RESUMEN
El sueño es una función y necesidad básica en el ser humano; permite el descanso de la mente y cuerpo, recuperar energías y restablecer funciones para un buen rendimiento. Los trastornos del sueño pueden desencadenar problemas gástricos, cardiovasculares, cognitivas, desequilibrio en el rendimiento académico, alterando negativamente la capacidad de concentración, aprendizaje, memoria; dormir poco se asocia a fatiga y disminución de las capacidades cognitivas y motoras durante el día. Las demandas sociales, familiares y académicas de estudiantes universitarios los hace adoptar patrones de sueño irregulares, dando lugar a cambios en el hábito del sueño, especialmente en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19, debido al incremento de horas de conexión tele presencial y el uso de aparatos electrónicos para sus actividades académicas. Por ello el presente estudio evaluado y aprobado por Comité De Ética, certificado ORD: Nº 145- 2021/RevOct.2021, pretende describir la calidad del sueño en estudiantes de Enfermería en una Universidad del sur de Chile durante el segundo semestre del 2021; aplicando el Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburgh a 165 estudiantes de primero a quinto año, a través de un estudio de tipo cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo, de secuencia transversal, con muestreo probabilístico estratificado y con afijación simple. Solo el 12% de los estudiantes de Enfermería presentó óptima calidad del sueño; el 64% sugiere problemas de sueño y el 24% se acercan a una peor calidad de sueño. La existencia de una alta prevalencia de la mala calidad del sueño indica la necesidad de adquirir una buena higiene del sueño que permita el descanso adecuado y necesario para realizar sus actividades de manera óptima.
Sleep is a basic function and need in humans; it allows the brain and body to rest, recover energy, and restore functions for good performance. Sleep disorders can trigger gastric, cardiovascular, and cognitive problems, as well as affect academic performanceby negatively altering the ability to concentrate, learn, and recall. Insufficient sleep is associated with fatigue and decreased cognitive and motor skills during the day. The social, family, and academic demands of university students often make them adopt irregular sleep patterns, leading to changes in sleep habits. This was especially true during the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the increase in hours of online connection and the use of electronic devices for academic activities. This study, evaluated and approved by the Ethics Committee, certified ORD: Nº 145- 2021/RevOct.2021, aims to describe the quality of sleep in Nursing students at a university in southern Chile during the second semester of 2021. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was administered to 165 first-year to fifth-year Nursing students, through a quantitative, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional sequence study, with stratified probabilistic sampling and simple assignment. Only 12% of Nursing students had optimal sleep quality; 64% suggest sleep problems and 24% indicated a worse quality of sleep. The high prevalence of poor sleep quality indicates the need for students to adopt good sleep hygiene that allows adequate and necessary rest for optimal academic performance.
RESUMEN
RESUMEN La maldad, rasgo presente en la conducta humana, es un indispensable tópico de estudio para la psicología, cuyo objetivo fundamental, con relación a este rasgo, es evaluar y comprender el daño que puede causar a los individuos. Objetivo: Construir un instrumento con el propósito de medir la maldad y que posea indispensables propiedades psicométricas, como validez y confiabilidad. Material y métodos: El estudio fue de tipo instrumental en una muestra no probabilística, mediante la aplicación online de la Escala de Maldad (ESMA-31), que consta de 31 ítems con 4 dimensiones: egoísmo, idealismo, sadismo y omisión de ayuda. La muestra estuvo conformada por 403 estudiantes de Psicología de una universidad pública de Lima, cuyas edades fluctuaron entre 18 y 31 años. Para la construcción de la escala se consideraron las 6 dimensiones y los 36 ítems de la primera versión. Resultados: El coeficiente omega tuvo un valor entre 0,70 y 0,74; y el alfa ordinal, entre 0,82 y 0,93. Respecto a la validez de contenido, los valores V de Aiken estuvieron entre 0,89 y 1,00 (p = 0,001). El análisis factorial confirmatorio evidenció cuatro dimensiones con adecuados índices de ajuste [χ2/gl = 2; SRMR = 0,064; CFI = 0,955; TLI = 0,951; RMSEA = 0,054]. Conclusiones: El instrumento presenta evidencias de validez de contenido y de estructura interna, además de una adecuada consistencia interna de las puntuaciones.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Evil is present in people's behavior, therefore, it constitutes an indispensable subject of study for psychology to study it in order to evaluate and understand the damage it can cause to many individuals. Objective: To construct an instrument to measure malice, malevolence or meanness identifying its main psychometric properties such as validity and reliability. Material and Methods: The study was instrumental in a non-probabilistic sample, through the online application of the Meanness Scale (ESMA-31) consisting of 31 items with 4 dimensions: selfishness, idealism, sadism, and omission of help. The sample consisted of 403 psychology students from a public university in Lima, aged between 18 and 31 years. For the construction of the scale, the 6 dimensions and 36 items of the first version were used. Results: The scale presented an omega coefficient between 0.70 and 0.74, and an ordinal alpha between 0.82 and 0.93. Regarding content validity, Aiken V values were between 0.89 and 1.00, p = 0.001. Confirmatory factor analysis evidenced four dimensions with adequate fit indices [χ2/gl = 2, SRMR = 0.064, CFI = 0.955, TLI = 0.951 and RMSEA = 0.054]. Conclusions: The instrument presents evidence of content and internal structure validity, in addition to adequate internal consistency of scores.
RESUMEN
Family caregivers to persons living with a chronic or disabling condition often report disruption to their employment. Employment disruption can cause long-term financial difficulty and psychological distress for caregivers, high costs for employers, and exacerbates social inequities. In this commentary, we describe a community initiative to better support employees who are caregivers conducted with nonprofit employers in San Antonio, located in the central Texas region of the United States. This initiative aimed to raise awareness among local employers about the challenges employees face in balancing employment and caregiving. This led to the co-development of a pledge to guide employer efforts to support employees who are caregivers. This initiative represents a first step to mobilize employers as stakeholder allies to improve workplace support for family caregivers. The authors draw on the Shilton Model of Policy Advocacy to make the case that the mobilization of employers as advocacy stakeholders can hasten the advancement of policies that enable family caregivers to balance both roles. Further, the implementation of organization-level changes, in addition to state and federal policy changes, to support employed caregivers by employers is consistent with recommendations of the recently published National Strategy to Support Family Caregivers.
