Bone Tumor Risk Stratification and Management System: A Consensus Guideline from the ACR Bone Reporting and Data System Committee.

The assessment and subsequent management of a potentially neoplastic bone lesion seen at diagnostic radiography is often complicated by diagnostic uncertainty and inconsistent management recommendations. Appropriate clinical management should be directed by risk of malignancy. Herein, the ACR-sponsored Bone Reporting and Data System (Bone-RADS) Committee, consisting of academic leaders in the fields of musculoskeletal oncology imaging and orthopedic oncology, presents the novel Bone-RADS scoring system to aid in risk assignment and provide risk-aligned management suggestions. When viewed in the proper clinical context, a newly identified bone lesion can be risk stratified as having very low, low, intermediate, or high risk of malignancy. Radiographic features predictive of risk are reviewed include margination, pattern of periosteal reaction, depth of endosteal erosion, pathological fracture, and extra-osseous soft tissue mass. Other radiographic features predictive of histopathology are also briefly discussed. To apply the Bone-RADS scoring system to a potentially neoplastic bone lesion, radiographic features predictive of risk are each given a point value. Point values are summed to yield a point total, which can be translated to a Bone-RADS score (1-4) with corresponding risk assignment (very low, low, intermediate, high). For each score, evidence-based and best practice consensus management suggestions are outlined. Examples of each Bone-RADS scores are presented, and a standardized diagnostic radiography report template is provided.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Chronic Extremity Joint Pain-Suspected Inflammatory Arthritis, Crystalline Arthritis, or Erosive Osteoarthritis: 2022 Update.

Evaluation for suspected inflammatory arthritis as a cause for chronic extremity joint pain often relies on imaging. It is essential that imaging results are interpreted in the context of clinical and serologic results to add specificity because there is significant overlap of imaging findings among the various types of arthritis. This document provides recommendations for imaging evaluation of specific types of inflammatory arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative spondyloarthropathy, gout, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate disease (or pseudogout), and erosive osteoarthritis. The ACR Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances in which peer reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Chronic Hip Pain: 2022 Update.

Chronic hip pain is a frequent chief complaint for adult patients who present for evaluation in a variety of clinical practice settings. Following a targeted history and physical examination, imaging plays a vital role in elucidating the etiologies of a patient's symptoms, as a wide spectrum of pathological entities may cause chronic hip pain. Radiography is usually the appropriate initial imaging test following a clinical examination. Depending on the clinical picture, advanced cross-sectional imaging may be subsequently performed for further evaluation. This documents provides best practice for the imaging workup of chronic hip pain in patients presenting with a variety of clinical scenarios. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Chronic Elbow Pain.

Chronic elbow pain can be osseous, soft tissue, cartilaginous, and nerve related in etiology. Imaging plays an important role in differentiating between these causes of chronic elbow pain. This document provides recommendations for imaging of chronic elbow pain in adult patients. The ACR Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer-reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances in which peer-reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Malignant or Aggressive Primary Musculoskeletal Tumor-Staging and Surveillance: 2022 Update.

Malignant or aggressive primary musculoskeletal tumors are rare and encompass a wide variety of bone and soft tissue tumors. Given the most common site for metastasis from these primary musculoskeletal tumors is to the lung, chest imaging is integral in both staging and surveillance. Extrapulmonary metastases are rarely encountered with only a few exceptions. Following primary tumor resection, surveillance of the primary tumor site is generally recommended. Local surveillance imaging recommendations differ between primary tumors of bone origin versus soft tissue origin. This document consolidates the current evidence and expert opinion for the imaging staging and surveillance of these tumors into five clinical scenarios. The ACR Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer-reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances in which peer-reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Suspected Osteomyelitis, Septic Arthritis, or Soft Tissue Infection (Excluding Spine and Diabetic Foot): 2022 Update.

Musculoskeletal infections involve bones, joints, and soft tissues. These infections are a common clinical scenario in both outpatient and emergent settings. Although radiography provides baseline findings, a multimodality approach is often implemented to provide more detailed information on the extent of infection involvement and complications. MRI with intravenous contrast is excellent for the evaluation of musculoskeletal infections and is the most sensitive for diagnosing osteomyelitis. MRI, CT, and ultrasound can be useful for joint and soft tissue infections. When MRI or CT is contraindicated, bone scans and the appropriate utilization of other nuclear medicine scans can be implemented for aiding in the diagnostic imaging of infection, especially with metal hardware and arthroplasty artifacts on MRI and CT. The ACR Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer-reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances in which peer-reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

Unusual Presentation of Widely Metastatic Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma: Case Report.

Extraskeletal osteosarcoma is a highly aggressive malignant osteoid forming mesenchymal neoplasm arising from soft tissues which accounts for 1% of all soft tissue sarcomas. We report the case of a 46-year-old female with no significant past medical history presenting to an emergency department with a right lateral thigh mass following minor trauma. She was eventually found to have high grade extraskeletal osteosarcoma with rapid progression of disease resulting in patient demise. Differentiation of these lesions from alternative processes relies on specific imaging and pathologic features. Differential diagnoses include both benign and malignant etiologies such as myositis ossificans, soft tissue hemangiomas, and other malignant soft tissue neoplasms such as epithelial and synovial sarcoma.

Retropubic parasymphyseal cyst: A rare entity.

We report a case of a retropubic parasymphyseal cyst in a 69-year-old multiparous female with a protracted history of metastatic small bowel carcinoid (neuroendocrine) tumor. Cysts related to the pubic symphysis are uncommon, and mostly reported in subpubic location. They may be confused with primary vulvar masses, malignant bone tumors or metastatic disease. In our case, encapsulation, lack of solid components or diffusion restriction, communication with the symphysis, lack of activity on Gallium-68-Dotatate PET/CT and signal characteristics on MRI similar to those previously reported in literature for subpubic cysts all aided in eventual diagnosis. We aim to remind the reader of this rare entity and its distinguishing features on imaging.

Synovial sarcoma of bone: Sarcoma typically of soft tissues presenting as a primary bone tumor.

Synovial sarcoma typically presents as periarticular soft tissue mass in adolescent and young adult patients. Very rarely, soft tissue sarcomas may arise primarily within bone posing a significant diagnostic challenge as primary osseous malignancies such as osteosarcoma and metastatic disease are much more common. While tissue sampling with immunohistochemical and genetic testing are required for definitive diagnosis, radiologists and orthopedic oncologists should consider alternate etiologies when typical imaging features of more common bone tumors are not identified. As an example, we present a 33-year-old male referred with a pathologic hip fracture proven to represent primary synovial sarcoma of bone.

Myopericytoma/myopericytomatosis of the lower extremity in two young patients: a recently designated rare soft tissue neoplasm.

Myopericytomas are rare, slow-growing benign perivascular tumors most commonly arising within the superficial subcutaneous soft tissues of the lower extremity. They represent one of several related perivascular tumors of myoid lineage with similar morphology and shared immunohistochemical profile including positive staining for smooth muscle actin. Histologically, myopericytoma exhibit concentric, perivascular proliferation of spindled myoid cells with bland elongated nuclei and associated blood vessels. A solitary well-demarcated nodule or mass is typically referred to as myopericytoma, whereas an infiltrative multinodular lesion has more recently been termed myopericytomatosis. At magnetic resonance imaging, tumors are most commonly superficial, may be well-defined (myopericytoma) or ill-defined (myopericytomatosis), and demonstrate highly vascularized, avidly enhancing soft tissue often with areas of internal hemorrhage. We report 2 cases involving the lower extremity (1 myopericytoma and 1 myopericytomatosis) occurring in young patients, focusing on the clinical, histopathologic, and radiologic characteristics of this relatively new distinct entity.

Paratesticular Liposarcoma Masquerading as an Inguinal Hernia.

A man with left scrotal swelling felt to represent inguinal hernia underwent computed tomography scan for reported bleeding after prostate biopsy. Computed tomography scan revealed a 15-cm extratesticular left scrotal mass containing both fat and soft tissue components, raising concern for dedifferentiated liposarcoma. At surgery and pathology, the mass was separate from the left testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord. Histopathologic findings were consistent with paratesticular dedifferentiated liposarcoma.

Solid variant aneurysmal bone cyst in the distal fibular metaphysis: radiologic and pathologic challenges to diagnosis.

Solid variant aneurysmal bone cyst is a rare benign bone lesion, representing a small fraction of all aneurysmal bone cysts. The imaging appearance and histologic features may overlap with other benign and malignant neoplasms, posing a diagnostic dilemma for clinicians, pathologists, and radiologists. We present a case of solid variant aneurysmal bone cyst of the distal fibula and review the radiologic and histologic features important for diagnosis.

A report of two deep-seated noncutaneous penile tumors: more than meets the eye.

Penile cancer is an uncommon primary genitourinary malignancy, the vast majority representing superficial squamous cell carcinomas. However, less common skin cancers, secondary malignancies, mesenchymal neoplasms, and hematopoietic tumors do affect the penis. Medical history, atypical presentation, and deep epicenter of a penile mass may raise question of a nonepithelial neoplasm. We describe and discuss 2 examples of rare deep-seated penile malignancies, leiomyosarcoma and B-cell lymphoma.

Practical Issues for Retroperitoneal Sarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Retroperitoneal sarcoma is rare. Using initial specimens on biopsy, a definitive diagnosis of histological subtypes is ideal but not always achievable. METHODS: A retrospective institutional review was performed for all cases of adult retroperitoneal sarcoma from 1996 to 2015. A review of the literature was also performed related to the distribution of retroperitoneal sarcoma subtypes. A meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: Liposarcoma is the most common subtype (45%), followed by leiomyosarcoma (21%), not otherwise specified (8%), and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (6%) by literature review. Data from Moffitt Cancer Center demonstrate the same general distribution for subtypes of retroperitoneal sarcoma. A pathology-based algorithm for the diagnosis of retroperitoneal sarcoma is illustrated, and common pitfalls in the pathology of retroperitoneal sarcoma are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: An informative diagnosis of retroperitoneal sarcoma via specimens on biopsy is achievable and meaningful to guide effective therapy. A practical and multidisciplinary algorithm focused on the histopathology is helpful for the management of retroperitoneal sarcoma.

Radiologic Approach to Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas.

Diagnostic imaging plays an important role in evaluation and treatment planning of patients with musculoskeletal tumors. This article discusses various imaging modalities available in the work-up, staging, and surveillance of patients with primary bone and soft tissue neoplasms. A systematic approach to initial evaluation of newly suspected bone lesions and soft tissue masses is presented. Reviewed are relevant imaging features of musculoskeletal neoplasms that help predict tumor biology and risk of malignancy and findings that define internal tumor composition and allow for accurate preoperative histopathologic diagnosis before intervention. Finally, the role of diagnostic imaging in tumor staging, evaluation of response to neoadjuvant therapy, and postoperative surveillance is discussed.

A Modified Lodwick-Madewell Grading System for the Evaluation of Lytic Bone Lesions.

OBJECTIVE: Lodwick's well-established grading system of lytic bone lesions has been widely used in predicting growth rate for lytic bone lesions. We applied a Modified Lodwick-Madewell Grading System as an alternative means to categorize lytic bone tumors into those with low, moderate, and high risks of malignancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of the radiographs of 183 bone lesions was performed. Cases were selected to include a broad range of benign and malignant tumors. Readers applied our Modified Lodwick-Madewell Grading System, and consensus was reached in all cases. This modified system consists of grade I, which is composed of grades IA and IB as listed in the Lodwick system; grade II, which is grade IC in the Lodwick system; and grade III, which is composed of IIIA (changing margination), IIB (moth-eaten and permeative patterns), and IIIC (radiographically occult). Grading was correlated with the final diagnosis. RESULTS: Of the 183 tumors, 81 were classified as grade I, 54 as grade II, and 48 as grade III. When correlating grade with pathology, we found that 76 of 81 (94%) grade I lesions were benign and 39 of 48 grade III lesions (81%) were malignant. A nearly equal number of grade II lesions proved to be benign (29/54; 54%) and malignant (28/54; 53%). CONCLUSION: By expanding Lodwick's grading system to include two additional patterns of disease described by Madewell and colleagues (changing margination and radiographically occult) and by reclassifying them into three distinct grades, we propose a modified system-the Modified Lodwick-Madewell Grading System. Application of this system shows correlation of tumor grade with tumor biologic activity and with risk of malignancy: Grade I lesions are usually benign, grade II lesions carry moderate risk of malignancy, and grade III lesions possess a high likelihood of malignancy.

Sarcopenia as a predictor of overall survival after cytoreductive nephrectomy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) is a therapeutic consideration in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). We hypothesized that sarcopenia, a novel marker of nutritional status, is a predictor of survival after CN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 105 patients who underwent CN at our institution for mRCC, 93 had preoperative imaging available for analysis. Skeletal muscle index was calculated on axial images at the third lumbar vertebrae, and a threshold skeletal muscle index of<43 cm(2)/m(2) in men with a body mass index (BMI)<25 kg/m(2),<53 cm(2)/m(2) in men with a BMI>25 kg/m(2), and<41 cm(2)/m(2) in women was used to classify patients as sarcopenic vs. nonsarcopenic. This classification was then retrospectively correlated with overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Overall, 27 patients (29.0%) had sarcopenia before surgery. Sarcopenic patients received neoadjuvant systemic therapy more often (P = 0.022), had lower BMI (P = 0.001), had a higher incidence of hypoalbuminemia before surgery (P = 0.035), received more blood transfusions perioperatively (P = 0.006) owing to lower preoperative hemoglobin levels (P = 0.001), and had longer length of stay after surgery (P = 0.02). Median OS in sarcopenic patients was 7 months (95% CI: 0.8-13.2) vs. 23 months (95% CI: 12.4-33.6) in nonsarcopenic patients. On multivariate analysis, sarcopenia was an independent predictor of OS (hazard ratio = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.15-3.92; P = 0.016) in addition to number of metastatic sites>2 (hazard ratio = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.24-3.53; P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia can be an important prognostic factor associated with worse OS after CN for mRCC.

Sarcopenia as a predictor of complications in penile cancer patients undergoing inguinal lymph node dissection.

PURPOSE: Lymphadenectomy (LND) is part of the surgical management of penile cancer but causes significant perioperative morbidity. We determined whether sarcopenia, a novel marker of nutritional status, is a predictor of postoperative complications after LND. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-nine patients underwent LND for penile cancer from 1999 to 2014, and 43 had available preoperative abdominal imaging. Skeletal muscle index (SMI) was calculated on axial computed tomography images at the third lumbar vertebrae, and an SMI of 55 cm(2)/m(2) was used to classify patients as sarcopenic versus not. This classification was then correlated with postoperative complications and survival. RESULTS: Median lumbar SMI was 54.7 cm(2)/m(2) with 22 (51.2 %) patients categorized as sarcopenic versus 21 (48.8 %) who were not. Twenty-seven postoperative complications occurred in 20 patients within 30 days, of which 11 (40.7 %) were major (Clavien score ≥IIIa) and 16 (59.3 %) were minor. The most common complications were wound dehiscence (25.9 %), wound infection (18.5 %), lymphocele (18.5 %), and flap necrosis (14.8 %). On univariate analysis, the presence of sarcopenia, nodal disease, and lymphovascular invasion were predictors of postoperative complications. On multivariate analysis, only sarcopenia was an independent predictor of 30-day complications [p = 0.038; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.1-21.1]. Although sarcopenia was not statistically associated with worse overall survival (OS), there was a trend toward poorer outcomes in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia can be a useful prognostic tool to predict the likelihood of postoperative complications after LND for penile cancer. Preoperative nutritional supplementation may help reduce complication rates in the future.