Magnesium-L-threonate exhibited a neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress damage in HT22 cells and Alzheimer's disease mouse model.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress results in the production of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triggers hippocampal neuronal damage as well as occupies a key role in the pathological mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). A recent study confirmed that magnesium had an inhibitory effect against oxidative stress-related malondialdehyde in vitro. However, whether Magnesium-L-threonate (MgT) is capable of suppressing oxidative stress damage in amyloid ß (Aß)25-35-treated HT22 cells and the AD mouse model still remains to be investigated. AIM: To explore the neuroprotective effect of MgT against oxidative stress injury in vitro and in vivo, and investigate the mechanism. METHODS: Aß25-35-induced HT22 cells were preconditioned with MgT for 12 h. APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice were orally administered with MgT daily for 3 mo. After MgT treatment, the viability of Aß25-35-treated HT22 cells was determined via conducting cell counting kit-8 test and the cognition of APP/PS1 mice was measured through the Morris Water Maze. Flow cytometry experiments were applied to assess the ROS levels of HT22 cells and measure the apoptosis rate of HT22 cells or hippocampal neurons. Expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, NADPH oxidase (NOX) 4, Aß1-42 and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway proteins was quantified by Western blot. RESULTS: In vitro data confirmed that Aß25-35-induced HT22 cells had a significantly lower cell viability, higher ROS level and higher apoptosis rates compared with those of control cells (all P < 0.001). MgT prevented the Aß25-35-triggered oxidative stress damage by elevating viability and decreasing ROS formation and apoptosis of HT22 cells (all P < 0.001). APP/PS1 mice exhibited worse cognitive performance and higher apoptosis rate of hippocampal neurons than wild-type (WT) mice (all P < 0.01). Meanwhile, significant higher expression of Aß1-42 and NOX4 proteins was detected in APP/PS1 mice than those of WT mice (both P < 0.01). MgT also ameliorated the cognitive deficit, suppressed the apoptosis of hippocampal neuron and downregulated the expression of Aß1-42 and NOX4 proteins in APP/PS1 mouse (all P < 0.05). Moreover, MgT intervention significantly downregulated HIF-1α and Bax, upregulated Bcl-2 and activated the PI3K/Akt pathway both in vitro and in vivo (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: MgT exhibits neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in Aß25-35-treated HT22 cells and APP/PS1 mice.

Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Predicts Poor Disease-Free Survival in Patients Receiving Radical Gastrectomy.

BACKGROUND Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has been proved to be a negative prognostic factor for several malignancies, but its clinical significance in gastric cancer (GC) patients has not been sufficiently studied. In the present retrospective study, we investigated the effect of serum ALP on disease-free survival (DFS) after radical gastrectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS We included 491 GC patients receiving radical gastrectomy at the Chinese People's Liberation Army 309th Hospital. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine factors influencing serum ALP and DFS. The changes in serum ALP and its clinical relevance were also analyzed using the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS There were 491 patients who met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Pre-treatment serum ALP was elevated in 87 of these patients and was normal in the other 404 patients. Elevation of pre-treatment serum ALP was correlated with the tumor diameter (OR=2.642, P=0.017), TNM stage (OR=4.592, P=0.005), and T classification (OR=1.746, P=0.043). DFS was significantly different between patients with normal or elevated pre-treatment serum ALP (median 42.1 vs. 32.8 months, P=0.001) and multivariate analysis suggested pre-treatment serum ALP is an independent risk factor for poor DFS after radical gastrectomy (HR=2.035, P=0.021). In addition, removal of the primary tumor lesion led to an obvious decline in serum ALP activity (median 262 U/L vs. 152 U/L, P<0.001), and monitoring changes in serum ALP can help evaluate the risk of tumor relapse in GC patients (χ²=17.814, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Serum ALP is a good predictor of GC patient DFS after radical gastrectomy, and patients with elevated serum ALP have shorter relapse times.

Clinical observation of gastric bypass in treatment of type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GBP) is the main surgical procedure used in type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the different types of GBP in treatment of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into two groups: those who underwent gastrojejunal loop anastomosis bypass and those who underwent gastrojejunal Roux-en-Y bypass. Blood glucose alterations, operation time, and operation complications were observed. RESULTS: Gastrojejunal loop anastomosis bypass and gastrojejunal Roux-en-Y bypass were both effective in the treatment of selected patients with type 2 diabetes. Compared with gastrojejunal Roux-en-Y bypass, gastrojejunal loop anastomosis bypass had the advantages of easier implementation, shorter operation time, and fewer operation complications. CONCLUSIONS: Gastrojejunal loop anastomosis is effective in treatment of type 2 diabetes. It is safe, easy to implement, and worthy of clinical popularization.

[Superselective intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy for recurrent cancer in the remnant stomach after partial gastrectomy].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of superselective intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced recurrent cancer in the remnant stomach after previous partial gastrectomy. METHODS: Eighteen patients with advanced recurrent cancer in the remnant stomach that were non-resectable as confirmed in the operations were included in this study, who subsequently received superselective intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy. RESULTS: Improvement of the symptoms to various degrees were achieved in all patients after the therapy, with the total rate of tumor reduction of 77.8% and pathologically confirmed improvement rate of 83.3%. The 0.5-, 1.0-, 1.5- and 2.0-year survival rates were 94.4%, 66.7%, 50.0% and 27.8% respectively. CONCLUSION: Superselective catheterization is effective in treatment of advanced recurrent cancer in the remnant stomach, which can significantly prolong the tumor-bearing survival period of the patients.