The Composition of Microbiome in Larynx and the Throat Biodiversity between Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients and Control Population.

The throat is an ecological assemblage involved human cells and microbiota, and the colonizing bacteria are important factors in balancing this environment. However, this bacterial community profile has thus been poorly investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the microbial biology of the larynx and to analyze the throat biodiversity in laryngeal carcinoma patients compared to a control population in a case-control study. Barcoded pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene was used. We collected tissue samples from 29 patients with laryngeal carcinoma and 31 control patients with vocal cord polyps. The findings of high-quality sequence datasets revealed 218 genera from 13 phyla in the laryngeal mucosa. The predominant communities of phyla in the larynx were Firmicutes (54%), Fusobacteria (17%), Bacteroidetes (15%), Proteobacteria (11%), and Actinobacteria (3%). The leading genera were Streptococcus (36%), Fusobacterium (15%), Prevotella (12%), Neisseria (6%), and Gemella (4%). The throat bacterial compositions were highly different between laryngeal carcinoma subjects and control population (p = 0.006). The abundance of the 26 genera was significantly different between the laryngeal cancer and control groups by metastats analysis (p<0.05). Fifteen genera may be associated with laryngeal carcinoma by partial least squares discriminant analysis (p<0.001). In summary, this study revealed the microbiota profiles in laryngeal mucosa from tissue specimens. The compositions of bacteria community in throat were different between laryngeal cancer patients and controls, and probably were related with this carcinoma. The disruption of this bio-ecological niche might be a risk factor for laryngeal carcinoma.

Reduced expression of mutS homolog 2 and mutL homolog 1 affects overall survival in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients: Investigation into a potential cause.

The risk factors affecting the survival rates of laryngeal carcinoma are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the expression status of mutS homolog 2 (MSH2) and mutL homolog 1 (MLH1) and examined the relationship between these two molecules and overall survival rates in laryngeal cancer. We also explored the potential reason for the altered expression of these two genes. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, we detected MSH2 and MLH1 expression in laryngeal cancer tissue samples. We collected a retrospective cohort with 180 laryngeal cancer patients, and inspected MSH2 and MLH1 staining with tissue microarray immunohistochemistry. Prognostic value of clinicopathological characteristics was evaluated by statistical analysis. Laryngeal carcinoma cells were co-cultured with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria. MSH2 and MLH1 were expressed at lower levels compared to those of adjacent tissues in 21 laryngeal carcinoma patients. Patients with negative expression of MSH2 and MLH1 tended to have a higher risk of mortality compared to patients with positive expression (HR=4.38; HR=3.0, respectively). Cigarette smoking rate was higher in the MLH1 expression positive group. H. pylori infection reduced the MSH2 and MLH1 expression levels of laryngeal carcinoma cell lines within co-culture conditions. It is suggested that the altered expression levels of MSH2 and MLH1 probably affect the overall survival of laryngeal carcinoma patients. H. pylori infection may have an effect on the expression of MSH2 and MLH1 in laryngeal carcinoma patients.

Atorvastatin upregulates nitric oxide synthases with Rho-kinase inhibition and Akt activation in the kidney of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

OBJECTIVE: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, statins reduce blood pressure and have beneficial effects in cardiovascular and kidney diseases. The present study examined the effect of chronic treatment with atorvastatin (ATV) on the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and the activity of Rho-kinase and Akt in the kidney of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). METHODS: SHRs were treated with ATV for 8 weeks and the SBP was measured. The expressions of endothelial, neuronal and inducible NOS (eNOS, nNOS and iNOS, respectively) proteins in the kidney were examined by immunoblot analysis. The activity of eNOS, Rho-kinase and Akt in the kidney was examined by assessing the phosphorylation of eNOS, ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) and Akt, respectively. RESULTS: ATV reduced the SBP without changing the plasma cholesterol levels. ATV increased eNOS expression in the cortex and medulla and nNOS expression in the medulla, whereas it did not affect iNOS expression. Although it upregulated eNOS expression in the kidney, ATV decreased the levels of phosphorylated eNOS in the cortex and did not affect the ratio of phosphorylated eNOS to total eNOS in the medulla. ATV also inhibited Rho-kinase activity and enhanced Akt activity in the kidney of SHRs. CONCLUSION: ATV upregulates eNOS and nNOS expressions with Rho-kinase inhibition and Akt activation in the kidney of SHRs. The renal nitric oxide system, Rho-kinase and Akt may contribute to the antihypertensive and renoprotective effects of statins.

[MRNA expression of complement C3 and C4 in rat nasal mucosa with allergic rhinitis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the level of mRNA expression of complement C3 and C4 in rat nasal mucosa and to reveal the relationship with the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR) . METHODS: Twenty healthy SD rats were randomly divided into AR group and control group, 10 rats for each group. Ten rats was sensitized and intranasally challenged by ovalbumin and Al (OH)3 (as supplement) as allergic rhinitis models, and the control group was treated by saline. RT-PCR was performed to investigate the level of mRNA expression of complement C3 and C4 in nasal mucosa of both groups. RESULTS: C3 and C4 mRNA were detected in both groups. The relative intensity of gene expression was measured. The relative intensity of C3 mRNA expression was 6183+/-1376 in AR group, 4444+/-989 in control group, C4 mRNA was 4398 +/-948 in AR group, and 2771+/-407 in control group. Expression of C3 and C4 in AR group was higher than that of the controls ( P < 0. 05) . CONCLUSION: The high level of C3 and C4 mRNA expression in nasal mucosa of rats with allergic rhinitis suggests that C3 and C4 are involved in the immunopathology of allergic rhinitis. The result implies that complement system involved in the rat's allergic rhinitis is possibly activated through the classical pathway.