Optimization of 1,2,4-Triazole-Based p97 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cancer.

The AAA+ ATPase p97 (valosin-containing protein, VCP) is a master regulator of protein homeostasis and therefore represents a novel target for cancer therapy. Starting from a known allosteric inhibitor, NMS-873, we systematically optimized this scaffold, in particular, by applying a benzene-to-acetylene isosteric replacement strategy, specific incorporation of F, and eutomer/distomer identification, which led to compounds that exhibited nanomolar biochemical and cell-based potency. In cellular pharmacodynamic assays, robust effects on biomarkers of p97 inhibition and apoptosis, including increased levels of ubiquitinated proteins, CHOP and cleaved caspase 3, were observed. Compound (R)-29 (UPCDC-30766) represents the most potent allosteric inhibitor of p97 reported to date.

Targeted Degradation of mRNA Decapping Enzyme DcpS by a VHL-Recruiting PROTAC.

The RNA decapping scavenger protein, DcpS, has recently been identified as a dependency in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The potent DcpS inhibitor RG3039 attenuates AML cell viability, and shRNA knockdown of DcpS is also antiproliferative. Importantly, DcpS was found to be non-essential in normal human hematopoietic cells, which opens a therapeutic window for AML treatment by DcpS modulation. Considering this strong DcpS dependence in AML cell lines, we explored PROTAC-mediated degradation as an alternative strategy to modulate DcpS activity. Herein, we report the development of JCS-1, a PROTAC exhibiting effective degradation of DcpS at nanomolar concentrations. JCS-1 non-covalently binds DcpS with a RG3039-based warhead and recruits the E3 ligase VHL, which induces potent, rapid, and sustained DcpS degradation in several AML cell lines. JCS-1 serves as a chemical biology tool to interrogate DcpS degradation and associated changes in RNA processes in different cellular contexts, which may be an attractive strategy for the treatment of AML and other DcpS-dependent genetic disorders.

Targeting p75 neurotrophin receptors ameliorates spinal cord injury-induced detrusor sphincter dyssynergia in mice.

AIMS: To determine the role of p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR ) and the therapeutic effect of the selective small molecule p75NTR modulator, LM11A-31, in spinal cord injury (SCI) induced lower urinary tract dysfunction (LTUD) using a mouse model. METHODS: Adult female T8 -T9 transected mice were gavaged daily with LM11A-31 (100 mg/kg) for up to 6 weeks, starting 1 day before, or 7 days following injury. Mice were evaluated in vivo using urine spot analysis, cystometrograms (CMGs), and external urethral sphincter (EUS) electromyograms (EMGs); and in vitro using histology, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot. RESULTS: Our studies confirm highest expression of p75NTRs in the detrusor layer of the mouse bladder and lamina II region of the dorsal horn of the lumbar-sacral (L6 -S1 ) spinal cord which significantly decreased following SCI. LM11A-31 prevented or ameliorated the detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) and detrusor overactivity (DO) in SCI mice, significantly improving bladder compliance. Furthermore, LM11A-31 treatment blocked the SCI-related urothelial damage and bladder wall remodeling. CONCLUSION: Drugs targeting p75NTRs can moderate DSD and DO in SCI mice, may identify pathophysiological mechanisms, and have therapeutic potential in SCI patients.

SD-208, a novel protein kinase D inhibitor, blocks prostate cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth in vivo by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest.

Protein kinase D (PKD) has been implicated in many aspects of tumorigenesis and progression, and is an emerging molecular target for the development of anticancer therapy. Despite recent advancement in the development of potent and selective PKD small molecule inhibitors, the availability of in vivo active PKD inhibitors remains sparse. In this study, we describe the discovery of a novel PKD small molecule inhibitor, SD-208, from a targeted kinase inhibitor library screen, and the synthesis of a series of analogs to probe the structure-activity relationship (SAR) vs. PKD1. SD-208 displayed a narrow SAR profile, was an ATP-competitive pan-PKD inhibitor with low nanomolar potency and was cell active. Targeted inhibition of PKD by SD-208 resulted in potent inhibition of cell proliferation, an effect that could be reversed by overexpressed PKD1 or PKD3. SD-208 also blocked prostate cancer cell survival and invasion, and arrested cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Mechanistically, SD-208-induced G2/M arrest was accompanied by an increase in levels of p21 in DU145 and PC3 cells as well as elevated phosphorylation of Cdc2 and Cdc25C in DU145 cells. Most importantly, SD-208 given orally for 24 days significantly abrogated the growth of PC3 subcutaneous tumor xenografts in nude mice, which was accompanied by reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis and decreased expression of PKD biomarkers including survivin and Bcl-xL. Our study has identified SD-208 as a novel efficacious PKD small molecule inhibitor, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of targeted inhibition of PKD for prostate cancer treatment.

Studies toward an ideal fluorescence method to measure palladium in functionalized organic molecules: effects of sodium borohydride, temperature, phosphine ligand, and phosphate ions on kinetics.

Residual metals in fine chemicals are currently detected by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, which requires expensive instrumentation and does not have high-throughput capabilities. Although fluorescent probes can be amenable to high-throughput analyses of metals, the utility of such analyses is limited due to the lack of generality. Herein, we report a significant improvement (≈19-fold) to our previously reported catalysis-based fluorescent probe for palladium. Specifically, we found that slightly elevated temperature dramatically improved the generality of the method and that the deallylation reaction of the nonfluorescent compound 1 was accelerated by phosphate ions in aqueous media. This method was capable of detecting 0.2 ppb palladium. We demonstrated reasonably accurate palladium detection in various active pharmaceutical ingredients and highly functionalized organic compounds.