In vitro assays to evaluate CAR-T cell cytotoxicity.

This chapter introduces four commonly used in vitro chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell cytotoxicity assays (lactate dehydrogenase release assay, 51Cr release assay, IncuCyte live cell killing assay, and xCELLigence real-time analysis) and provides a detailed protocol for xCELLigence real-time analysis. Focusing on in vitro assays, this chapter starts with explaining the mechanisms and discussing the utilization of each assay to quantify T-cell-induced cytotoxicity. Due to the high-throughput quantification and straightforward workflow of xCELLigence real-time analysis, a protocol entailing reagents and equipment, a 3-day step-by-step procedure, and instructions for data analysis are provided.

Unraveling sources of emission heterogeneity in Silicon Vacancy color centers with cryo-cathodoluminescence microscopy.

Diamond color centers have proven to be versatile quantum emitters and exquisite sensors of stress, temperature, electric and magnetic fields, and biochemical processes. Among color centers, the silicon-vacancy (SiV[Formula: see text]) defect exhibits high brightness, minimal phonon coupling, narrow optical linewidths, and high degrees of photon indistinguishability. Yet the creation of reliable and scalable SiV[Formula: see text]-based color centers has been hampered by heterogeneous emission, theorized to originate from surface imperfections, crystal lattice strain, defect symmetry, or other lattice impurities. Here, we advance high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy combined with cathodoluminescence spectroscopy and 4D scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to elucidate the structural sources of heterogeneity in SiV[Formula: see text] emission from nanodiamond with sub-nanometer-scale resolution. Our diamond nanoparticles are grown directly on TEM membranes from molecular-level seedings, representing the natural formation conditions of color centers in diamond. We show that individual subcrystallites within a single nanodiamond exhibit distinct zero-phonon line (ZPL) energies and differences in brightness that can vary by 0.1 meV in energy and over 70% in brightness. These changes are correlated with the atomic-scale lattice structure. We find that ZPL blue-shifts result from tensile strain, while ZPL red shifts are due to compressive strain. We also find that distinct crystallites host distinct densities of SiV[Formula: see text] emitters and that grain boundaries impact SiV[Formula: see text] emission significantly. Finally, we interrogate nanodiamonds as small as 40 nm in diameter and show that these diamonds exhibit no spatial change to their ZPL energy. Our work provides a foundation for atomic-scale structure-emission correlation, e.g., of single atomic defects in a range of quantum and two-dimensional materials.

Characterizing prescription opioid, heroin, and fentanyl initiation trajectories: A qualitative study.

We understand the current crisis of overdose deaths to be driven by widespread opioid use, characterized by distinct 'waves' of drug use. The first wave was driven by prescription opioids, the second by heroin, and the third by illicit, non-pharmaceutical fentanyl and fentanyl analogues (henceforth, fentanyl). The purpose of this study is to describe opioid initiation within each of the three waves from the perspective of people who use illicit opioids, with a focus on emerging pathways into fentanyl use. The authors recruited sixty people reporting past-30-day illicit opioid use in Dayton, Ohio. Participants completed a brief survey and a semi-structured in-depth qualitative interview, conducted from March to November 2020 with a total of 13 in-person and 47 virtual interviews. The qualitative interviews were transcribed in their entirety and analyzed thematically using NVivo 12. We noted supply-side changes as influencing trajectories in all three waves. However, we also noted differences in the experiences of prescription opioid and heroin initiation, with these trajectories influenced by pharmacological effects, pain management, curiosity, intergenerational use, pricing, and peers. In comparison, most participants were unaware that they were initiating fentanyl, and many reported overdosing with their first use of fentanyl. We identified a trajectory into fentanyl with limited to no prior heroin use among a few participants. The increased risk of overdose with initiation into fentanyl use further emphasizes the need for an expansion of naloxone distribution and the implementation of more comprehensive measures, such as overdose prevention centers, drug testing, and a safer supply. Further research on the dynamics of the ongoing overdose death crisis in the era of fentanyl and the 4th wave of the overdose crisis is critical in developing responsive prevention and intervention strategies.

NCCN Policy Summit: Reducing the Cancer Burden Through Prevention and Early Detection.

Cancer prevention, screening, and early detection play an integral role in cancer incidence and outcomes. It is estimated that 30% to 50% of cancers worldwide are preventable, and it is well established that early detection of many cancers is associated with improved treatment outcomes. A recent NCCN Policy Summit: Reducing the Cancer Burden Through Prevention and Early Detection brought together healthcare providers, payers, policymakers, patient advocates, industry representatives, and technology representatives to explore challenges, triumphs, and outstanding questions surrounding current practices. Keynotes were delivered by Dr. Lisa Richardson, Director of the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control within the CDC, and Dr. Danielle Carnival, White House Cancer Moonshot Coordinator. Dr. Richardson focused on the field of public health, translating its utility in preventing and diagnosing cancer in the United States, while Dr. Carnival discussed ambitious goals by the Cancer Moonshot in reducing the cancer burden. Panelists highlighted characteristics of high-impact prevention and early detection programs, including how genetic testing has impacted this space. Existing programs are often challenged due to limitations in data, as well as financial, structural, and social barriers to motivating individuals to act on recommendations. Despite these barriers, we can learn from highly successful programs and should apply proven attributes, such as community engagement, more broadly.

NCCN Virtual Policy Summit: Defining the "New Normal" - 2021 and the State of Cancer Care in America Following 2020.

US healthcare systems have been deeply impacted by significant societal shifts over the past several years. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we interact with healthcare, political narratives have impacted how healthcare is perceived and engaged with by the public, and the United States has become increasingly aware of historic and ongoing racial injustices across all health and social systems. The watershed events experienced during the last several years play a critical role in shaping the future of cancer care for payers, providers, manufacturers, and, most importantly, patients and survivors. To explore these issues, in June 2021 NCCN convened a virtual policy summit: Defining the "New Normal" - 2021 and the State of Cancer Care in America Following 2020. This summit offered the opportunity for a varied group of stakeholders to begin to explore the impact of recent events on the current and future state of oncology in the United States. Topics included the impact of COVID-19 on cancer detection and treatment, the role of innovation in ensuring continuity of care, and efforts to create more equitable systems of care.

NCCN Policy Summit: Cancer Care in the Workplace: Building a 21st Century Workplace for Patients, Survivors, and Caretakers.

Survival rates for people with cancer and quality of life for survivors have increased significantly as a result of innovations in cancer treatment, improvements in early detection, and improved healthcare access. In the United States, 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime. As more cancer survivors and patients remain in the workforce, employers must evaluate how they can adjust workplace policies to meet employee and business needs. Unfortunately, many people still encounter barriers to remaining in the workplace following a cancer diagnosis for themselves or a loved one. In an effort to explore the impacts of contemporary employment policies on patients with cancer, cancer survivors, and caregivers, NCCN hosted the Policy Summit "Cancer Care in the Workplace: Building a 21st Century Workplace for Cancer Patients, Survivors, and Caretakers" on June 17, 2022. This hybrid event, through keynotes and multistakeholder panel discussions, explored issues regarding employer benefit design, policy solutions, current best and promising practices for return to work, and how these issues impact treatment, survivorship, and caregiving in the cancer community.

The Value and Process of Inclusion: Using Sensitive, Respectful, and Inclusive Language and Images in NCCN Content.

A core component of NCCN's mission is to improve and facilitate equitable cancer care. Inclusion and representation of diverse populations are essential toward this goal of equity. Within NCCN's professional content, inclusivity increases the likelihood that clinicians are prepared to provide optimal oncology care to all patients; within NCCN's patient-facing content, it helps ensure that cancer information is relevant and accessible for all individuals. This article describes changes that have been made in the language and images used in the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) and the NCCN Guidelines for Patients to promote justice, respect, and inclusion for all patients with cancer. The goals are to use language that is person-first, nonstigmatizing, inclusive of individuals of all sexual orientations and gender identities, and anti-racist, anti-classist, anti-misogynist, anti-ageist, anti-ableist, and anti-fat-biased. NCCN also seeks to incorporate multifaceted diversity in images and illustrations. NCCN is committed to continued and expanding efforts to ensure its publications are inclusive, respectful, and trustworthy, and that they advance just, equitable, high-quality, and effective cancer care for all.

Trajectories of non-prescribed buprenorphine and other opioid use: A multi-trajectory latent class growth analysis.

INTRODUCTION: With the increasing use of non-prescribed buprenorphine (NPB), we need more data to identify the longitudinal patterns of NPB use. The goal of this natural history study is to characterize heterogeneity in trajectories of NPB, other opioid use, and participation in medication for opioid disorder (MOUD) treatment among a community-recruited sample of individuals with current opioid use disorder (OUD). METHODS: The study recruited a community-based sample of 357 individuals with OUD who used NPB in the past 6 months in Ohio, United States, for baseline and follow-up assessments (every 6 months for 2 years) of drug use, treatment participation, and other health and psychosocial characteristics. The study used multiple imputation to handle missing data. We used a multi-trajectory latent class growth analysis (MT-LCGA) to find salient groupings of participants based on the trajectories of NPB, other opioid use, and treatment participation. RESULTS: Over time, NPB use frequency declined from a mean of 14.6 % of days at baseline to 3.6 % of days at 24-month follow-up along with declines in heroin/fentanyl (56.4 % to 23.6 % of days) and non-prescribed pharmaceutical opioid (NPPO) use (11.6 % to 1.5 % of days). Participation in MOUD treatment increased from a mean of 17.0 % of days at baseline to 52.4 % of days at 24 months. MT-LCGA identified a 6-class model. All six classes showed declines in NPB use. Class 1 (28 %) was characterized by high and increasing MOUD treatment utilization. Class 2 (21 %) showed sustained high levels of heroin/fentanyl use and had the lowest levels of NPB use (2.2 % of days) at baseline. Class 3 (3 %) was characterized as the primary NPPO use group. Class 4 (5 %) transitioned from high levels of NPB use to increased MOUD treatment utilization. It had the highest levels of NPB use at baseline (average of 80.7 % of days) that decreased to an average of 12.9 % of days at 24 months. Class 5 (16 %) showed transition from high levels of heroin/fentanyl use to increased MOUD treatment utilization. Class 6 (27 %) showed decreased heroin/fentanyl use over time and low MOUD treatment utilization. Classes showed varying levels of improvement in psychosocial functioning, polydrug use, and overdose risks. CONCLUSION: Overall, our findings suggest that NPB use was generally self-limiting with individuals reducing their use over time as some engage in greater utilization of MOUD treatment. A need exists for continuing improvements in MOUD treatment access and retention.

Advancing More Equitable Care Through the Development of a Health Equity Report Card.

The root causes of racial disparities in access to optimal cancer care and related cancer outcomes are complex, multifactorial, and not rooted in biology. Contributing factors to racial disparities in care delivery include implicit and explicit bias, lack of representation of people of color in the oncology care and research workforce, and homogenous research participants that are not representative of the larger community. Systemic and structural barriers include policies leading to lack of insurance and underinsurance, costs of cancer treatment and associated ancillary costs of care, disparate access to clinical trials, and social determinants of health, including exposure to environmental hazards, access to housing, childcare, and economic injustices. To address these issues, ACS CAN, NCCN, and NMQF convened the Elevating Cancer Equity (ECE) initiative. The ECE Working Group developed the Health Equity Report Card (HERC). In this manuscript, we describe the process taken by the ECE Working Group to develop the HERC recommendations, the strategies employed by NCCN to develop an implementation plan and scoring methodology for the HERC, and next steps to pilot the HERC tool in practice settings.

Patient, Caregiver, and Oncologist Experiences With and Perceptions of Racial Bias and Discrimination in Cancer Care Delivery.

BACKGROUND: Cancer prevention and treatment systems are significantly impacted by interpersonal, organizational, and structural and systemic racism. A wide body of research has found that racial disparities in access to guideline-adherent cancer care are pervasive throughout the United States and contributing factors include social determinants of health, insurance status, and bias and discrimination in care delivery. Although the existence of racial disparities in cancer care and outcomes is well established, there has been limited research exploring the patient and caregiver experience with bias and discrimination in cancer care. METHODS: Two national surveys were conducted, one of patients and caregivers and one of oncologists. The surveys examined patient and caregiver experiences with and oncologist perceptions of racial disparities in cancer care. RESULTS: The surveys found that when patients and caregivers were asked about negative care experiences, differences across race were observed. Patients and caregivers identifying as African American/Black (AA/B) or Hispanic/Latino (H/L) were more likely to report at least one negative care experience than patients and caregivers identifying as White (W). Patients who were AA/B or H/L were also more likely than W patients to report that the healthcare system treats people unfairly based on their racial or ethnic background and that racial bias occurs often or very often when a patient and doctor are of different racial/ethnic background. A slight majority of oncologists reported that the healthcare system treats people unfairly based on their racial or ethnic background. CONCLUSIONS: The survey results highlight a need for improved racial representation in the oncology professional workforce, improved implicit bias training, and improved clinical trial recruitment efforts.

Chimeric adenoviral (Ad5.F35) and listeria vector prime-boost immunization is safe and effective for cancer immunotherapy.

Strategies to augment immunity to self/neoantigens expressed by cancers are urgently needed to expand the proportion of patients benefiting from immunotherapy, particularly for GI cancers where only a fraction of patients respond to immunotherapies. However, current vaccine strategies are limited by poor immunogenicity, pre-existing vector-specific immunity, and vaccine-induced vector-specific immunity. Here, we examined a prime-boost strategy using a chimeric adenoviral vector (Ad5.F35) that resists pre-existing immunity followed by recombinant Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) to amplify immunity to the GI cancer antigen GUCY2C. This previously unexplored combination enhanced the quantity, avidity, polyfunctionality, and antitumor efficacy of GUCY2C-specific effector CD8+ T cells, without toxicity in any tissue, including GUCY2C-expressing intestines and brain. Importantly, this combination was partially resistant to pre-existing immunity to Ad5 which is endemic in human populations and vector-specific immunity did not limit the ability of multiple Lm administrations to repeatedly enhance GUCY2C-specific responses. Broadly, these findings suggest that cancer patient immunizations targeting self/neoantigens, as well as immunizations for difficult infectious diseases (HIV, malaria, etc), may be most successful using a combination of Ad5.F35-based priming, followed by Lm-based boosting. More specifically, Lm-GUCY2C may be utilized to amplify GUCY2C-specific immunity in patients receiving adenovirus-based GUCY2C vaccines currently in clinical trials to prevent or treat recurrent GI cancer.

Synthetic Doping of Diamondoids through Skeletal Editing.

We present a strategy for the skeletal editing of diamondoid structures to selectively displace methylene for heteroatom moieties in the carbon framework. This constitutes a synthetic approach to doping diamond-like structures with electron donor dopants (O, N, and S). The key steps involve two subsequent retro-Barbier fragmentations followed by cage reconstruction in the presence of a dopant. Remarkably, the incorporation of n-dopants reduces the strain of the diamondoid cage as shown through homodesmotic equations.

T-Cell Responses to Immunodominant Listeria Epitopes Limit Vaccine-Directed Responses to the Colorectal Cancer Antigen, Guanylyl Cyclase C.

The Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is an emerging platform for cancer immunotherapy. To date, over 30 clinical trials have been initiated testing Lm cancer vaccines across a wide variety of cancers, including lung, cervical, colorectal, and pancreatic. Here, we assessed the immunogenicity of an Lm vaccine against the colorectal tumor antigen GUCY2C (Lm-GUCY2C). Surprisingly, Lm-GUCY2C vaccination did not prime naïve GUCY2C-specific CD8+ T-cell responses towards the dominant H-2Kd-restricted epitope, GUCY2C254-262. However, Lm-GUCY2C produced robust CD8+ T-cell responses towards Lm-derived peptides suggesting that GUCY2C254-262 peptide may be subdominant to Lm-derived peptides. Indeed, incorporating immunogenic Lm peptides into an adenovirus-based GUCY2C vaccine previously shown to induce robust GUCY2C254-262 immunity completely suppressed GUCY2C254-262 responses. Comparison of immunogenic Lm-derived peptides to GUCY2C254-262 revealed that Lm-derived peptides form highly stable peptide-MHC complexes with H-2Kd compared to GUCY2C254-262 peptide. Moreover, amino acid substitution at a critical anchoring residue for H-2Kd binding, producing GUCY2CF255Y, significantly improved stability with H-2Kd and rescued GUCY2C254-262 immunogenicity in the context of Lm vaccination. Collectively, these studies suggest that Lm antigens may compete with and suppress the immunogenicity of target vaccine antigens and that use of altered peptide ligands with enhanced peptide-MHC stability may be necessary to elicit robust immune responses. These studies suggest that optimizing target antigen competitiveness with Lm antigens or alternative immunization regimen strategies, such as prime-boost, may be required to maximize the clinical utility of Lm-based vaccines.

Targeting gastrointestinal cancers with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy.

The immune system is capable of remarkably potent and specific efficacy against infectious diseases. For decades, investigators sought to leverage those characteristics to create immune-based therapies (immunotherapy) that might be far more effective and less toxic than conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer. Those studies revealed many factors and mechanisms underlying the success or failure of cancer immunotherapy, leading to synthetic biology approaches, including CAR-T cell therapy. In this approach, patient T cells are genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that converts T cells of any specificity into tumor-specific T cells that can be expanded to large numbers and readministered to the patient to eliminate cancer cells, including bulky metastatic disease. This approach has been most successful against hematologic cancers, resulting in five FDA approvals to date. Here, we discuss some of the most promising attempts to apply this technology to cancers of the gastrointestinal tract.

Development and evaluation of safety and effectiveness of novel cancer screening tests for routine clinical use with applications to multicancer detection technologies.

Multicancer screening is a promising approach to improving the detection of preclinical disease, but current technologies have limited ability to identify precursor or early stage lesions, and approaches for developing the evidentiary chain are unclear. Frameworks to enable development and evaluation from discovery through evidence of clinical effectiveness are discussed.

Evaluation of CAR-T cell cytotoxicity: Real-time impedance-based analysis.

This chapter describes the most common method for evaluating cytotoxicity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, the xCELLigence real-time cell analysis (RTCA) platform (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA). Though there are a variety of assays used to evaluate conventional and engineered T cell cytotoxicity, the benefit of the xCELLigence platform is the depth of real-time data collected. This chapter begins by providing information on the conceptual basis underlying the xCELLigence assay, followed by a detailed protocol for the application of this assay to evaluate your own CAR-T cells, as well as specific insight and helpful tips for assay design, usage, and data analysis. Application of the information and methods discussed within this chapter will provide a greater understanding for evaluating cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells using this in vitro model system.

NCCN Virtual Patient Advocacy Summit: Cancer Across the Lifespan.

Patients with cancer have widely divergent experiences throughout their care from screening through survivorship. Differences in care delivery and outcomes may be due to varying patient preferences, patient needs according to stage of life, access to care, and implicit or explicit bias in care according to patient age. NCCN convened a series of stakeholder meetings with patients, caregivers, and patient advocacy groups to discuss the complex challenges and robust opportunities in this space. These meetings informed the NCCN Virtual Patient Advocacy Summit: Cancer Across the Lifespan held on December 10, 2020, which featured a keynote presentation, multidisciplinary panels, and presentations from patient advocacy organizations. This article encapsulates and expounds upon the findings from the stakeholder meetings and discussions during the summit.