Perinatal Tetrahydrocannabinol Compromises Maternal Care and Increases Litter Attrition in the Long-Evans Rat.

The marijuana legalization trend in the U.S. will likely lead to increased use by younger adults during gestation and postpartum. The current study examined the hypothesis that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) would disrupt voluntary maternal care behaviors and negatively impact offspring development. Rat dams were gavaged with 0, 2, 5, or 10 mg/kg THC from the 1st day of gestation through the 21st postnatal day. Somatic growth and developmental milestones were measured in the offspring, and maternal pup retrieval tests were conducted on postnatal days 1, 3, and 5. THC did not affect body growth but produced transient delays in the righting reflex and eye opening in offspring. However, there was significant pup mortality due to impaired maternal care. Dams in all THC groups took significantly longer to retrieve their pups to the nest and often failed to retrieve any pups. Serum levels of THC and metabolites measured at this time were comparable to those in breastfeeding women who are chronic users. Benchmark doses associated with a 10% reduction of pup retrieval or increased pup mortality were 0.383 (BMDL 0.228) and 0.794 (BMDL 0.442) mg/kg THC, respectively. The current findings indicate that maternal care is an important and heretofore overlooked index of THC behavioral toxicity and should be included in future assessments of THC's health risks.

Firstborn Children's Reactions to Mother-Doll Interaction Do Not Predict Their Jealousy of a Newborn Sibling: A Longitudinal Pilot Study.

Mothers are concerned about their firstborn children's acceptance of a baby sibling. Observing children's reactions to mothers interacting with an infant doll simulator has been offered as one means of seeing how children will react to the baby sibling. A longitudinal pilot study with 30 pregnant mothers and their firstborn children was conducted comparing children's behaviors to mother-doll interaction in the laboratory before birth with behaviors during home observations of mother-sibling interaction 1 month after birth. Children responded to mother-doll and mother-sibling interaction differently, with no significant associations across children's behaviors in mother-doll and mother-sibling interactions. The use of an infant doll simulator before birth did not reliably predict children's behavioral adjustment after the birth of a baby sibling.

Mother of One to Mother of Two: A Textual Analysis of Second-Time Mothers' Posts on the BabyCenter LLC Website.

Mothers use online resources frequently to obtain information on pregnancy, birth, and parenting. Yet, second-time mothers may have different concerns than first-time mothers given they have a newborn infant and another child at home. The current study conducted an on-line textual analysis of the posts of second-time mothers during pregnancy and the first months postpartum on the BabyCenter LLC website, one of the largest online parenting communities. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) analysis on roughly 16,000 posts to BabyCenter birth clubs in 2017 by approximately 4,000 users revealed second-time mothers relied on the online support of the BabyCenter community to share and discuss topics of pregnancy, birth, and child rearing. Second-time mothers also raised questions about preparing their firstborn children for a new baby sibling, how they would care for two children, whether they would love the second one as much as the first, and how the second child would change family dynamics. Future research needs to recognize that second-time mothers may have distinct concerns surrounding the birth of their second baby, and antenatal education and parenting classes may need to be modified to be more inclusive of these women's needs and perspectives. Online parenting communities offer avenues to support women as they make the transition from one child to two and may provide targeted opportunities to disseminate evidence-based practices that can assist these women and their children.

CSPα reduces aggregates and rescues striatal dopamine release in α-synuclein transgenic mice.

α-Synuclein aggregation at the synapse is an early event in Parkinson's disease and is associated with impaired striatal synaptic function and dopaminergic neuronal death. The cysteine string protein (CSPα) and α-synuclein have partially overlapping roles in maintaining synaptic function and mutations in each cause neurodegenerative diseases. CSPα is a member of the DNAJ/HSP40 family of co-chaperones and like α-synuclein, chaperones the SNARE complex assembly and controls neurotransmitter release. α-Synuclein can rescue neurodegeneration in CSPαKO mice. However, whether α-synuclein aggregation alters CSPα expression and function is unknown. Here we show that α-synuclein aggregation at the synapse is associated with a decrease in synaptic CSPα and a reduction in the complexes that CSPα forms with HSC70 and STGa. We further show that viral delivery of CSPα rescues in vitro the impaired vesicle recycling in PC12 cells with α-synuclein aggregates and in vivo reduces synaptic α-synuclein aggregates increasing monomeric α-synuclein and restoring normal dopamine release in 1-120hαSyn mice. These novel findings reveal a mechanism by which α-synuclein aggregation alters CSPα at the synapse, and show that CSPα rescues α-synuclein aggregation-related phenotype in 1-120hαSyn mice similar to the effect of α-synuclein in CSPαKO mice. These results implicate CSPα as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of early-stage Parkinson's disease.

Social role dysfunction and coping in borderline personality disorder.

Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) often experience deficits in social role functioning, which encompasses the ability to adhere to socially defined rules and norms of behaviour. Additionally, research suggests that coping styles influence the way individuals with BPD manage stress and that symptom presentation and functioning in individuals with BPD vary across genders. This study sought to explore these variables via moderated mediation, investigating the mediating influence of coping styles on the association between BPD symptoms and social role dysfunction and if these associations were further moderated by gender. Participants (N = 233) were outpatients attending a programme for personality dysfunction. Participants completed measures of BPD symptoms, coping styles and social role dysfunction. Moderated mediation indicated that for women, emotion-oriented coping and social diversion-oriented coping mediated the association between BPD symptoms and social dysfunction. While BPD symptoms were positively associated with emotion coping, which was positively associated with social role dysfunction, BPD symptoms were negatively associated with social diversion coping, which was negatively associated with social role dysfunction. For men, coping did not mediate the association between BPD symptoms and social role dysfunction. Our findings may indicate that social support and a healthy social network may play an important part in the ongoing social role functioning of women with BPD. From this, potential early therapeutic interventions targeting safe social engagement in times of stress may decrease the pervasive and persistent nature of social dysfunction in BPD. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Development of externalizing symptoms across the toddler period: The critical role of older siblings.

We examined child and family risk factors that were associated with the development of individual differences in externalizing problems across the toddler years. Our central hypothesis was that toddlers with more aggressive and disruptive older siblings would be at elevated risk for heightened levels of externalizing behavior. We tested this hypothesis in the context of other theoretically relevant risk factors: toddlers' inhibitory and internalized control, experiences of coercive parental discipline, and gender. Participants were 167 toddlers, their older siblings, and parents in a longitudinal study following younger siblings across the first 3 years of life. Mothers and fathers contributed ratings of externalizing symptoms between 1 and 18 months across the transition to siblinghood for older siblings and 18 to 36 months for younger siblings. Toddlers' inhibitory and internalized control were assessed using behavioral and parent report measures, and parents completed questionnaires concerning their use of coercive discipline. Individual differences in toddler externalizing symptoms were highly stable between 18 and 36 months of age for a sample of second-born children with older siblings, even though there was evidence of significant decline in externalizing symptoms from 18 to 36 months. As predicted, toddlers with elevated levels of externalizing symptoms tended to have older siblings with higher externalizing difficulties across the first 18 months of the younger sibling's life. Thus, these findings highlighted the need for further research on older siblings' contributions to the behavioral development of their toddler-age younger siblings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Efficacy of Sibling Preparation Classes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of sibling preparation classes to facilitate the adjustment of a firstborn child to the birth of a sibling. DESIGN: Longitudinal study with five measurement occasions: third trimester of the mother's pregnancy and 1, 4, 8, and 12 months after the sibling's birth. SETTING: Communities in southeastern Michigan. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 241 families, including mothers, fathers, and firstborn children. METHODS: Mothers and fathers completed questionnaires to assess changes in children's adjustment. Parents were also asked about their children's attendance at a sibling preparation class focused specifically on preparation for the newborn. Effects of attendance were tested using linear mixed models. RESULTS: Other than avoidance of the infant, children who attended sibling preparation classes did not differ from children who did not attend. CONCLUSION: Sibling preparation classes for adjustment after the birth of an infant sibling had few effects on participants.

Predicting a Drug's Membrane Permeability: A Computational Model Validated With in Vitro Permeability Assay Data.

Membrane permeability is a key property to consider during the drug design process, and particularly vital when dealing with small molecules that have intracellular targets as their efficacy highly depends on their ability to cross the membrane. In this work, we describe the use of umbrella sampling molecular dynamics (MD) computational modeling to comprehensively assess the passive permeability profile of a range of compounds through a lipid bilayer. The model was initially calibrated through in vitro validation studies employing a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA). The model was subsequently evaluated for its quantitative prediction of permeability profiles for a series of custom synthesized and closely related compounds. The results exhibited substantially improved agreement with the PAMPA data, relative to alternative existing methods. Our work introduces a computational model that underwent progressive molding and fine-tuning as a result of its synergistic collaboration with numerous in vitro PAMPA permeability assays. The presented computational model introduces itself as a useful, predictive tool for permeability prediction.

NxTrim: optimized trimming of Illumina mate pair reads.

MOTIVATION: Mate pair protocols add to the utility of paired-end sequencing by boosting the genomic distance spanned by each pair of reads, potentially allowing larger repeats to be bridged and resolved. The Illumina Nextera Mate Pair (NMP) protocol uses a circularization-based strategy that leaves behind 38-bp adapter sequences, which must be computationally removed from the data. While 'adapter trimming' is a well-studied area of bioinformatics, existing tools do not fully exploit the particular properties of NMP data and discard more data than is necessary. RESULTS: We present NxTrim, a tool that strives to discard as little sequence as possible from NMP reads. NxTrim makes full use of the sequence on both sides of the adapter site to build 'virtual libraries' of mate pairs, paired-end reads and single-ended reads. For bacterial data, we show that aggregating these datasets allows a single NMP library to yield an assembly whose quality compares favourably to that obtained from regular paired-end reads. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The source code is available at https://github.com/sequencing/NxTrim

Fused tricyclic pyrrolizinones that exhibit pseudo-irreversible blockade of the NK1 receptor.

Previously, we had disclosed a novel class of hNK(1) antagonists based on the 5,5-fused pyrrolidine core. These compounds displayed subnanomolar hNK(1) affinity along with good efficacy in a gerbil foot-tapping (GFT) model, but unfortunately they had low to moderate functional antagonist (IP-1) activity. To elaborate on the SAR of this class of hNK(1) compounds and to improve functional activity, we have designed and synthesized a new class of hNK(1) antagonist with a third fused ring. Compared to the 5,5-fused pyrrolidine class, these 5,5,5-fused tricyclic hNK(1) antagonists maintain subnanomolar hNK(1) binding affinity with highly improved functional IP-1 activity (<10% SP remaining). A fused tricyclic methyl, hydroxyl geminally substituted pyrrolizinone (compound 20) had excellent functional IP (<2% SP remaining), hNK(1) binding affinity, off-target selectivity, pharmacokinetic profile and in vivo activity. Complete inhibition of agonist activity was observed at both 0 and 24h in the gerbil foot-tapping model with an ID(50) of 0.02 mpk at both 0 and 24h, respectively.

Tetrahydroindolizinone NK1 antagonists.

A new class of potent NK(1) receptor antagonists with a tetrahydroindolizinone core has been identified. This series of compounds demonstrated improved functional activities as compared to previously identified 5,5-fused pyrrolidine lead structures. SAR at the 7-position of the tetrahydroindolizinone core is discussed in detail. A number of compounds displayed high NK(1) receptor occupancy at both 1 h and 24 h in a gerbil foot tapping model. Compound 40 has high NK(1) binding affinity, good selectivity for other NK receptors and promising in vivo properties. It also has clean P(450) inhibition and hPXR induction profiles.

Substituted fused bicyclic pyrrolizinones as potent, orally bioavailable hNK1 antagonists.

Previous work on human NK(1) (hNK(1)) antagonists in which the core of the structure is a 5,5-fused pyrrolizinone has been disclosed. The structural-activity-relationship studies on simple alpha- and beta-substituted compounds of this series provided several potent and bioavailable hNK(1) antagonists that displayed excellent brain penetration as observed by their good efficacy in the gerbil foot-tapping (GFT) model assay. Several of these compounds exhibited 100% inhibition of the foot-tapping response at 0.1 and 24h with ID(50)'s of less than 1 mpk. One particular alpha-substituted compound (2b) had an excellent pharmacokinetic profile across preclinical species with reasonable in vivo functional activity and minimal ancillary activity.

Potent, brain-penetrant, hydroisoindoline-based human neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists.

3-[(3aR,4R,5S,7aS)-5-{(1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethoxy}-4-(4-fluorophenyl)octahydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl]cyclopent-2-en-1-one (17) is a high affinity, brain-penetrant, hydroisoindoline-based neurokinin-1 (NK(1)) receptor antagonist with a long central duration of action in preclinical species and a minimal drug-drug interaction profile. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies in rhesus showed that this compound provides 90% NK(1) receptor blockade in rhesus brain at a plasma level of 67 nM, which is about 10-fold more potent than aprepitant, an NK(1) antagonist marketed for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced and postoperative nausea and vomiting (CINV and PONV). The synthesis of this enantiomerically pure compound containing five stereocenters includes a Diels-Alder condensation, one chiral separation of the cyclohexanol intermediate, an ether formation using a trichloroacetimidate intermediate, and bis-alkylation to form the cyclic amine.

Fused bicyclic pyrrolizinones as new scaffolds for human NK1 antagonists.

Previous work on human NK(1) antagonists in which the core of the structure is a substituted pyrrolidine has been disclosed. These compounds showed good binding affinity and functional IP activity, however, many did not exhibit the necessary brain penetration for good in vivo activity. The discovery and preparation of a novel 5,5-fused pyrrolidine core is presented in this paper. This scaffold maintains the excellent binding affinity and functional IP activity of the previously reported compounds, but also exhibits excellent brain penetration as observed in a gerbil foot-tapping assay. The determination of the core structural stereochemistry, which eventually led to the final synthesis of a single active diastereomer, is described.

Pyrrolidine-carboxamides and oxadiazoles as potent hNK1 antagonists.

The preparation and structure-activity-relationships of novel pyrrolidine-carboxamides and oxadiazoles are described. Compounds in this series were found to be potent hNK(1) antagonists in vitro and efficacious in vivo with minimal interactions with P(450) liver enzymes. Oxadiazole analog 22 was determined to have excellent hNK(1) binding affinity, functional activity, and a good PD response in vivo.

The discovery of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable hNK1 antagonists derived from pyrrolidine.

SAR studies on amides, ureas, and vinylogous amides derived from pyrrolidine led to the discovery of several potent hNK(1) antagonists. One particular vinylogous amide (45b) had excellent potency, selectivity, pharmacokinetic profile, and functional activity in vivo. An in vivo rhesus macaque brain receptor occupancy PET study for compound 45b revealed an estimated Occ(90) approximately 300 ng/ml.

NK1 antagonists based on seven membered lactam scaffolds.

A new class of high affinity hNK1R antagonists based on seven-membered ring cores has been identified. This series, with relatively simple, compact structures, includes compounds with high affinity, good selectivity, and promising in vivo properties.

1-Phenyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ethers: a novel series of neurokinin (NK1) antagonists.

1-Phenyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ethers are NK(1) receptor antagonists. Substitution at the 6-exo-position led to high affinity NK(1) antagonists with a prolonged duration of action in vivo. Incorporation of an alpha-methyl substituent in the pendent benzyl ether side chain gave compounds with increased selectivity over the hERG channel.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane benzylamine NK1 antagonists.

A series of 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane amine hNK1 antagonists has been investigated and structure-activity relationships of the benzylamine and 6-exo substituents described. Acidic substituents at C6 give a series of high affinity compounds for hNK1 with selectivity over the hERG channel.