Tapioca starch/konjac gum-based composite film incorporated with nanoliposomes encapsulated grape seed oil: Structure, functionality, controlled release and its preservation role for chilled mutton.

In this study, grape seed oil nanoliposomes (GSO-NLs) were constructed and doped into tapioca starch/konjac gum composite films (TK-GSO-NLs) to evaluate the preservation of chilled mutton. The results showed that the GSO-NLs have a good spherical or rounded state and good stability. The doping of GSO-NLs resulted in a smooth, flat, and dense structure on the surface and cross-section of the TK films. The TK-GSO-NLs showed the best compatibility among the components, with excellent mechanical and barrier properties. FTIR and XRD confirmed the presence of ionic bonds between the components, further improving the copolymer crystal structure. Notably, the packaging material provided ideal antioxidant and bacteriostatic stability as well as delayed GSO release. This packaging could effectively maintain the quality of chilled mutton and prolong the shelf-life to 15 days. The study provides ideas for the design of green and active food packaging and for extending the shelf life of meat.

Potato oxidized hydroxypropyl starch/pectin-based indicator film with Clitoria ternatea anthocyanin and silver nanoparticles for monitoring chilled beef freshness.

Potato oxidized hydroxypropyl starch (POHS)/pectin (P) functional and smart beef freshness indicator films were prepared using butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) anthocyanin (BA) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). BA exhibited significant pH-responsive color changes. BA and AgNPs were evenly distributed within a polymer matrix to create a compatible film with POHS/P. The films containing BA and AgNPs had good UV resistance and maintained strong mechanical strength, barrier properties, and color stability. The color of the indicator film changed from purple to green when exposed to ammonia, with the 1 % POHS/P/BA/AgNPs film showing the most sensitive response. The films also demonstrated strong antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The freshness of beef was monitored using 1 % POHS/P/BA/AgNPs films and was identified as sub-fresh and spoiled on days 4 and 7, respectively. The relationship between the color change of the indicator label and the freshness of chilled beef was established: purple for fresh meat, blue for less fresh meat, and green for spoiled meat. Thus, the new POHS/P/BA/AgNPs film can serve as a smart packaging material to indicate food freshness and extend shelf life. These results suggest that POHS/P/BA/AgNPs films have significant potential as an active and smart food packaging material.

Preservation of chilled beef using active films based on bacterial cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol with the incorporation of Perilla essential oil Pickering emulsion.

In this study, Perilla essential oil (PEO) Pickering emulsions, prepared using soybean protein isolate-chitosan nanoparticles (SPI-CSNPs) as emulsifiers (SCEO), were used to improve the performance of bacterial cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol (BC/PVA) films for application in chilled beef preservation. The SCEO has a smaller particle size (185 nm), higher viscosity, a more uniform dispersion and was more stable at an oil phase volume fraction of 80 %. An increase in the films' surface roughness and in the hydrogen bonding between SCEO and the films' matrix was also observed, resulting in a lower tensile strength (TS, 94.75-62.02 MPa) and higher elongation at break (EAB, 26.78-55.62 %). Moreover, the thermal stability, water vapor permeability, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the composite films improved as the SCEO content increased. Furthermore, the Pickering emulsion method was effective in preventing the loss of PEO during storage. Overall, one particular composite film, BP/SCEO3, could prolong the shelf life of chilled beef by up to 14 days, and hence was promising for food preservation.

Characterization of sodium alginate-carrageenan films prepared by adding peanut shell flavonoids as an antioxidant: Application in chilled pork preservation.

This study prepared and characterized sodium alginate and carrageenan (SAC) composite films incorporated with peanut shell flavonoids (PSFs). PSFs compound identification research was implemented. The physicochemical features of PSFs-SAC composite films and their ability to preserve chilled pork in a 4 °C refrigerator were determined. PSFs consist of luteolin, eriodictyol, 5,7-dihydroxychromone, and 8 other components. They significantly improved the mechanical properties, barrier properties, thermal stability, and antioxidant properties of SAC composite films (P < 0.05). PSFs were also responsible for increasing the density of the film structure between the sodium alginate and carrageenan molecules. During storage, compared with the control group, the prepared PSFs-SAC composite films did not allow the total viable count (TVC), pH and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) of the chilled pork to increase rapidly. Further, they were able to inhibit lipid oxidation more effectively (P < 0.05). For these reasons, the use of the PSFs-SAC composite films prolonged shelf life of chilled pork from 6 days to the 12 days. Therefore, PSFs-SAC composite films are expected to be used as bioactive substances in food preservation.

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose/soybean protein isolate nanoparticles incorporated broccoli leaf polyphenol to effectively improve the stability of Pickering emulsions.

This study prepared SPI-Pol-HPMC (SPH) nanoparticles from soybean protein isolate (SPI), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), and broccoli leaf polyphenol (Pol) and used them as a stabilizer for the Pickering emulsion. The SPH (2:1) nanoparticles have the best ability to encapsulate broccoli leaf polyphenols, with uniform particle size distribution, and a more dense and stable structure. The chemical and hydrogen bonding forces between the SPH nanoparticle components were enhanced. Additionally, the 1.5 % SPH nanoparticle-stabilized emulsions exhibited good physical stability, manifesting as small particle droplets with good rheological properties and uniform dispersion. The volume fraction of the emulsified phase of the 1.5 % SPH nanoparticle-stabilized emulsions was the greatest after 21 days of storage. Interestingly, SPH nanoparticles also improved the oxidative stability of the emulsions, as evidenced through their lower peroxide values and thiobarbituric acid active substances. The aforementioned results suggest that SPH nanoparticles may be used as food-grade emulsifiers that stabilize emulsions and inhibit their lipid oxidation.

Chitosan coating with grape peel extract: A promising coating to enhance the freeze-thaw stability of beef.

This study investigated the effect of chitosan coating with grape peel extracts (CH + GPE) on the physiochemical properties, protein and lipid oxidation, microstructure, and bacterial community diversity of beef during freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles. The results indicated that the CH + GPE groups had lower pH values, total aerobic count, total volatile base nitrogen, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values and better protection against color, water holding capacity, and sensory quality after five F-T cycles. The CH + GPE coating effectively inhibited beef microstructure destruction during the F-T cycles. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that the CH + GPE coating contributed to a decline in the bacterial diversity of beef and inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Interestingly, the CH + GPE coating affected the correlation between quality parameters and bacteria in beef. Consequently, the CH + GPE coating can be used as a novel packaging for preventing the loss of frozen meat quality due to temperature fluctuations.

Analysis of the effect of Tenebrio Molitor rennet on the flavor formation of Cheddar cheese during ripening based on gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS).

This study aimed to evaluate the potential application of Tenebrio Molitor rennet (TMR) in Cheddar cheese production, and to use gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) to monitor flavor compounds and fingerprints of cheese during ripening. The results indicated that Cheddar cheese prepared from TMR (TF) has fat content significantly lower than that of commercial rennet (CF) (p < 0.05). However, the results of the sensory evaluation showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the two kinds of cheese (p > 0.05). Both cheeses were rich in free amino acids and free fatty acids. Compared to the CF cheese, gamma-aminobutyric acid and Ornithine contents of the TF cheese reached 187 and 749 mg/kg, respectively, during 120 days of ripening. Moreover, GC-IMS provided information on the characteristics of 40 flavor substances (monomers and dimers) in the TF cheese during ripening. Only 30 flavor substances were identified in the CF cheese. The fingerprint of the two kinds of cheese during ripening can be established by GC-IMS and principal component analysis based on the identified flavor compounds. Therefore, TMR has potential application in Cheddar cheese production. GC-IMS might be applied for the quick, accurate and comprehensive monitoring of cheese flavor during ripening.

Development and characterization of tapioca starch/pectin composite films incorporated with broccoli leaf polyphenols and the improvement of quality during the chilled mutton storage.

This study aimed at the composition of active packaging film from tapioca starch/pectin (TSP) incorporated with broccoli leaf polyphenols (BLP) was prepared and applied to improve the qualities of the chilled mutton during storage. The results indicated the addition of BLP significantly improved the thickness, density, barrier ability, mechanical properties, water solubility and antioxidant activity of the composite films while inducing decreases in the brightness (p < 0.05), enhancing inter-molecular interactions of TSP + BLP composite films. The WVP, oxygen permeability and elongation at break of the composite film reached the minimum when BLP concentration was 3 % while exhibiting the highest tensile strength and the best performance. This composite film delayed microbial growth and minimized oxidative rancidity during chilled mutton storage, causing the improvement of its quality and extending its shelf life to 12 days. Therefore, TSP + BLP composite films possessed the promise to be applied as bioactive materials in food packaging sectors.

Changes in Quality and Collagen Properties of Cattle Rumen Smooth Muscle Subjected to Repeated Freeze-Thaw Cycles.

This study revealed changes in the quality, structural and functional collagen properties of cattle rumen smooth muscle (CSM) during F-T cycles. The results showed that thawing loss, pressing loss, ß-galactosidase, ß-glucuronidase activity, ß-sheet content, emulsifying activity index (EAI), emulsion stability index (ESI), surface hydrophobicity, and turbidity of samples were significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 108.12%, 78.33%, 66.57%, 76.60%, 118.63%, 119.57%, 57.37%, 99.14%, and 82.35%, respectively, with increasing F-T cycles. Meanwhile, the shear force, pH, collagen content, α-helix content, thermal denaturation temperature (Tmax), and enthalpy value were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by 30.88%, 3.19%, 33.23%, 35.92%, 10.34% and 46.51%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and SDS-PAGE results indicated that F-T cycles induced an increase in disruption of CSM muscle microstructure and degradation of collagen. Thus, repeated F-T cycles promoted collagen degradation and structural disorder in CSM, while reducing the quality of CSM, but improving the functional collagen properties of CSM. These findings provide new data support for the development, processing, and quality control of CSM.