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Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) is a significant cause of severe invasive infections in Vietnam, yet data on its epidemiology, population structure and dynamics are scarce. We screened hvKp isolates from patients with bloodstream infections (BSIs) at a tertiary infectious diseases hospital in Vietnam and healthy individuals, followed by whole genome sequencing and plasmid analysis. Among 700 BSI-causing Kp strains, 100 (14.3%) were hvKp. Thirteen hvKp isolates were identified from 350 rectal swabs of healthy adults; none from 500 rectal swabs of healthy children. The hvKp isolates were genetically diverse, encompassing 17 sequence types (STs), predominantly ST23, ST86 and ST65. Among the 113 hvKp isolates, 14 (12.6%) carried at least one antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene, largely mediated by IncFII, IncR, and IncA/C plasmids. Notably, the acquisition of AMR conjugative plasmids facilitated horizontal transfer of the non-conjugative virulence plasmid between K. pneumoniae strains. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated hvKp isolates from BSIs and human carriage clustered together, suggesting a significant role of intestinal carriage in hvKp transmission. Enhanced surveillance is crucial to understand the factors driving intestinal carriage and hvKp transmission dynamics for informing preventive measures. Furthermore, we advocate the clinical use of our molecular assay for diagnosing hvKp infections to guide effective management.
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Infecciones por Klebsiella , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Filogenia , Plásmidos , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Klebsiella pneumoniae/patogenicidad , Klebsiella pneumoniae/aislamiento & purificación , Vietnam/epidemiología , Humanos , Plásmidos/genética , Infecciones por Klebsiella/epidemiología , Infecciones por Klebsiella/microbiología , Virulencia/genética , Adulto , Femenino , Transferencia de Gen Horizontal , Masculino , Genoma Bacteriano , Persona de Mediana Edad , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Niño , Genómica , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genéticaRESUMEN
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a food-borne zoonotic pathogen with important implications for human health. Despite its importance, the burden of NTS infections in Vietnam is unknown. We conducted a systematic review and a meta-analysis to describe the prevalence and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) for NTS over time in Vietnam. Following PRISMA guidelines, we identified 72 studies from PubMed and Google Scholar containing data relevant to 'Salmonella', 'Salmonellosis', and 'Vietnam', or 'Viet Nam'. Of those, forty-two papers reporting prevalence of NTS, and twenty-six including data on phenotypic resistance were selected for meta-analysis. The prevalence of NTS ranged from 2% to 5% in humans and from 30% to 41% in samples from animals and the farm/slaughterhouse environment. Between 2000 and 2020 we observed a 27.3% (p = 0.044) increase in absolute terms in prevalence among individuals with enteric diseases and a 12.0% (p = 0.047) increase in aquaculture/seafood samples. The most commonly serovars identified across studies included S. Weltevreden (12.0%), followed by S. Typhimurium (10.1%), S. Derby (6.4%), S. London (5.8%), S. Anatum (4.4%), S. Rissen (3.9%), S. Enteritidis (3.7%), S. Albany (3.3%) and S. 4,[5],12:i:- (3.0%). Over the same period, there was an increasing trend in the pooled AMR prevalence for quinolones (15.6% relative increase), 3rd-, 4th-, and 5th-generation cephalosporins (23.7%), penicillins (16.1%), tetracyclines (12.9%), sulfonamides (8.8%), amphenicol (17.8%), and multidrug resistance (11.4%) (all p ≤ 0.014). A broad range of AMR genes (ARGs) were detected in both human and animal populations. The observed prevalence and AMR trends in Vietnam underscore the need of adopting a One Health strategy encompassing surveillance systems, research initiatives, and awareness campaigns to effectively address the challenges posed by NTS.
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Antiinfecciosos , Ganado , Humanos , Animales , Vietnam , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , AcuiculturaRESUMEN
Many studies on phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of bacteria from healthy populations are conducted on freeze-stored samples. However, the impact of this practice on phenotypic AMR is not known. We investigated the prevalence of phenotypic AMR in Escherichia coli from chicken (n = 10) and human (n = 11) faecal samples collected from healthy subjects, subject to freeze storage (-20 °C and -80 °C) for 1, 2, 3, and 6 months. We compared counts of E. coli and prevalence of phenotypic resistance against five antimicrobials commonly used in chicken farming (ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin, and florfenicol) with samples processed within 24 h of collection. Prevalence of phenotypic AMR was estimated by performing differential counts on agar media with and without antimicrobials. At -20 °C, there was a considerable reduction in E. coli counts over time, and this reduction was greater for human samples (-0.630 log10 units per 100 days) compared with chicken samples (-0.178 log10 units per 100 days). For most antimicrobials, AMR prevalence estimates decreased in freeze-stored samples both in humans and chickens over time. Based on these results, we conclude that results on the prevalence of phenotypic AMR on samples from freeze-stored samples are unreliable, and only fresh samples should be used in such studies.
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In the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, farmers use large quantities of antimicrobials to raise small-scale chicken flocks, often including active ingredients regarded of "critical importance'" by the World Health Organization. Due to limitations in laboratory capacity, the choice of antimicrobials normally does not follow any empirical criteria of effectiveness. The aim of this study was to highlight non-critically important antimicrobials against which chicken pathogens are likely to be susceptible as a basis for treatment guidelines. Microtiter broth dilution method was performed to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12 commonly used antimicrobials for 58 isolates, including Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) (n = 22), Gallibacterium anatis (n = 19), and Avibacterium endocarditidis (n = 17). Unfortunately, internationally accepted breakpoints for resistance in these organisms do not exist. We drew tentative epidemiological cut-offs (TECOFFs) for those antimicrobial-pathogen combinations where MIC distributions suggested the presence of a distinct non-wild-type population. Based on the observed results, doxycycline would be the drug of choice for A.endocarditidis (11.8% presumptive non-wild type) and G. anatis infections (5.3% presumptive non-wild type). A total of 13.6% ORT isolates were non-wild type with regards to oxytetracycline, making it the drug of choice against this pathogen. This study illustrates the challenges in interpreting susceptibility testing results and the need to establish internationally accepted breakpoints for veterinary pathogens.
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The accurate assessment of antimicrobial use (AMU) requires relating quantities of active ingredients (AAIs) with population denominators. These data can be used to prioritize potential sources of selective pressure for antimicrobial resistance and to establish reduction targets. Here, we estimated AMU in Vietnam (human population 93.4 M in 2015), and compared it with European Union (EU) data (population 511.5 M in 2014). We extrapolated AMU data on each key animal species and humans from different published sources to calculate overall AMU (in tonnes) in Vietnam. We then compared these data with published statistics on AMU in the European Union (EU). A total of 3838 t of antimicrobials were used in Vietnam, of which 2751 (71.7%) corresponded to animal use, and the remainder (1086 t; 28.3%) to human AMU. This equates to 261.7 mg and 247.3 mg per kg of human and animal biomass, compared with 122.0 mg and 151.5 mg in the EU. The greatest quantities of antimicrobials (in decreasing order) were used in pigs (41.7% of total use), humans (28.3%), aquaculture (21.9%) and chickens (4.8%). Combined AMU in other species accounted for < 1.5%. These results are approximate and highlight the need to conduct targeted surveys to improve country-level estimates of AMU.
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Antiinfecciosos/clasificación , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Revisión de la Utilización de Medicamentos/métodos , Animales , Acuicultura , Pollos , Unión Europea , Humanos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Porcinos , VietnamRESUMEN
Commercial small-scale chicken farms managed as all-in-all-out but operating with low standards of hygiene/biosecurity are increasingly common in Vietnam. These conditions facilitate the transmission of gastrointestinal helminths. However, there are no published data on helminths in these systems. We aimed (1) to determine the prevalence/burden of gastrointestinal helminths in small-scale commercial flocks in the Mekong Delta region and (2) to investigate the association between worm burdens and birds' weight and disease status. Randomly selected chickens (n = 120) from 'normal' flocks were investigated at the end of their production cycle (~ 18 weeks), as well as 90 chickens from 'diseased' flocks with signs of respiratory and/or severe disease. The gastrointestinal tract of chickens was dissected and all visible helminths were identified and counted. A total of 54.2% and 54.4% normal and diseased chickens contained helminths. Among colonised birds, the diseased ones harboured a higher mass of helminth worms than normal (healthy) birds (3.8 ± SD 8.6 g vs. 1.9 ± SD 6.3 g, respectively). Eight species were identified, including nematodes (Ascaridia galli, Cheilospirura hamulosa and Heterakis gallinarum), cestodes (Hymenolepis, Raillietina cesticillus, Raillietina echinobothrida, Raillietina tetragona,) and one trematode (Echinostomatidae). Heterakis gallinarum was the most prevalent helminth (43.3% and 42.2% in normal and sick chickens, respectively), followed by A. galli (26.7% and 41.1%). Colonised chickens weighed 101.5 g less than non-colonised birds. Colonisation was higher during the rainy months (May-November) for both H. gallinarum and A. galli. Anthelminthic usage was not associated with reduced helminth burdens. We recommend upgrading cleaning and disinfection and limiting access to ranging areas to control helminths in small-scale chicken flocks.
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Tracto Gastrointestinal/parasitología , Helmintiasis Animal/parasitología , Helmintos/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/parasitología , Animales , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Cestodos/clasificación , Cestodos/aislamiento & purificación , Pollos , Granjas , Helmintiasis Animal/tratamiento farmacológico , Helmintos/clasificación , Nematodos/clasificación , Nematodos/aislamiento & purificación , Prevalencia , Trematodos/clasificación , Trematodos/aislamiento & purificación , VietnamRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The Mekong Delta of Vietnam is a hotspot of antimicrobial use (AMU), but there is no information on the quality of the labelling and strength of antimicrobial products used in poultry production. METHODS: Based on a large random sample of farms, we identified the 20 most used antimicrobial products in the area, and investigated their antimicrobial active ingredient (AAI) content by UPLC-MS/MS (91 analytical tests). RESULTS: Only 17/59 (28.8%) batches contained all AAIs within 10% of the declared strength. Worryingly, 65.0% products provided in their label preparation guidelines for both therapeutic and prophylactic use. Withdrawal times for both meat and eggs were stated in 8/20 (40%) products. CONCLUSION: Results highlight deficiencies in quality and labelling contents that undermine authorities' efforts to discourage inappropriate use of antimicrobials.
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Antibacterianos/química , Pollos , Etiquetado de Medicamentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Animales , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/veterinaria , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , VietnamRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the risk of colonization with ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) in humans in Vietnam associated with non-intensive chicken farming. METHODS: Faecal samples from 204 randomly selected farmers and their chickens, and from 306 age- and sex-matched community-based individuals who did not raise poultry were collected. Antimicrobial usage in chickens and humans was assessed by medicine cabinet surveys. WGS was employed to obtain a high-resolution genomic comparison between ESBL-Ec isolated from humans and chickens. RESULTS: The adjusted prevalence of ESBL-Ec colonization was 20.0% (95% CI 10.8%-29.1%) and 35.2% (95% CI 30.4%-40.1%) in chicken farms and humans in Vietnam, respectively. Colonization with ESBL-Ec in humans was associated with antimicrobial usage (OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.08-5.87) but not with involvement in chicken farming. blaCTX-M-55 was the most common ESBL-encoding gene in strains isolated from chickens (74.4%) compared with blaCTX-M-27 in human strains (47.0%). In 3 of 204 (1.5%) of the farms, identical ESBL genes were detected in ESBL-Ec isolated from farmers and their chickens. Genomic similarity indicating recent sharing of ESBL-Ec between chickens and farmers was found in only one of these farms. CONCLUSIONS: The integration of epidemiological and genomic data in this study has demonstrated a limited contribution of non-intensive chicken farming to ESBL-Ec colonization in humans in Vietnam and further emphasizes the importance of reducing antimicrobial usage in both human and animal host reservoirs.
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Portador Sano/microbiología , Pollos/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/transmisión , Escherichia coli/clasificación , Heces/microbiología , Zoonosis/transmisión , beta-Lactamasas/metabolismo , Adulto , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Animales , Escherichia coli/enzimología , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Femenino , Genoma Bacteriano , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Epidemiología Molecular , Prevalencia , Medición de Riesgo , Vietnam/epidemiología , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Zoonosis/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal production is a key contributor to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide. As consumption of animal protein and associated animal production is forecast to increase markedly over coming years in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), accurate monitoring of AMU has become imperative. We summarized data from 89 scientific studies reporting AMU data in animal production published in English since 1998, identified through the 'ISI Web of Knowledge' search engine. The aims were as follows: (a) to describe methodologies and metrics used to quantify AMU; (b) to summarize qualitative (on-farm prevalence of use) and quantitative (amounts of antimicrobial active principle) data, in order to identify food animal species at the highest risk of AMU; and (c) to highlight data gaps from LMICs. Only 17/89 (19.1%) studies were conducted in LMICs. Sixty (67.3%) reported quantitative data use, with 'daily doses per animal-time' being the most common metric. AMU was greatest in chickens (138 doses/1000 animal-days [inter quartile range (IQR) 91.1â»438.3]), followed by swine (40.2 [IQR 8.5â»120.4]), and dairy cattle (10.0 [IQR 5.5â»13.6]). However, per kg of meat produced, AMU was highest in swine, followed by chickens and cattle. Our review highlights a large deficit of data from LMICs, and provides a reference for comparison with further surveillance and research initiatives aiming to reduce AMU in animal production globally.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, and antimicrobial usage and AMR in animal production is one of its contributing sources. Poultry is one of the most widespread types of meat consumed worldwide. Poultry flocks are often raised under intensive conditions using large amounts of antimicrobials to prevent and to treat disease, as well as for growth promotion. Antimicrobial resistant poultry pathogens may result in treatment failure, leading to economic losses, but also be a source of resistant bacteria/genes (including zoonotic bacteria) that may represent a risk to human health. Here we reviewed data on AMR in 12 poultry pathogens, including avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), Salmonella Pullorum/Gallinarum, Pasteurella multocida, Avibacterium paragallinarum, Gallibacterium anatis, Ornitobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT), Bordetella avium, Clostridium perfringens, Mycoplasma spp., Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and Riemerella anatipestifer. A number of studies have demonstrated increases in resistance over time for S. Pullorum/Gallinarum, M. gallisepticum, and G. anatis. Among Enterobacteriaceae, APEC isolates displayed considerably higher levels of AMR compared with S. Pullorum/Gallinarum, with prevalence of resistance over >80% for ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline across studies. Among the Gram-negative, non-Enterobacteriaceae pathogens, ORT had the highest levels of phenotypic resistance with median levels of AMR against co-trimoxazole, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, amoxicillin, and ceftiofur all exceeding 50%. In contrast, levels of resistance among P. multocida isolates were less than 20% for all antimicrobials. The study highlights considerable disparities in methodologies, as well as in criteria for phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing and result interpretation. It is necessary to increase efforts to harmonize testing practices, and to promote free access to data on AMR in order to improve treatment guidelines as well as to monitor the evolution of AMR in poultry bacterial pathogens.
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Antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animal production is now recognized to be an important contributor to the global problem of AMR. Initiatives to curb indiscriminate antimicrobial use in animal production are currently being discussed in many low- and middle-income countries. Well-designed, scientifically sound interventions aimed to tackle excessive antimicrobial usage should provide scientists and policy makers with evidence of the highest quality to guide changes in policy and to formulate better targeted research initiatives. However, since large-scale interventions are costly, they require careful planning in order not to waste valuable resources. Here, we describe the components of the ViParc project (www.viparc.org), one of the first large-scale interventions of its kind to tackle excessive antimicrobial usage in Southeast Asian animal production systems. The project has been formulated as a "randomized before-and-after controlled study" targeting small-scale poultry farms in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. It aims to provide farmers with a locally-adapted veterinary support service to help them reduce their reliance on antimicrobials. ViParc has been developed in the backdrop of efforts by the Government of Vietnam to develop a National Action Plan to reduce Antimicrobials in Livestock and Aquaculture. Crucially, the project integrates socio-economic analyses that will provide insights into the drivers of antimicrobial usage, as well as an assessment of the cost-effectiveness of the proposed intervention. Information generated from ViParc should help the Government of Vietnam refine its policies to curb excessive antimicrobial usage in poultry production, while lessons from ViParc will help tackle excessive antimicrobial usage in other productions systems in Vietnam and in the broader Southeast Asian region.
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We investigated the consequences of colistin use in backyard chicken farms in Vietnam by examining the prevalence of mcr-1 in fecal samples from chickens and humans. Detection of mcr-1-carrying bacteria in chicken samples was associated with colistin use and detection in human samples with exposure to mcr-1-positive chickens.
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Colistina/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/genética , Zoonosis , Envejecimiento , Animales , Pollos , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/epidemiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Heces/microbiología , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Filogenia , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Factores de Riesgo , VietnamRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Enteroaggregative (EAEC) and Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a major cause of diarrhea worldwide. E. coli carrying both virulence factors characteristic for EAEC and STEC and producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase caused severe and protracted disease during an outbreak of E. coli O104:H4 in Europe in 2011. We assessed the opportunities for E. coli carrying the aggR and stx genes to emerge in 'backyard' farms in south-east Asia. RESULTS: Faecal samples collected from 204 chicken farms; 204 farmers and 306 age- and gender-matched individuals not exposed to poultry farming were plated on MacConkey agar plates with and without antimicrobials being supplemented. Sweep samples obtained from MacConkey agar plates without supplemented antimicrobials were screened by multiplex PCR for the detection of the stx1, stx2 and aggR genes. One chicken farm sample each (0.5 %) contained the stx1 and the aggR gene. Eleven (2.4 %) human faecal samples contained the stx1 gene, 2 samples (0.4 %) contained stx2 gene, and 31 (6.8 %) contained the aggR gene. From 46 PCR-positive samples, 205 E. coli isolates were tested for the presence of stx1, stx2, aggR, wzx O104 and fliC H4 genes. None of the isolates simultaneously contained the four genetic markers associated with E. coli O104:H4 epidemic strain (aggR, stx2, wzx O104 and fliC H4 ). Of 34 EAEC, 64.7 % were resistant to 3(rd)-generation cephalosporins. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that in southern Vietnam, the human population is a more likely reservoir of aggR and stx gene carrying E. coli than the chicken population. However, conditions for transmission of isolates and/or genes between human and animal reservoirs resulting in the emergence of highly virulent E. coli strains are still favorable, given the nature of'backyard' farms in Vietnam.
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Infecciones por Escherichia coli/epidemiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Escherichia coli Shiga-Toxigénica/genética , Escherichia coli Shiga-Toxigénica/aislamiento & purificación , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Animales , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Cefalosporinas/farmacología , Pollos/microbiología , Diarrea/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Reservorios de Enfermedades/microbiología , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/transmisión , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Agricultores , Granjas , Heces/microbiología , Flagelina/genética , Microbiología de Alimentos , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Humanos , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana/genética , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex/veterinaria , Aves de Corral/microbiología , Prevalencia , Toxina Shiga/genética , Toxina Shiga I/genética , Toxina Shiga II/genética , Escherichia coli Shiga-Toxigénica/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli Shiga-Toxigénica/patogenicidad , Transactivadores/genética , Vietnam/epidemiología , beta-Lactamasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
The Vietnam Initiative for Zoonotic Infections (VIZIONS) includes community-based 'high-risk sentinel cohort' (HRSC) studies investigating individuals at risk of zoonotic infection due to occupational or residential exposure to animals. A total of 852 HRSC members were recruited between March 2013 and August 2014 from three provinces (Ha Noi, Dak Lak, and Dong Thap). The most numerous group (72.8%) corresponded to individuals living on farms, followed by slaughterers (16.3%) and animal health workers (8.5%). Nasal/pharyngeal and rectal swabs were collected from HRSC members at recruitment and after notifying illness. Exposure to exotic animals (including wild pigs, porcupine, monkey, civet, bamboo rat and bat) was highest for the Dak Lak cohort (53.7%), followed by Ha Noi (13.7%) and Dong Thap (4.0%). A total of 26.8% of individuals reported consumption of raw blood over the previous year; 33.6% slaughterers reported no use of protective equipment at work. Over 686 person-years of observation, 213 episodes of suspect infectious disease were notified, equivalent of 0.35 reports per person-year. Responsive samples were collected from animals in the farm cohort. There was noticeable time and space clustering of disease episodes suggesting that the VIZIONS set up is also suitable for the formal epidemiological investigation of disease outbreaks.
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Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/epidemiología , Vigilancia de Guardia , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Agricultura , Animales , Análisis por Conglomerados , Estudios de Cohortes , Agricultores , Geografía Médica , Humanos , Productos de la Carne/efectos adversos , Exposición Profesional , Riesgo , Vietnam/epidemiologíaAsunto(s)
Infecciones por Bartonella/veterinaria , Bartonella/genética , Quirópteros/microbiología , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Infecciones por Bartonella/microbiología , Citrato (si)-Sintasa/genética , Reservorios de Enfermedades , Genes Bacterianos , Variación Genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Tipificación Molecular , VietnamRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among commensal Escherichia coli isolates on household and small-scale chicken farms, common in southern Vietnam, and to investigate the association of antimicrobial resistance with farming practices and antimicrobial usage. METHODS: We collected data on farming and antimicrobial usage from 208 chicken farms. E. coli was isolated from boot swab samples using MacConkey agar (MA) and MA with ceftazidime, nalidixic acid or gentamicin. Isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials and for ESBL production. Risk factor analyses were carried out, using logistic regression, at both the bacterial population and farm levels. RESULTS: E. coli resistant to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and third-generation cephalosporins was detected on 201 (96.6%), 191 (91.8%) and 77 (37.0%) of the farms, respectively. Of the 895 E. coli isolates, resistance to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and third-generation cephalosporins was detected in 178 (19.9%), 291 (32.5%) and 29 (3.2%) of the isolates, respectively. Ciprofloxacin resistance was significantly associated with quinolone usage (ORâ=â2.26) and tetracycline usage (ORâ=â1.70). ESBL-producing E. coli were associated with farms containing fish ponds (ORâ=â4.82). CONCLUSIONS: Household and small farms showed frequent antimicrobial usage associated with a high prevalence of resistance to the most commonly used antimicrobials. Given the weak biocontainment, the high prevalence of resistant E. coli could represent a risk to the environment and to humans.
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Portador Sano/veterinaria , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Animales Domésticos , Portador Sano/epidemiología , Portador Sano/microbiología , Pollos , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/epidemiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Vietnam/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis known to be endemic in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, even though clinical reports are uncommon. We investigated leptospira infection in rats purchased in food markets during the rainy season (October) (n=150), as well as those trapped during the dry season (February-March) (n=125) in the region using RT-PCR for the lipL32 gene, confirmed by 16S rRNA, as well as by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Results were compared with the serovar distribution of human cases referred from Ho Chi Minh City hospitals (2004-2012) confirmed by MAT (n=45). The MAT seroprevalence among rats was 18.3%. The highest MAT seroprevalence corresponded, in decreasing order, to: Rattus norvegicus (33.0%), Bandicota indica (26.5%), Rattus tanezumi (24.6%), Rattus exulans (14.3%), and Rattus argentiventer (7.1%). The most prevalent serovars were, in descending order: Javanica (4.6% rats), Lousiana (4.2%), Copenageni (4.2%), Cynopterie (3.7%), Pomona (2.9%), and Icterohaemorrhagiae (2.5%). A total of 16 rats (5.8%) tested positive by RT-PCR. Overall, larger rats tended to have a higher prevalence of detection. There was considerable agreement between MAT and PCR (kappa=0.28 [0.07-0.49]), although significantly more rats were positive by MAT (McNemar 29.9 (p<0.001). MAT prevalence was higher among rats during the rainy season compared with rats in the dry season. There are no current available data on leptospira serovars in humans in the Mekong Delta, although existing studies suggest limited overlapping between human and rat serovars. Further studies should take into account a wider range of potential reservoirs (i.e., dogs, pigs) as well as perform geographically linked co-sampling of humans and animals to establish the main sources of leptospirosis in the region.
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Vectores de Enfermedades , Leptospirosis/epidemiología , Leptospirosis/transmisión , Pruebas de Aglutinación , Animales , Humanos , Leptospira/clasificación , Carne/microbiología , Prevalencia , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Ratas , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Enfermedades de los Roedores/epidemiología , Estaciones del Año , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Vietnam/epidemiología , Zoonosis/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Antimicrobials are used extensively in chicken production in Vietnam, but to date no quantitative data are available. A 2012-2013 survey of 208 chicken farms in Tien Giang province, stratified by size (10-200 chickens; >200-2000), was carried out to describe and quantify the use of antibacterial antimicrobials (usage per week per chicken and usage per 1000 chickens produced) in the Mekong Delta and to investigate factors associated with usage. Twenty-eight types of antimicrobial belonging to 10 classes were reported. Sixty-three per cent of all commercial formulations contained at least two antimicrobials. On 84% occasions, antimicrobials were administered with a prophylactic purpose. The overall adjusted quantities of antimicrobials used/week/chicken and per 1000 chickens produced (g) were 26.36 mg (SE ± 3.54) and 690.4 g (SE ± 203.6), respectively. Polypeptides, tetracyclines, penicillins and aminoglycosides were the antimicrobials used by most farms (18.6% farms, 17.5%, 11.3% and 10.1% farms, respectively), whereas penicillins, lincosamides, quinolones, and sulphonamides/trimethoprim were quantitatively the most used compounds (8.27, 5.2, 3.16 and 2.78 mg per week per chicken, respectively). Factors statistically associated with higher levels of usage (per week per chicken) were meat farms (OR = 1.40) and farms run by a male farmer (OR = 2.0). All-in-all-out farming systems (correlated with medium farms) were associated with reduced levels of antimicrobial usage (OR = 0.68). Usage levels to produced meat chickens were considerably higher than those reported in European countries. This should trigger the implementation of surveillance programmes to monitor sales of antimicrobials that should contribute to the rational administration of antimicrobials in order to preserve the efficacy of existing antimicrobials in Vietnam.
Asunto(s)
Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Profilaxis Antibiótica , Animales , Pollos , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Masculino , Carne , Factores de Riesgo , Distribución por Sexo , VietnamRESUMEN
Group A rotaviruses (ARoVs) are a common cause of severe diarrhea among children worldwide and the cause of approximately 45% of pediatric hospitalizations for acute diarrhea in Vietnam. ARoVs are known to cause significant economic losses to livestock producers by reducing growth performance and production efficiencies, however little is known about the implications of asymptomatic endemic circulation of ARoV. We aimed to determine the prevalence and predominant circulating genotypes of ARoVs on pig farms in a southern province of Vietnam. We found overall animal-level and farm-level prevalence of 32.7% (239/730) and 74% (77/104), respectively, and identified six different G types and 4 P types in various combinations (G2, G3, G4, G5, G9, G11 and P[6], P[13], P[23], and P[34]). There was no significant association between ARoV infection and clinical disease in pigs, suggesting that endemic asymptomatic circulation of ARoV may complicate rotavirus disease attribution during outbreaks of diarrhea in swine. Sequence analysis of the detected ARoVs suggested homology to recent human clinical cases and extensive genetic diversity. The epidemiological relevance of these findings for veterinary practitioners and to ongoing pediatric ARoV vaccine initiatives in Vietnam merits further study.