RESUMEN
Mango is a popular tropical fruit that requires quarantine hot water treatment (QHWT) for postharvest sanitation, which can cause abiotic stress. Plants have various defense mechanisms to cope with stress; miRNAs mainly regulate the expression of these defense responses. Proteins involved in the biogenesis of miRNAs include DICER-like (DCL), ARGONAUTE (AGO), HYPONASTIC LEAVES 1 (HYL1), SERRATE (SE), HUA ENHANCER1 (HEN1), HASTY (HST), and HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN 90 (HSP90), among others. According to our analysis, the mango genome contains five DCL, thirteen AGO, six HYL, two SE, one HEN1, one HST, and five putative HSP90 genes. Gene structure prediction and domain identification indicate that sequences contain key domains for their respective gene families, including the RNase III domain in DCL and PAZ and PIWI domains for AGOs. In addition, phylogenetic analysis indicates the formation of clades that include the mango sequences and their respective orthologs in other flowering plant species, supporting the idea these are functional orthologs. The analysis of cis-regulatory elements of these genes allowed the identification of MYB, ABRE, GARE, MYC, and MeJA-responsive elements involved in stress responses. Gene expression analysis showed that most genes are induced between 3 to 6 h after QHWT, supporting the early role of miRNAs in stress response. Interestingly, our results suggest that mango rapidly induces the production of miRNAs after heat stress. This research will enable us to investigate further the regulation of gene expression and its effects on commercially cultivated fruits, such as mango, while maintaining sanitary standards.
Asunto(s)
Respuesta al Choque Térmico , Mangifera , MicroARNs , Mangifera/genética , Mangifera/metabolismo , MicroARNs/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Respuesta al Choque Térmico/genética , Filogenia , Familia de Multigenes/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Genoma de Planta/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Fungi of the Trichoderma genus are called "biostimulants" because they promote plant growth and development and induce disease resistance. We used conventional transcriptome and gene co-expression analyses to understand the molecular response of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana to inoculation with Trichoderma atroviride or Trichoderma virens. The transcriptional landscape of the plant during the interaction with these fungi showed a reduction in functions such as reactive oxygen species production, defense mechanisms against pathogens, and hormone signaling. T. virens, as opposed to T. atroviride, was more effective at downregulating genes related to terpenoid metabolism, root development, and chemical homeostasis. Through gene co-expression analysis, we found functional gene modules that closely link plant defense with hypoxia. Notably, we found a transcription factor (locus AT2G47520) with two functional domains of interest: a DNA-binding domain and an N-terminal cysteine needed for protein stability under hypoxia. We hypothesize that the transcription factor can bind to the promoter sequence of the GCC-box that is connected to pathogenesis by positioned weight matrix analysis.
Asunto(s)
Arabidopsis , Trichoderma , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Trichoderma/genética , Resistencia a la Enfermedad , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Hipoxia/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
La esporulación, que es una respuesta de quorum sensing, es un proceso de diferenciación celular mediado por moléculas de señalización, señales fisiológicas y ambientales. Se sabe que Bacillus subtilis detecta las señales metabólicas y ambientales y éstas son integradas a un sistema de transferencia secuencial de fosfatos. Las señales son detectadas por histidina cinasas que se autofosforilan y fosforilan, a su vez, a proteínas que actúan como reguladores de respuesta y activan la expresión de genes específicos de esporulación. Dada la importancia de B. cereus desde el punto de vista epidemiológico, el potencial para bioterrorismo de B. anthracis y la importancia en biotecnología agrícola de B. thuringiensis, la investigación sobre los mecanismos moleculares de señalización y la regulación del inicio de la esporulación en estas bacterias del grupo B. cereus reviste especial interés. En esta revisión se discute la literatura sobre este tema, haciendo hincapié en las histidina cinasas y en el análisis comparativo de los genomas de B. subtilis y del grupo de B. cereus, en cuanto a las secuencias de posibles histidina cinasas y reguladores de respuesta. Cabe destacar que en los genomas del grupo B. cereus hay mayor número de histidina cinasas (10 a 14) y de reguladores de respuesta (7 a 11) putativos que en B. subtilis (6 histidina cinasas y 6 reguladores de respuesta), lo cual sugiere una mayor capacidad para responder a estímulos ambientales y metabólicos en estas bacterias.
Sporulation is a quorum sensing response and a cellular differentiation process regulated by signalling molecules and physiological and environmental signals. The regulation of sporulation initiation has been extensively studied in Bacillus subtilis and occurs through phosphorelay. B. subtilis detects metabolic and environmental signals through histidine kinases that are autophosphorylated and then transfer the phosphate group to response regulators, activating the expression of sporulation genes. However, there are other important sporulated bacilli like those from the B. cereus group. B. cereus toxins are related to food-borne intoxication, B. anthracis may be used as biological weapon in bioterrorism, and B. thuringiensis is an excellent biological control agent. Therefore, it is critical to understand the signalling processes that control sporulation initiation and the toxin synthesis. This review summarizes known literature about regulation of initiation of sporulation in the B. cereus group focusing in the role of histidine kinases and the putative open reading frames of these sensors in B. subtilis and B. thuringiensis. The genomes of the B. cereus group have 10 to 14 putative histidine kinases and 7 to 11 response regulators, compared to 6 histidine kinases and 6 response regulators in B. subtilis, implying that this last bacteria should have a lower capacity to respond to environmental and metabolic signals.
A esporulação, que é uma resposta de quorum sensing, é um processo de diferenciação celular mediado por moléculas de sinalização, sinais fisiológicas e ambientais. Sabe-se que Bacillus subtilis detecta os sinais metabólicos e ambientais e estes são integrados a um sistema de transferência sequencial de fosfatos. Os sinais são detectados por histidina cinase que, por sua vez, se autofosforilam e fosforilam, em proteínas que atuam como reguladores de resposta e que ativam a expresão de genes específicos de esporulação. Devido à importância de B. cereus do ponto de vista epidemiológico, o potencial para bioterrorismo de B. anthracis e a importância em biotecnologia agrícola de B. thuringiensis, a investigação sobre os mecanismos moleculares de sinalização e a regulamentação do início da esporulação em estas bactérias do grupo B. cereus revestem especial interesse. Nesta revisão se discute a literatura sobre este tema, colocando especial atenção nas histidina cinases, e na análise comparativa dos genomas de B. subtilis e do grupo de B. cereus, em relação às sequências de posíveis histidina cinases e reguladores de resposta. Cabe destacar que nos genomas do grupo B. cereus há maior número de histidina cinases (10 a 14) e de reguladores de resposta (7 a 11) putativos que en B. subtilis (6 histidina cinases e 6 reguladores de resposta), o que sugere uma maior capacidade para responder a estímulos ambientais e metabólicos nestas bactérias.
