Pulmonary strain and end-expiratory lung volume during apnea test: a comparative analysis using electrical impedance tomography.

The apnea test, employed for brain death assessment, aims to demonstrate the absence of respiratory drive due to hypercapnia. The tracheal oxygen insufflation apnea test mode (I-AT) involves disconnecting the patient from invasive mechanical ventilation (iMV) for approximately 8 minutes while maintaining oxygenation. This test supports the diagnosis of brain death based on a specified increase in PaCO2. Common complications include hypoxemia and hemodynamic instability, and lung collapse-induced reduction in end-expiratory lung volume (EELV). In our case series utilizing electrical impedance tomography (EIT), we observed that continuous positive airway pressure during the apnea test (CPAP-AT) effectively mitigated lung collapse. This resulted in improved pulmonary strain compared to the disconnection of iMV. These findings suggest the potential benefits of routine CPAP-AT, particularly for potential lung donors, emphasizing the relevance of our study in providing quantitative insights into EELV loss and its association with pulmonary strain and potential lung injury.

La prueba de apnea es una técnica diagnóstica ampliamente utilizada para la evaluación de la muerte cerebral, con el objetivo de demostrar la ausencia de impulso respiratorio debido a la hipercapnia. La variante de la prueba de apnea con insuflación de oxígeno traqueal (I-AT) implica desconectar al paciente de la ventilación mecánica invasiva (iVM) durante aproximadamente 8 minutos, manteniendo la oxigenación mediante un catéter de insuflación. Esta prueba respalda el diagnóstico de muerte cerebral cuando se determina un aumento de la PaCO 2 superior a 20 mmHg en comparación con el valor inicial o un nivel de PaCO 2 superior a 60 mmHg al final de la prueba. En nuestra serie de casos, la implementación de la tomografía de impedancia eléctrica (EIT) reveló que la prueba de apnea con presión positiva continua (CPAPAT) mitiga eficazmente el colapso pulmonar. Este enfoque resulta en una mejora en la tensión pulmonar en comparación con la desconexión de iMV, demostrando su relevancia en el contexto de potenciales donantes de pulmones.

Physiological effect of high flow oxygen therapy measured by electrical impedance tomography in single-lung transplantation.

In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), single lung transplantation (SLT) is sometimes performed as an alternative to bilateral lung transplantation due to limited organ availability. However, the postoperative management of SLT presents challenges, including complications related to the distinct compliance of each lung. This case report presents the case of a 65-year-old male patient who underwent SLT and was in the weaning period from mechanical ventilation. High-flow oxygen therapy (HFOT) was administered, and the physiological effects were measured using electrical impedance tomography (EIT). The results demonstrated that the application of HFOT increased air trapping and overdistention in the native lung without benefiting the transplanted lung. HFOT through a tracheostomy tube or nasal cannula resulted in a more heterogeneous distribution of ventilation, with increased end expiratory lung impedance, prolonged expiratory time constants, and an increase in silent spaces. The drop in tidal impedance after applying HFOT did not indicate hypoventilation but rather overdistention and air trapping in the native lung, while the transplanted lung showed evidence of hypoventilation. These findings suggest that HFOT may not be beneficial for SLT patients and could potentially worsen outcomes. However, due to the limited scope of this case report, further prospective studies with larger patient cohorts are needed to confirm these results.

En pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), el trasplante pulmonar unilateral (SLT, por sus siglas en inglés) se realiza como alternativa a la disponibilidad limitada de donantes para el trasplante pulmonar bilateral. Sin embargo, el manejo postoperatorio del SLT presenta desafíos, incluyendo complicaciones relacionadas con la distinta complacencia de cada pulmón. Este reporte presenta el caso de un paciente varón de 65 años que fue sometido a un SLT y se encontraba en el proceso de destete de la ventilación mecánica. Se administró terapia de oxígeno de alto flujo (HFOT, por sus siglas en inglés) y se midieron los efectos fisiológicos utilizando la tomografía de impedancia eléctrica (EIT, por sus siglas en inglés). Los resultados demostraron que la aplicación de HFOT aumentó la retención de aire y la hiperinflación en el pulmón nativo sin beneficiar al pulmón trasplantado. Tanto la HFOT a través de un tubo de traqueostomía como a través de cánula nasal resultaron en una distribución más heterogénea de la ventilación, con un aumento en la impedancia pulmonar al final de la espiración, prolongación de las constantes de tiempo espiratorias y un aumento en los espacios silentes. La disminución de la impedancia tidal después de aplicar HFOT no indicó hipoventilación, sino más bien hiperinsuflación y retención de gas en el pulmón nativo, mientras que el pulmón trasplantado mostró evidencia de hipoventilación. Estos hallazgos sugieren que el HFOT puede no ser beneficioso para los pacientes con SLT y podría empeorar los resultados. Sin embargo, debido al alcance limitado de este informe de caso, se necesitan estudios prospectivos con cohortes de pacientes más amplias para confirmar estos resultados.

Clinical Research With Large Language Models Generated Writing-Clinical Research with AI-assisted Writing (CRAW) Study.

IMPORTANCE: The scientific community debates Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT)-3.5's article quality, authorship merit, originality, and ethical use in scientific writing. OBJECTIVES: Assess GPT-3.5's ability to craft the background section of critical care clinical research questions compared to medical researchers with H-indices of 22 and 13. DESIGN: Observational cross-sectional study. SETTING: Researchers from 20 countries from six continents evaluated the backgrounds. PARTICIPANTS: Researchers with a Scopus index greater than 1 were included. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: In this study, we generated a background section of a critical care clinical research question on "acute kidney injury in sepsis" using three different methods: researcher with H-index greater than 20, researcher with H-index greater than 10, and GPT-3.5. The three background sections were presented in a blinded survey to researchers with an H-index range between 1 and 96. First, the researchers evaluated the main components of the background using a 5-point Likert scale. Second, they were asked to identify which background was written by humans only or with large language model-generated tools. RESULTS: A total of 80 researchers completed the survey. The median H-index was 3 (interquartile range, 1-7.25) and most (36%) researchers were from the Critical Care specialty. When compared with researchers with an H-index of 22 and 13, GPT-3.5 was marked high on the Likert scale ranking on main background components (median 4.5 vs. 3.82 vs. 3.6 vs. 4.5, respectively; p < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity to detect researchers writing versus GPT-3.5 writing were poor, 22.4% and 57.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: GPT-3.5 could create background research content indistinguishable from the writing of a medical researcher. It was marked higher compared with medical researchers with an H-index of 22 and 13 in writing the background section of a critical care clinical research question.

Hemoptysis after COVID-19 and the importance of differential diagnosis: Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome / Hemoptisis luego de COVID-19 y la importancia de los diagnósticos diferenciales: Síndrome de Birt-Hogg-Dubé

Abstract Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome is a genodermatosis of auto somal dominant inheritance characterized by mutations in the folliculin (FLCN) gene. There is an inappropriate inhibition/activation of a protein, the foliculin, which may cause tumor lesions in skin, renal and lung lesions; they could have more risk of developing pneumothorax compared to the normal population. A 38-year-old male patient with bronchial asthma who consulted for hemop tysis three weeks after recovery from COVID-19 infection. A chest tomography was requested, showing an air cyst in the left lower lobe. Physical examination shows evi dence of thoracic skin lesions which a skin biopsy was performed on. The results were compatible with fibrofol liculoma. Differential diagnoses were proposed. A genetic disorder associated with skin lesions was suspected. A multi-genetic panel that includes BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53 and FLCN genes was requested, which reported the mu tation of the FLCN gene in heterozygosis classified as pathognomonic of Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Patient is currently under clinical follow-up while genetic counsel ing was requested for relatives.

Resumen El síndrome de Birt-Hogg-Dubé es una genoderma tosis de herencia autosómica dominante caracterizada por mutaciones en el gen foliculina (FLCN), donde existe inhibición/activación inapropiada de una proteína, la foliculina, que puede causar lesiones tumorales sisté micas, principalmente a nivel de la piel, renal y lesiones pulmonares, presentando mayor riesgo de desarrollar neumotórax en comparación con la población normal. Comunicamos el caso de un varón de 38 años con asma bronquial que consultó por hemoptisis 3 semanas des pués de la recuperación de la infección por COVID-19. Se solicitó una tomografía de tórax, que mostró un quiste aéreo en el lóbulo inferior izquierdo. Además, presentaba en el examen físico una lesión cutánea que fue biopsiada, presentando diagnóstico de foliculoma. Se plantearon diagnósticos diferenciales y ante la sospecha de probable desorden genético, un panel genético fue solicitado. Se confirmó síndrome de Birt-Hogg-Dubé ante el hallazgo de la deleción heterocigota que comprende el exón 1 del gen FLCN clasificada como patogénica. Actual mente el paciente se encuentra en seguimiento clínico mientras se solicitó estudio genético para familiares.

Hemoptysis after COVID-19 and the importance of differential diagnosis: Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome.

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome is a genodermatosis of autosomal dominant inheritance characterized by mutations in the folliculin (FLCN) gene. There is an inappropriate inhibition/activation of a protein, the foliculin, which may cause tumor lesions in skin, renal and lung lesions; they could have more risk of developing pneumothorax compared to the normal population. A 38-year-old male patient with bronchial asthma who consulted for hemoptysis three weeks after recovery from COVID-19 infection. A chest tomography was requested, showing an air cyst in the left lower lobe. Physical examination shows evidence of thoracic skin lesions which a skin biopsy was performed on. The results were compatible with fibrofolliculoma. Differential diagnoses were proposed. A genetic disorder associated with skin lesions was suspected. A multi-genetic panel that includes BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53 and FLCN genes was requested, which reported the mutation of the FLCN gene in heterozygosis classified as pathognomonic of Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Patient is currently under clinical follow-up while genetic counseling was requested for relatives.

El síndrome de Birt-Hogg-Dubé es una genodermatosis de herencia autosómica dominante caracterizada por mutaciones en el gen foliculina (FLCN), donde existe inhibición/activación inapropiada de una proteína, la foliculina, que puede causar lesiones tumorales sistémicas, principalmente a nivel de la piel, renal y lesiones pulmonares, presentando mayor riesgo de desarrollar neumotórax en comparación con la población normal. Comunicamos el caso de un varón de 38 años con asma bronquial que consultó por hemoptisis 3 semanas después de la recuperación de la infección por COVID-19. Se solicitó una tomografía de tórax, que mostró un quiste aéreo en el lóbulo inferior izquierdo. Además, presentaba en el examen físico una lesión cutánea que fue biopsiada, presentando diagnóstico de foliculoma. Se plantearon diagnósticos diferenciales y ante la sospecha de probable desorden genético, un panel genético fue solicitado. Se confirmó síndrome de Birt-Hogg-Dubé ante el hallazgo de la deleción heterocigota que comprende el exón 1 del gen FLCN clasificada como patogénica. Actualmente el paciente se encuentra en seguimiento clínico mientras se solicitó estudio genético para familiares.

Bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous tracheostomy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of the efficacy and complications associated with performing bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous tracheostomy in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. METHODS: Prospective observational study conducted between March of 2020 and February of 2022. All adult patients who underwent elective bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous tracheostomy were included. The efficacy of the procedure was evaluated based either on the success rate in the execution or on the need for conversion to open technique. Percutaneous tracheostomy-related complications were registered during the procedure. We performed 6-month follow-up for identifying late complications. RESULTS: During the study period, 312 bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous tracheostomies were analyzed. One hundred and eighty-three were performed in COVID-19 patients and 129 among non-COVID-19 patients. Overall, 64.1% (200) of patients were male, with a median age of 66 (interquartile range 54-74), and 65% (205) presented at least 1 comorbidity. Overall, oxygen desaturation was the main complication observed (20.8% [65]), being more frequent in the COVID-19 group occurring in 27.3% (50) with a statistically significant difference versus the non-COVID-19 patients' group (11.6% [15]); P < .01). Major complications such as hypotension, arrhythmias, and pneumothorax were more frequently observed among COVID-19 patients as well but with no significant differences. Percutaneous tracheostomy could be executed quickly and satisfactorily in all the patients with no need for conversion to the open technique. Likewise, no suspension of the procedure was required in any case. During 6-month follow-up, we found an incidence of 0.96% (n = 3) late complications, 2 tracheal granulomas, and 1 ostomal infection. CONCLUSION: Bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous tracheostomy can be considered an effective and safe procedure in COVID-19 patients. Nevertheless, it is highly remarkable that in the series under study, a great number of COVID-19 patients presented oxygen desaturation during the procedure.

Evaluation of the discrimination and calibration of predictive scores of mortality in ECMO for patients with COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: The criteria for the selection of COVID-19 patients that could benefit most from ECMO organ support are yet to be defined. In this study, we evaluated the predictive performance of ECMO mortality predictive models in patients with COVID-19. We also performed a cost-benefit analysis depending on the mortality predicted probability. We conducted a retrospective cohort study in COVID-19 patients who received ECMO at two tertiary care hospitals between March 2020 to July 2021. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the discrimination (C-statistic), calibration (Cox calibration), and accuracy of the prediction of death due to severe ARDS in V-V ECMO score (PRESERVE), the Respiratory Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Survival Score (RESP) score, and the PREdiction of Survival on ECMO Therapy-Score (PRESET) score. In addition, we compared the RESP score with Plateau pressure instead of Peak pressure. RESULTS: We included a total of 36 patients, 29 (80%) of them male and with a median (IQR) APACHE of 10 (8-15). The PRESET score had the highest discrimination (AUROCs 0.81 [95%CI 0.67-0.94]) and calibration (calibration-in-the-large 0.5 [95%CI -1.4 to 0.3]; calibration slope 2.2 [95%CI 0.7/3.7]). The RESP score with Plateau pressure had higher discrimination than the conventional RESP score. The cost per QALY in the USA, adjusted to life expectancy, was higher than USD 100 000 in patients older than 45 years with a PRESET > 10. CONCLUSION: The PRESET score had the highest predictive performance and could help in the selection of patients that benefit most from this resource-demanding and highly invasive organ support.

Characteristics of acute kidney injury in adult patients with severe COVID-19 / Características de la injuria renal aguda en pacientes adultos con COVID-19 grave

Abstract We conducted a retrospective cohort study to report the clinical characteristics, incidence and out-comes of patients with severe COVID-19 with acute kidney injury (AKI). One-hundred and sixtytwo intensive care unit (ICU) admitted patients in a tertiary level hospital in the city of Buenos Aires with COVID-19 diagnosis were included. We hypothesized that COVID-19 related AKI would develop in the period of more severe hypoxemia as an early event and late AKI would be more probably related to intensive care unit complications. For this purpose, we divided subjects into two groups: those with early AKI and late AKI, before and after day 14 from symptom onset, respectively. A stepwise multivariate analysis was conducted to find possible AKI predictors. AKI incidence was 43.2% (n = 70) of the total patients admitted into ICU with severe COVID-19, 11.1% (n = 18) required renal replacement therapy. In-hospital mortality was higher (58.6%) for the AKI group. AKI occurred on a median time of 10 (IQR 5.5-17.5) days from symptom onset. A history of hypertension or heart failure, age and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) requirement were identified as risk factors. Late AKI (n = 25, 35.7%) was associated with sepsis and nephrotoxic exposure, whereas early AKI occurred closer to the timing of IMV initiation and was more likely to have an unknown origin. In conclusion, AKI is frequent among critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 and it is associated with higher in-hospital mortality.

Resumen Llevamos a cabo un estudio retrospectivo con el objetivo de describir las características clínicas, incidencia y desenlaces de los pacientes con injuria renal aguda (IRA) asociada a la COVID-19. Se incluyeron 162 pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 admitidos en una unidad de cuidados intensivos en un hospital de tercer nivel en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Nuestra hipótesis consistió en que la IRA asociada a COVID-19 sería un evento temprano asociado a la gravedad de la hipoxemia y la IRA tardía se relacionaría con complicaciones propias de la UCI. Por ello se clasificó la IRA en temprana y tardía, según sucediera antes o después de los 14 días desde el inicio de síntomas. Se realizó un análisis multivariado mediante regresión logística escalonada para evaluar posibles factores de riesgo. La incidencia de IRA fue de 43.2% (n = 70), 11.1% (n = 18) requirieron terapia de reemplazo renal. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue mayor (58.6%) en el grupo con IRA. El diagnóstico de IRA se realizó en una mediana de 10 (IQR = 5.5-17.5) días desde el inicio de los síntomas. El antecedente de hipertensión e insuficiencia cardíaca, la edad y el requerimiento de ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) fueron identificados como factores de riesgo para IRA. La IRA tardía (n = 25, 35.7%) estuvo asociada a sepsis y expo sición a nefrotóxicos, mientras que la IRA temprana (n = 45, 64.2%) estuvo temporalmente asociada al inicio de la VMI y en muchos casos no se pudo filiar una etiología. En conclusión, la IRA es una complicación frecuente en pacientes con COVID-19 grave y está asociada a una alta mortalidad intrahospitalaria.

Characteristics of acute kidney injury in adult patients with severe COVID-19.

We conducted a retrospective cohort study to report the clinical characteristics, incidence and outcomes of patients with severe COVID-19 with acute kidney injury (AKI). One-hundred and sixtytwo intensive care unit (ICU) admitted patients in a tertiary level hospital in the city of Buenos Aires with COVID-19 diagnosis were included. We hypothesized that COVID-19 related AKI would develop in the period of more severe hypoxemia as an early event and late AKI would be more probably related to intensive care unit complications. For this purpose, we divided subjects into two groups: those with early AKI and late AKI, before and after day 14 from symptom onset, respectively. A stepwise multivariate analysis was conducted to find possible AKI predictors. AKI incidence was 43.2% (n = 70) of the total patients admitted into ICU with severe COVID-19, 11.1% (n = 18) required renal replacement therapy. In-hospital mortality was higher (58.6%) for the AKI group. AKI occurred on a median time of 10 (IQR 5.5-17.5) days from symptom onset. A history of hypertension or heart failure, age and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) requirement were identified as risk factors. Late AKI (n = 25, 35.7%) was associated with sepsis and nephrotoxic exposure, whereas early AKI occurred closer to the timing of IMV initiation and was more likely to have an unknown origin. In conclusion, AKI is frequent among critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 and it is associated with higher in-hospital mortality.

Llevamos a cabo un estudio retrospectivo con el objetivo de describir las características clínicas, incidencia y desenlaces de los pacientes con injuria renal aguda (IRA) asociada a la COVID-19. Se incluyeron 162 pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 admitidos en una unidad de cuidados intensivos en un hospital de tercer nivel en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Nuestra hipótesis consistió en que la IRA asociada a COVID-19 sería un evento temprano asociado a la gravedad de la hipoxemia y la IRA tardía se relacionaría con complicaciones propias de la UCI. Por ello se clasificó la IRA en temprana y tardía, según sucediera antes o después de los 14 días desde el inicio de síntomas. Se realizó un análisis multivariado mediante regresión logística escalonada para evaluar posibles factores de riesgo. La incidencia de IRA fue de 43.2% (n = 70), 11.1% (n = 18) requirieron terapia de reemplazo renal. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue mayor (58.6%) en el grupo con IRA. El diagnóstico de IRA se realizó en una mediana de 10 (IQR = 5.5-17.5) días desde el inicio de los síntomas. El antecedente de hipertensión e insuficiencia cardíaca, la edad y el requerimiento de ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) fueron identificados como factores de riesgo para IRA. La IRA tardía (n = 25, 35.7%) estuvo asociada a sepsis y exposición a nefrotóxicos, mientras que la IRA temprana (n = 45, 64.2%) estuvo temporalmente asociada al inicio de la VMI y en muchos casos no se pudo filiar una etiología. En conclusión, la IRA es una complicación frecuente en pacientes con COVID-19 grave y está asociada a una alta mortalidad intrahospitalaria.

[Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in COVID-19] / Membrana de circulación extracorpórea en enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19).

Introduction: The role of the use of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is under discussion. Whereas in patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) the ECMO is a usual rescue measure used to optimize the oxygenation as a bridge to pulmonary rehabilitation, in patients that have refractory hypoxemic respiratory failure with recovery potential, the use of ECMO could also be beneficial. Objective: The purpose of this work is to report the first case of COVID-19 that required ECMO in Argentina, with a good response. Methodology: We describe the first case of COVID-19 that required ECMO in Argentina, in a patient without comorbidities, with good clinical results. Results: The use of ECMO in the reported case provided a substantial benefit in oxygenation, acting as a bridge to lung recovery, without presenting complications associated with its application. Conclusion: In critically ill patients with refractory hypoxemia, but with high recovery potential, ECMO support can be considered as a rescue measure.

Introducción: El uso de membrana de circulación extracorpórea (ECMO) en pacientes con síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA) es una medida de rescate que busca optimizar la oxigenación como puente a la rehabilitación pulmonar. Su rol en la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) no está definido, sin embargo, en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria hipoxémica refractaria, y con potencial de recuperación, su uso podría resultar beneficioso. Objetivo: El propósito de este trabajo es informar el primer caso de COVID-19 que requirió ECMO en Argentina, con buena respuesta. Metodología: Se describe el primer caso de COVID-19 que requirió ECMO en Argentina, en un paciente sin comorbilidades, con buen resultado clínico. Resultados: El uso de ECMO en el caso reportado aportó un sustancial beneficio en la oxigenación actuando como puente a la recuperación pulmonar, sin presentar complicaciones asociadas a su aplicación. Conclusión: Conclusión: En pacientes críticamente enfermos con hipoxemia refractaria, pero con potencial de recuperación, el soporte con ECMO puede ser considerado como una medida de rescate.

Design and development of an early warning score for covid-19 hospitalized patients.

Pandemics pose a major challenge for public health preparedness, requiring a coordinated international response and the development of solid containment plans. Early and accurate identification of high-risk patients in the course of the current COVID-19 pandemic is vital for planning and making proper use of available resources. The purpose of this study was to identify the key variables that account for worse outcomes to create a predictive model that could be used effectively for triage. Through literature review, 44 variables that could be linked to an unfavorable course of COVID-19 disease were obtained, including clinical, laboratory, and X-ray variables. These were used for a 2-round modified Delphi processing with 14 experts to select a final list of variables with the greatest predictive power for the construction of a scoring system, leading to the creation of a new scoring system: the COVID-19 Severity Index. The analysis of the area under the curve for the COVID-19 Severity Index was 0.94 to predict the need for ICU admission in the following 24 hours against 0.80 for NEWS-2. Additionally, the digital medical record of the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires was electronically set for an automatic calculation and constant update of the COVID-19 Severity Index. Specifically designed for the current COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 Severity Index could be used as a reliable tool for strategic planning, organization, and administration of resources by easily identifying hospitalized patients with a greater need of intensive care.

La pandemia por COVID-19 planteó un desafío para el sistema salud, debido a la gran demanda de pacientes hospitalizados. La identificación temprana de pacientes hospitalizados con riesgo de evolución desfavorable es vital para asistir en forma oportuna y planificar la demanda de recursos. El propósito de este estudio fue identificar las variables predictivas de mala evolución en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 y crear un modelo predictivo que pueda usarse como herramienta de triage. A través de una revisión narrativa, se obtuvieron 44 variables vinculadas a una evolución desfavorable de la enfermedad COVID-19, incluyendo variables clínicas, de laboratorio y radiográficas. Luego se utilizó un procesamiento por método Delphi modificado de 2 rondas para seleccionar una lista final de variables incluidas en el score llamado COVID-19 Severity Index. Luego se calculó el Área Bajo la Curva (AUC) del score para predecir el pase a terapia intensiva en las próximas 24 horas. El score presentó un AUC de 0,94 frente a 0,80 para NEWS-2. Finalmente se agregó el COVID-19 Severity Index a la historia clínica electrónica de un hospital universitario de alta complejidad. Se programó para que el mismo se actualice de manera automática, facilitando la planificación estratégica, organización y administración de recursos a través de la identificación temprana de pacientes hospitalizados con mayor riesgo de transferencia a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos.

Clinical characteristics of critically ill patients with COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a major challenge for healthcare systems. In South America, local information about the incidence and clinical characteristics of critically ill patients diagnosed with COVID-19 is still limited. In this observational and retrospective study, we aimed to describe critically ill patients' clinical and respiratory characteristics with COVID-19. The study was performed over 6 months in an intensive care unit (ICU) of a high complexity hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Patients older than 18 years with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 by reverse tran scriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 were included in the study. Demographic characteristics such as sex and age, comorbidities, laboratory results, imaging results, ventilatory mechanics data, complications, and mortality were recorded. A total of 168 critically ill patients with COVID-19 were included. Sixty-six percent were men with a median age of 65 years (58-75); 79.7% had at least one comorbidity. The most frequent comorbidity was arterial hypertension, affecting 52.4%. A 67.9% required invasive mechanical ventilation (MV), and no one was treated with non-invasive ventilation. Most of the patients in MV (73.7%) required neuromuscular blockade due to severe hypoxemia. A 36% was ventilated in the prone position. The length of stay in the ICU was 13 days (6-24) and ICU's mortality was 25%.

La pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) plantea un gran desafío para los sistemas de salud. En América del Sur, la información local sobre la incidencia y las características clínicas de los pacientes críticamente enfermos diagnosticados con COVID-19 aún es limitada. En este estudio observacional y retrospectivo, nuestro objetivo fue describir las características clínicas y respiratorias de los pacientes críticamente enfermos con COVID-19. El estudio se realizó durante 6 meses en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de un hospital de alta complejidad en Buenos Aires, Argentina. Se incluyeron en el estudio pacientes mayores de 18 años con COVID-19 confirmado por laboratorio mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa (RT-PCR) para SARS-CoV-2. Se registraron características demográficas como sexo y edad, comorbilidades, resultados de laboratorio, resultados de imagen, datos de mecánica ventilatoria, complicaciones y mortalidad. Se incluyeron un total de 168 pacientes críticamente enfermos con COVID-19. El 66% eran hombres con una mediana de edad de 65 años (58-75). El 79.7% presentaba al menos una comorbilidad. La comorbilidad más frecuente fue la hipertensión arterial, afectando al 52.4%. El 67.9% requirió ventilación mecánica invasiva (VM) y ninguno fue tratado con ventilación no invasiva. La mayoría de los pacientes en VM (73.7%) requirieron bloqueo neuromuscular por hipoxemia grave. Un 36% de ellos fueron ventilados en decúbito prono. La estancia en UCI fue de 13 días (6-24) y la mortalidad en UCI fue del 25%.

Design and development of an early warning score for COVID-19 hospitalized patients / Diseño y desarrollo de un sistema de alerta temprana para pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19

Abstract Pandemics pose a major challenge for public health preparedness, requiring a coordinated international response and the development of solid containment plans. Early and accurate identifica tion of high-risk patients in the course of the current COVID-19 pandemic is vital for planning and making proper use of available resources. The purpose of this study was to identify the key variables that account for worse outcomes to create a predictive model that could be used effectively for triage. Through literature review, 44 variables that could be linked to an unfavorable course of COVID-19 disease were obtained, including clinical, laboratory, and X-ray variables. These were used for a 2-round modified Delphi processing with 14 experts to select a final list of variables with the greatest predictive power for the construction of a scoring system, leading to the creation of a new scoring system: the COVID-19 Severity Index. The analysis of the area under the curve for the COVID-19 Severity Index was 0.94 to predict the need for ICU admission in the following 24 hours against 0.80 for NEWS-2. Additionally, the digital medical record of the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires was electronically set for an automatic calculation and constant update of the COVID-19 Severity Index. Specifically designed for the current COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 Severity Index could be used as a reliable tool for strategic planning, organization, and administration of resources by easily identifying hospitalized patients with a greater need of intensive care.

Resumen La pandemia por COVID-19 planteó un desafío para el sistema salud, debido a la gran demanda de pacientes hospitalizados. La identificación temprana de pacientes hospitalizados con riesgo de evo lución desfavorable es vital para asistir en forma oportuna y planificar la demanda de recursos. El propósito de este estudio fue identificar las variables predictivas de mala evolución en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 y crear un modelo predictivo que pueda usarse como herramienta de triage. A través de una revisión narrativa, se obtuvieron 44 variables vinculadas a una evolución desfavorable de la enfermedad COVID-19, incluyendo variables clínicas, de laboratorio y radiográficas. Luego se utilizó un procesamiento por método Delphi modificado de 2 rondas para seleccionar una lista final de variables incluidas en el score llamado COVID-19 Severity Index. Luego se calculó el Área Bajo la Curva (AUC) del score para predecir el pase a terapia intensiva en las próximas 24 horas. El score presentó un AUC de 0,94 frente a 0,80 para NEWS-2. Finalmente se agregó el COVID-19 Severity Index a la historia clínica electrónica de un hospital universitario de alta complejidad. Se programó para que el mismo se actualice de manera automática, facilitando la planificación estratégica, organización y administración de recursos a través de la identificación temprana de pacientes hospitalizados con mayor riesgo de transferencia a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos.

Influenza season 2019. Analysis of 143 hospitalized patients.

Influenza infection is a latent public health problem, affecting millions of people throughout the world, which imposes high morbidity and economic burden on the region. In Argentina, influenza-associated mortality is estimated at 6/100 000 person-years, and is higher among men = 65 years old. The knowledge of the baseline characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized patients is crucial for public health officials planning interventions to address local outbreaks. Thus, in this retrospective, single-center study, performed in a highcomplexity university hospital, we aimed to analyze clinical characteristics, image findings, and laboratory variables of patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza requiring hospitalization in our hospital during 2019. Cases were confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. One hundred and forty-three patients with influenza were hospitalized during the study period; 141 (98.6%) were infected with influenza virus type A, including 88 (61.5%) with the H1N1 subtype. The median age was 71 years (IQR 60- 82), 111 (77.6%) were older than 70 years, and 126 (88.1%) had at least one coexisting illness; 56 (39.1%) patients required intensive care unit, 16 (11.1%) invasive mechanical ventilation, and 6 (4.1%) died during hospitalization. In this study, in-hospital mortality was similar to that reported in previous series of non-pandemic influenza, even though the majority of the cases in this study were older than 70 years and had at least one coexisting illness.

La influenza es un problema latente de salud pública que afecta a millones de personas en todo el planeta e impone una alta morbilidad y carga económica para la región. En Argentina, la mortalidad asociada a la influenza se estima en 6/100 000 personas-año y es mayor entre los hombres mayores de 65 años. El conocimiento de las características clínicas y la evolución de los pacientes hospitalizados es fundamental para planificar el abordaje de los brotes locales. En este estudio retrospectivo, realizado en un hospital universitario de alta complejidad, nuestro objetivo fue analizar las características clínicas, los hallazgos de imágenes y las variables de laboratorio en 143 pacientes con influenza confirmada por laboratorio que requirieron hospitalización durante 2019. Los casos fueron confirmados mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcripción inversa en tiempo real. El 98.6% (n: 141) estaban infectados por influenza tipo A y 61.5% (n: 88) correspondía al subtipo H1N1. La mediana de edad fue 71 años (IQR 60-82), el 77.6% (n: 111) tenía más de 70 años y el 88.1% (n: 126) al menos una enfermedad coexistente. El 39.1% (n: 56) requirió internación en unidad de cuidados intensivos, el 11.1% (n: 16) ventilación mecánica invasiva y seis pacientes (4.1%) fallecieron durante la hospitalización. En este estudio, la mortalidad hospitalaria fue similar a la publicada en series previas de influenza no pandémica, aunque la mayoría de los pacientes eran mayores de 70 años y presentaban al menos una enfermedad coexistente.

[Clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19) in middle-aged patients]. / Características clínicas de la enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) en pacientes de mediana edad.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) meant an unprecedented global crisis, which involved the reorganization of health systems and the rationalization of available diagnostic and therapeutic resources. The objective of this observational and retrospective study was to analyze the clinical characteristics and evolution of patients admitted to general ward, intensive care unit and emergency department of a high complexity hospital in Buenos Aires city, during the first seven months of viral circulation. A total of 1005 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were included. The median age was 45 years, and 73.7% were men. Half of the patients had at least one comorbidity. Among the laboratory findings, the median of total leukocytes was 6300 cells/mm3 and that of lymphocytes 818 cells/mm3; 82.3% of the patients presented alterations in the chest tomography, and the most frequently observed radiological pattern was ground-glass opacity (33%); 82.4% of them received empirical antibiotic therapy directed to the respiratory focus and, in addition, 18.7% were treated with dexamethasone. Regarding severity, 14.7% of the patients presented uncomplicated disease, 55.2% mild pneumonia, 20.8% moderate pneumonia, and 9.2% severe pneumonia. Likewise, 8.7% of them were transferred to intensive care. In-hospital mortality was 2.3%, and 20.5% among critically ill patients. A statistically significant association was found between mortality and age, with an age difference of 9.6 years, being greater among the deceased (p = 0.0004; 95% CI 4-14). However, there was no association between the presence of comorbidities and sex vs. mortality and severity of the disease.

La pandemia por COVID-19 significó una crisis mundial sin precedentes, que implicó la reorganización de los sistemas de salud y la racionalización de los recursos diagnósticos y terapéuticos disponibles. El objetivo de este estudio observacional y retrospectivo fue analizar características clínicas y evolución de los pacientes internados en guardia, sala general y terapia intensiva en un hospital privado de alta complejidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, durante los primeros siete meses de circulación viral. Se incluyeron 1005 pacientes con COVID-19 confirmado por laboratorio. La mediana de edad fue de 45 años; 73.7% eran varones. La mitad de los pacientes presentaba al menos una comorbilidad. La mediana de leucocitos totales fue 6300 células/mm3 y de linfocitos 818 células/mm3. El 82.3% presentó alteraciones en la tomografía de tórax; y el patrón radiológico observado con mayor frecuencia fue opacidad tipo vidrio esmerilado (33%). El 82.4% recibió antibioticoterapia empírica dirigida a foco respiratorio y, además, el 18.7% fu e tratado con dexametasona. Respecto de la gravedad, el 14.7% presentó enfermedad no complicada, el 55.2% neumonía leve, el 20.8% neumonía moderada y el 9.2% neumonía grave. Asimismo, el 8.7% fue transferido a terapia intensiva. Se registró una mortalidad hospitalaria del 2.3% y del 20.5% en terapia intensiva. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre mortalidad y edad, con una diferencia de edad de 9.6 años, siendo mayor entre los fallecidos (p = 0.0004; IC 95% 4-14). Sin embargo, no hubo asociación entre presencia de comorbilidades y sexo vs. mortalidad y gravedad de la enfermedad.

Características clínicas de la enfermedad por SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) en pacientes de mediana edad / Clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19) in middle-aged patients

Resumen La pandemia por COVID-19 significó una crisis mundial sin precedentes, que implicó la reorganización de los sistemas de salud y la racionalización de los recursos diagnósticos y terapéuticos disponibles. El objetivo de este estudio observacional y retrospectivo fue analizar características clínicas y evo lución de los pacientes internados en guardia, sala general y terapia intensiva en un hospital privado de alta complejidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, durante los primeros siete meses de circulación viral. Se incluyeron 1005 pacientes con COVID-19 confirmado por laboratorio. La mediana de edad fue de 45 años; 73.7% eran varones. La mitad de los pacientes presentaba al menos una comorbilidad. La mediana de leucocitos totales fue 6300 células/mm3 y de linfocitos 818 células/mm3. El 82.3% presentó alteraciones en la tomografía de tórax; y el patrón radiológico observado con mayor frecuencia fue opacidad tipo vidrio esmerilado (33%). El 82.4% recibió antibioticoterapia empírica dirigida a foco respiratorio y, además, el 18.7% fu e tratado con dexametasona. Respecto de la gravedad, el 14.7% presentó enfermedad no complicada, el 55.2% neumonía leve, el 20.8% neumonía moderada y el 9.2% neumonía grave. Asimismo, el 8.7% fue transferido a terapia intensiva. Se registró una mortalidad hospitalaria del 2.3% y del 20.5% en terapia intensiva. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre mortalidad y edad, con una diferencia de edad de 9.6 años, siendo mayor entre los fallecidos (p = 0.0004; IC 95% 4-14). Sin embargo, no hubo asociación entre presencia de comorbilidades y sexo vs. mortalidad y gravedad de la enfermedad.

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) meant an unprecedented global crisis, which involved the reorganization of health systems and the rationalization of available diagnostic and therapeutic resources. The objective of this observational and retrospective study was to analyze the clinical characteristics and evolution of patients admitted to general ward, intensive care unit and emergency department of a high complexity hospital in Buenos Aires city, during the first seven months of viral circulation. A total of 1005 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were included. The median age was 45 years, and 73.7% were men. Half of the patients had at least one comorbidity. Among the laboratory findings, the median of total leukocytes was 6300 cells/mm3 and that of lymphocytes 818 cells/mm3; 82.3% of the patients presented alterations in the chest tomography, and the most frequently observed radiological pattern was ground-glass opacity (33%); 82.4% of them received empirical antibiotic therapy directed to the respiratory focus and, in addition, 18.7% were treated with dexamethasone. Regarding severity, 14.7% of the patients presented uncomplicated disease, 55.2% mild pneumonia, 20.8% moderate pneumonia, and 9.2% severe pneumonia. Likewise, 8.7% of them were transferred to intensive care. In-hospital mortality was 2.3%, and 20.5% among critically ill patients. A statistically significant association was found between mortality and age, with an age difference of 9.6 years, being greater among the deceased (p = 0.0004; 95% CI 4-14). However, there was no association between the presence of comorbidities and sex vs. mortality and severity of the disease.