the general population's rates but declined in the 5-20-year range after diagnosis. Patients who did not any therapy had the greatest CVD SMR of 2.26 (95% CI 2.24-2.28). Hypopharyngeal cancer patients exhibited the highest CVD SMR of 1.54 (95% CI 1.52-1.56). CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights that head and neck cancer patients, especially younger individuals and those with advanced disease stages, face substantial CVD mortality risks. The CVD SMR peaks within 5 years following diagnosis. Patients abstaining from treatment bear the highest risk of CVD mortality. Cardioprotective measures should be considered critical for this patient population.

A prospective single-center, single-arm, open-label, phase II study of sintilimab and anlotinib combined with chemotherapy in neoadjuvant treatment of resectable esophageal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Antiangiogenic treatment and immunochemotherapy effectively treat patients with advanced esophageal cancer. However, there remains a dearth of studies concerning neoadjuvant therapy for resectable esophageal cancer. METHODS: The study focused on patients with T2-4NxM0 resectable esophageal carcinoma. Neoadjuvant treatment involved administering anlotinib (10 mg orally, once a day, 2 weeks on and 1 week off) for antiangiogenesis and sintilimab (200 mg) and chemotherapy for three cycles. Surgical treatment was performed 4-6 weeks after the last chemotherapy cycle was completed. The primary endpoints assessed were pathological complete response (pCR) and safety. RESULTS: Out of the 34 screened patients, 17 were successfully enrolled in the study, and 14 completed the entire treatment process. The pCR was 35.3% (6/17). However, two patients experienced mortality. The occurring rate of grade 3 or higher complications after the surgery was 78.6% (11/14) according to Clavien-Dindo classification. Specifically, anastomotic leakage was observed in 57.1% (8/14) of the patients. CONCLUSION: Compared to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the current regimen demonstrated improved pCR. However, it did not show significant improvement compared to immunochemotherapy. It is essential to exercise caution when using this treatment approach in patients with esophageal cancer as it might increase postoperative complications, especially anastomotic leakage.

Clinical and genetic study of ABCB4 gene-related cholestatic liver disease in China: children and adults.

BACKGROUND: ABCB4 gene-related cholestatic liver diseases have a wide spectrum of clinical and genetic variations. The correlation between genotype and clinical phenotype still unclear. This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical and pathological characteristics of 23 patients with ABCB4 gene-related cholestatic liver diseases. Next-generation sequencing was used to identify the genetic causes. RESULTS: The 23 included patients (15 children and 8 adults) were diagnosed as progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC3), drug-induced liver injury (DILI), cirrhosis cholestasis, cirrhosis, and mild liver fibrosis. Nineteen patients underwent liver pathological examination of the liver, exhibiting fibrosis, small bile duct hyperplasia, CK7(+), Cu(+), bile duct deletion, and cirrhosis. Thirty ABCB4 variants were identified, including 18 novel variants. CONCLUSION: ABCB4 gene-related cholestatic liver diseases have a wide spectrum of clinical and genetic variations. Biallelic ABCB4 mutation carriers tended to severe PFIC3, which mostly occurs in children; while ABCB4 non-biallelic variants can lead to milder ICP, LACP, DILI or overlapping, mostly in adults. Thus, the ABCB4 genotype has a specific correlation with the phenotype, but there are exceptions. Non-biallelic null mutations can cause severe diseases. The mechanisms underlying this genetic phenotype require further investigation.

Identification of a novel Scn3b mutation in a Chinese Brugada syndrome pedigree: implications for Nav1.5 electrophysiological properties and intracellular distribution of Nav1.5 and Navß3.

Background: The Scn3b gene encodes for Navß3, a pivotal regulatory subunit of the fast sodium channel in cardiomyocytes. However, its mutation status in the Chinese population suffering from Brugada Syndrome (BrS) has not been characterized, and the contributory pathophysiological mechanisms to disease pathology remain undefined. Methods and Results: A Scn3b (c.260C>T, p.P87l) mutation was identified in a patient with BrS of Chinese descent. Functional analyses demonstrated that sodium channel activation for the wild type, mutant samples, and co-expression of both commenced at -55 mv and peaked at -25 mv. The mutant group exhibited a notable reduction, approximately 60%, in peak sodium channel activation current (INa) at -25 mv. The parameters for half-maximal activation voltages (V1/2) and slope factors (k) showed no significant differences when comparing wild type, mutant, and combined expression groups (P = 0.98 and P = 0.65, respectively). Additionally, no significant disparities were evident in terms of the steady-state sodium channel inactivation parameters V1/2 and k (with P-values of 0.85 and 0.25, respectively), nor were there significant differences in the activation time constant τ (P = 0.59) and late sodium current density (P = 0.23) across the wild-type, mutant, and co-expressed groups. Confocal imaging and Western blot analysis demonstrated decreased plasma membrane localization of SCN3B and SCN5A in the P87l group. Computational simulations of cardiac action potentials suggested that SCN3B P87l can alter the morphology of the action potentials within the endocardium and epicardium while reducing the peak of depolarization. Conclusions: The pathogenic impact of the Scn3b P87l mutation predominantly originates from a reduction in peak INa activation current coupled with decreased cell surface expression of Nav1.5 and Navß3. These alterations may influence cardiac action potential configurations and contribute to the risk of ventricular arrhythmias in individuals with BrS.

Novel compound heterozygous variants in FANCI cause premature ovarian insufficiency.

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a common reproductive aging disorder due to a dramatic decline of ovarian function before 40 years of age. Accumulating evidence reveals that genetic defects, particularly those related to DNA damage response, are a crucial contributing factor to POI. We have demonstrated that the functional Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway maintains the rapid proliferation of primordial germ cells to establish a sufficient reproductive reserve by counteracting replication stress, but the clinical implications of this function in human ovarian function remain to be established. Here, we screened the FANCI gene, which encodes a key component for FA pathway activation, in our whole-exome sequencing database of 1030 patients with idiopathic POI, and identified two pairs of novel compound heterozygous variants, c.[97C > T];[1865C > T] and c.[158-2A > G];[c.959A > G], in two POI patients, respectively. The missense variants did not alter FANCI protein expression and nuclear localization, apart from the variant c.158-2A > G causing abnormal splicing and leading to a truncated mutant p.(S54Pfs*5). Furthermore, the four variants all diminished FANCD2 ubiquitination levels and increased DNA damage under replication stress, suggesting that the FANCI variants impaired FA pathway activation and replication stress response. This study first links replication stress response defects with the pathogenesis of human POI, providing a new insight into the essential roles of the FA genes in ovarian function.

Association between overnight repetitive respiratory events and the accumulation of genioglossus fatigue in male patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation between median frequency (MF) as a measure of genioglossus (GG) fatigue and overnight repetitive respiratory events in male patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS: GG electromyography (EMG) data were collected synchronously with polysomnography (PSG). Overnight respiratory events were divided based on whether they occurred during the first or second halves of the total number of overnight respiratory events, and differences in MF in the respiratory phase were compared in the same segments. Events were then sampled in pairs to compare MF. The correlation between MF and the order of respiratory events, as well as interindividual differences, were analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-two male patients were enrolled in this study and 2210 respiratory events were recorded. Before and during respiratory events, MF decreased significantly in the second half, especially during the inspiratory phase (segments 1-4: P = 0.014, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). This trend was observed in non-rapid eye movement sleep and lateral position, but not in rapid eye movement sleep or the supine position, and remained after pairing for duration, stage, and position. MF correlated negatively with the order of respiratory events during the inspiratory phase. The trend of decrease in MF only existed in patients with apnea-hypopnea index > 30 events/h. CONCLUSION: Overnight repetitive respiratory events were associated with increased GG fatigue, influenced by sleep stage and body position in male patients with severe OSA. GG fatigue depends on the order and frequency of respiratory events.

Comparative study of topical 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy and surgery for recurrent cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions following surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) and surgery in treating recurrent cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) after surgery due to precancerous lesions. METHODS: A total of 41 patients with recurrent cervical HSIL after surgery for precancerous lesions were studied retrospectively. Patients underwent ALA-PDT or surgery and were followed up at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months and then every six months after that. Clinical data were collected and the efficacy and safety of the two treatment methods were compared. RESULTS: Of the 41 patients with recurrent cervical HSIL after conization, 15 cases received ALA-PDT and 26 received surgery. At the six-month follow-up, the lesions' complete remission (CR) rate was 93.33 % in ALA-PDT group and 88.46 % in the surgery group. The human papillomavirus (HPV) clearance rates were 66.67 % and 73.08 %, respectively. No significant differences concerning the lesions' CR rate and the HPV clearance rate were observed between the two groups (P>0.05). At the twelve-month follow-up, the HPV clearance rates were 80.00 % and 91.67 %. No significant differences concerning the HPV clearance rate were observed between the two groups (P>0.05). In the surgery group, the HPV clearance rate and the lesions' CR rate were lower in patients over 45 years of age (25.00% vs. 81.82 %, P = 0.031; 50.00% vs. 95.45 %, P = 0.052). During the follow-up, there was no significant difference in the recurrence rate between the two groups (P>0.05). In addition, none of the patients progressed. In women treated with ALA-PDT, there was no vaginal bleeding, and no harmful effects on the cervical organizational structure or functions compared to the surgery group, and two women delivered successfully after ALA-PDT treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of ALA-PDT was similar to that of surgery in treating recurrent cervical HSIL following surgery, with fewer side effects.

Functional cure is associated with younger age in children undergoing antiviral treatment for active chronic hepatitis B.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Functional cure is difficult to achieve using current antiviral therapies; moreover, limited data are available regarding treatment outcomes in children. This retrospective study aimed to assess the frequency of functional cure among children undergoing antiviral treatment for active chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS: A total of 372 children aged 1-16 years, with active CHB were enrolled and underwent either nucleos(t)ide analog monotherapy or combination therapy with interferon-α (IFN-α) for 24-36 months. All children attended follow-up visits every 3 months. Functional cure was defined as evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA loss, circulating hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) loss/seroconversion, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss. RESULTS: After 36 months of antiviral treatment and/or follow-up visits, children with CHB aged 1- < 7 years exhibited higher rates of HBV DNA clearance, HBeAg seroconversion, and HBsAg loss than CHB children ≥ 7-16 years of age (93.75% versus [vs.] 86.21% [p < 0.0001]; 79.30% vs. 51.72% [p < 0.0001]; and 50.78% vs. 12.93% [p < 0.0001], respectively). Longitudinal investigation revealed more rapid dynamic reduction in HBV DNA, HBeAg, and HBsAg levels in children aged 1-7 years than in those aged ≥ 7-16 years with CHB. According to further age-stratified analysis, HBsAg loss rates were successively decreased in children with CHB who were 1- < 3, 3- < 7, 7- < 12, and 12-16 years of age (62.61% vs. 41.13% vs. 25.45% vs. 1.64%, respectively; p < 0.0001) at 36 months. In addition, baseline HBsAg level < 1,500 IU/mL was found to favor disease cure among these pediatric patients. No serious adverse events were observed throughout the study period. CONCLUSION: Results of the present study demonstrated that children aged 1- < 7 years, with active CHB can achieve a high functional cure rate by undergoing antiviral therapy compared to those aged ≥ 7 years, who undergo antiviral therapy. These data support the use of antiviral treatment at an early age in children with CHB. However, future prospectively randomized controlled trials are necessary to validate the findings of this study.

Tissue engineering applications of recombinant human collagen: a review of recent progress.

With the rapid development of synthetic biology, recombinant human collagen has emerged as a cutting-edge biological material globally. Its innovative applications in the fields of material science and medicine have opened new horizons in biomedical research. Recombinant human collagen stands out as a highly promising biomaterial, playing a pivotal role in crucial areas such as wound healing, stroma regeneration, and orthopedics. However, realizing its full potential by efficiently delivering it for optimal therapeutic outcomes remains a formidable challenge. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of recombinant human collagen in biomedical systems, focusing on resolving this crucial issue. Additionally, it encompasses the exploration of 3D printing technologies incorporating recombinant collagen to address some urgent clinical challenges in regenerative repair in the future. The primary aim of this review also is to spotlight the advancements in the realm of biomaterials utilizing recombinant collagen, with the intention of fostering additional innovation and making significant contributions to the enhancement of regenerative biomaterials, therapeutic methodologies, and overall patient outcomes.

Versatile dopamine-functionalized hyaluronic acid-recombinant human collagen hydrogel promoting diabetic wound healing via inflammation control and vascularization tissue regeneration.

The management of chronic wounds in diabetes remains challenging due to the complexity of impaired wound healing, delayed healing, susceptibility to infection, and elevated risk of reopening, highlighting the need for effective chronic wound management with innovative approaches such as multifunctional hydrogels. Here, we have produced HA-DA@rhCol hydrogels consisting of dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid and recombinant human collagen type-III (rhCol) by oxidative coupling of the catechol group using the H2O2/HRP catalytic system. The post-reactive hydrogel has a good porous structure, swelling rate, reasonable degradation, rheological and mechanical properties, and the catechol group and dopamine impart to the hydrogel tissue adhesiveness, antioxidant capacity, and excellent photothermal effects leading to superior in vitro antimicrobial activity. In addition, the ability of rhCol to confer hydrogels to promote angiogenesis and wound repair has also been investigated. Cytotoxicity and hemolysis tests demonstrated the good biocompatibility of the hydrogel. Wound closure, collagen deposition and immunohistochemical examination confirmed the ability of the hydrogel to promote diabetic wound healing. In summary, the adhesive hemostatic antioxidative hydrogel with rhCol to promote wound healing in diabetic rat is an excellent chronic wound dressing.

Research Progress in Enzyme Biofuel Cells Modified Using Nanomaterials and Their Implementation as Self-Powered Sensors.

Enzyme biofuel cells (EBFCs) can convert chemical or biochemical energy in fuel into electrical energy, and therefore have received widespread attention. EBFCs have advantages that traditional fuel cells cannot match, such as a wide range of fuel sources, environmental friendliness, and mild reaction conditions. At present, research on EBFCs mainly focuses on two aspects: one is the use of nanomaterials with excellent properties to construct high-performance EBFCs, and the other is self-powered sensors based on EBFCs. This article reviews the applied nanomaterials based on the working principle of EBFCs, analyzes the design ideas of self-powered sensors based on enzyme biofuel cells, and looks forward to their future research directions and application prospects. This article also points out the key properties of nanomaterials in EBFCs, such as electronic conductivity, biocompatibility, and catalytic activity. And the research on EBFCs is classified according to different research goals, such as improving battery efficiency, expanding the fuel range, and achieving self-powered sensors.

Establishment of an ultrasensitive and visual detection platform for Neospora caninum based-on the RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a system.

Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite that causes neosporosis in cattle, and leads to a high rate of abortion and severe financial losses. Rapid and accurate detection is particularly important for preventing and controlling neosporosis. In our research, a highly effective diagnostic technique based on the RPA-CRISPR/Cas system was created to successfully identify N. caninum against the Nc5 gene, fluorescent reporter system and the lateral flow strip (LFS) biosensor were exploited to display results. The specificity and sensitivity of the PRA-CRISPR/Cas12a assay were evaluated. We discovered that it was highly specific and did not react with any other pathogens. The limit of detection (LOD) for this technology was as low as one parasite per milliliter when employing the fluorescent reporter system, and was approximately ten parasites per milliliter based on the LFS biosensor and under blue or UV light. Meanwhile, the placental tissue samples were detected by our RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a detection platform were completely consistent with that of the nested PCR assay (59.4 %, 19/32). The canine feces were detected by our RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a detection platform were completely consistent with that of the nested PCR assay (8.6 %, 6/70). The RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a detection procedure was successfully finished in within 90 min and offers advantages of high sensitivity and specificity, speed and low cost. The technique was better suitable for extensive neosporosis screening in non-laboratory and resource-constrained locations. This study provided a new strategy for more rapid and portable identification of N. caninum.

Synthesis and characterization of pH-responsive deep eutectic solvent followed by HPLC for trace determination of bisphenol A in water samples.

A microextraction based on pH-responsive deep eutectic solvent combined with high-performance liquid chromatography was developed for the separation, preconcentration, and determination of bisphenol A in water samples. Five deep eutectic solvents were prepared using thymol (hydrogen bond acceptor) and 6-, 8-, 9-, 10-, and 12-carbon carboxylic acids (hydrogen bond donor), and were used as extraction solvent. Herein, by alkalinizing the environment, phase transition takes place, and by adding acid, phase separation and extraction of analytes occur simultaneously. Some important parameters on the extraction such as deep eutectic solvent type, molar ratio of deep eutectic solvent components, deep eutectic solvent volume, potassium hydroxide concentration, hydrochloric acid volume, extraction time, and salt addition were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, intra- and interday precisions of the method based on seven replicate measurements of 10 µg L-1 of bisphenol A in water samples were 2.2% and 4.3%, respectively. The analytical performance of the method showed linearity over the concentration of 0.05-50 µg L-1 with the detection limit of 0.02 µg L-1 . The accuracy of the method was confirmed by spiking different concentrations of bisphenol A in real water samples and obtaining relative recoveries in the range of 92.5%-105.2%.

Comparative study of topical 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy and surgery in treating vaginal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions following hysterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) and surgery in treating vaginal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) after hysterectomy due to cervical cancer (CC) or precancerous lesions. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed comprising 41 women with histologically confirmed vaginal HSIL after hysterectomy for CC or cervical HSIL. Patients were treated with surgery or ALA-PDT and were followed up at 3, 6 and 12 months and then every six months afterwards. Clinical data were collected and the efficacy and safety of the two groups were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 41 patients with vaginal HSIL after hysterectomy, 18 were treated with ALA-PDT and 23 underwent surgery. There was no significant difference in the lesions' complete remission (CR) rate or the human papillomavirus (HPV) clearance rate between the ALA-PDT group and the surgery group (P > 0.05). In the surgery group, the clearance rate of HPV16/18 was higher than that of other high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) and HPV16/18 combined with other HR-HPV (87.50 % vs. 45.45 % vs. 0.00 %, P = 0.014). No significant difference in the recurrence rate between the two groups was noted (P > 0.05). And none of the patients progressed. In the surgery group, one patient developed significant thickening of the vaginal stump, and one patient had increased vaginal discharge. In women treated with ALA-PDT, there was no vaginal bleeding or harmful effects on the organizational structure or functions compared to the surgery group. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of ALA-PDT was comparable to that of surgery in treating vaginal HSIL following hysterectomy due to CC or cervical HSIL, with fewer side effects.