The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Expert Consensus Document on the Management of Pleural Drains After Pulmonary Lobectomy: Expert Consensus Document.

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Workforce on Evidence-Based Surgery provides this document on management of pleural drains after pulmonary lobectomy. The goal of this consensus document is to provide guidance regarding pleural drains in 5 specific areas: (1) choice of drain, including size, type, and number; (2) management, including use of suction vs water seal and criteria for removal; (3) imaging recommendations, including the use of daily and postpull chest roentgenograms; (4) use of digital drainage systems; and (5) management of prolonged air leak. To formulate the consensus statements, a task force of 15 general thoracic surgeons was invited to review the existing literature on this topic. Consensus was obtained using a modified Delphi method consisting of 2 rounds of voting until 75% agreement on the statements was reached. A total of 13 consensus statements are provided to encourage standardization and stimulate additional research in this important area.

Esophagectomy Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Initiative Results in Improved Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Esophagectomy for esophageal cancer is a procedure with high morbidity and mortality. This study developed a Multidisciplinary Esophagectomy Enhanced Recovery Initiative (MERIT) pathway and analyzed implementation outcomes in a single institution. METHODS: The MERIT pathway was developed as a practice optimization and quality improvement initiative. Patients were studied from November 1, 2021 to June 20, 2022 and were compared with historical control subjects. The Wilcoxon rank sum test and the Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The study compared 238 historical patients (January 17, 2017 to December 30, 2020) with 58 consecutive MERIT patients. There were no significant differences between patient characteristics in the 2 groups. In the MERIT group, 49 (85%) of the patients were male, and their mean age was 65 years (range, 59-71 years). Most cases were performed for esophageal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy. Length of stay improved by 27% from 11 to 8 days (P = .27). There was a 12% (P = .05) atrial arrhythmia rate reduction, as well as a 9% (P = .01) decrease in postoperative ileus. Overall complications were reduced from 54% to 35% (-19%; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: This study successfully developed and implemented an enhanced recovery after surgery pathway for esophagectomy. In the first year, study investigators were able to reduce overall complications, specifically atrial arrhythmias, and postoperative ileus.

Sublobar Resection, Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy, and Percutaneous Ablation Provide Comparable Outcomes for Lung Metastasis-Directed Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged survival of patients with metastatic disease has furthered interest in metastasis-directed therapy (MDT). RESEARCH QUESTION: There is a paucity of data comparing lung MDT modalities. Do outcomes among sublobar resection (SLR), stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), and percutaneous ablation (PA) for lung metastases vary in terms of local control and survival? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Medical records of patients undergoing lung MDT at a single cancer center between January 2015 and December 2020 were reviewed. Overall survival, local progression, and toxicity outcomes were collected. Patient and lesion characteristics were used to generate multivariable models with propensity weighted analysis. RESULTS: Lung MDT courses (644 total: 243 SLR, 274 SBRT, 127 PA) delivered to 511 patients were included with a median follow-up of 22 months. There were 47 local progression events in 45 patients, and 159 patients died. Two-year overall survival and local progression were 80.3% and 63.3%, 83.8% and 9.6%, and 4.1% and 11.7% for SLR, SBRT, and PA, respectively. Lesion size per 1 cm was associated with worse overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.24; P = .003) and LP (hazard ratio, 1.50; P < .001). There was no difference in overall survival by modality. Relative to SLR, there was no difference in risk of local progression with PA; however, SBRT was associated with a decreased risk (hazard ratio, 0.26; P = .023). Rates of severe toxicity were low (2.1%-2.6%) and not different among groups. INTERPRETATION: This study performs a propensity weighted analysis of SLR, SBRT, and PA and shows no impact of lung MDT modality on overall survival. Given excellent local control across MDT options, a multidisciplinary approach is beneficial for patient triage and longitudinal management.

Spontaneous middle lobe torsion: An institutional case series.

Objective: Lobar torsion is a rare occurrence in which a portion of the lung is twisted on its bronchovascular pedicle. The vast majority are observed in the acute postoperative period often following right upper lobectomy. Spontaneous middle lobe torsion independent of pulmonary resection is exceptionally rarer; fewer than 15 cases have been recorded. We present an institutional case series of 2 patients postorthotopic liver transplantation who developed spontaneous middle lobe torsion due to large pleural effusions. Methods: We provide the medical course as well as intraoperative techniques for our 2 patients along with a review of the literature. Results: Both patients in this case series underwent orthotopic liver transplant complicated postoperatively by a large pulmonary effusion. Patient one developed an abdominal hematoma requiring evacuation and repair, after which he developed progressive shortness of breath. Bronchoscopy revealed a right middle lobe obstruction; upon thoracotomy, 180-degree torsion with widespread necrosis was evident and the middle lobe was removed. He is doing well to date. Patient 2 experienced postoperative pleural effusion and mucus plugging; computed tomography revealed abrupt middle lobe arterial occlusion prompting urgent operative intervention. Again, the middle lobe was grossly ischemic and dissection revealed a 360-degree torsion around the pedicle. It was resected. He is doing well to date. Conclusions: As the result of its rarity, radiographic and clinical diagnosis of spontaneous pulmonary lobar torsion is challenging; a high index of suspicion for spontaneous middle lobe torsion must be maintained to avoid delays in diagnosis. Prompt surgical intervention is essential to improve patient outcomes.

Determinants of Long-term Survival Decades After Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Long-term survival in esophagectomy patients with esophageal cancer is low due to tumor-related characteristics, with few reports of modifiable variables influencing outcome. We identified determinants of overall survival, time to recurrence, and disease-free survival in this patient cohort. METHODS: Adult patients who underwent esophagectomy for primary esophageal cancer from January 5, 2000, through December 30, 2010, at our institution were identified. Univariate Cox models and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify associations between modifiable and unmodifiable patient and clinical variables and outcome of survival for the total cohort and a subgroup with locally advanced disease. RESULTS: We identified 870 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy. The median follow-up time was 15 years, and the 15-year overall survival rate was 25.2%, survival free of recurrence was 57.96%, and disease-free survival was 24.21%. Decreased overall survival was associated with the following unmodifiable variables: older age, male sex, active smoking status, history of coronary artery disease, advanced clinical stage, and tumor location. Decreased overall survival was associated with the following modifiable variables: use of neoadjuvant therapy, advanced pathologic stage, resection margin positivity, surgical reintervention, and blood transfusion requirement. The overall survival probability 6 years after esophagectomy was 0.920 (95% CI, 0.895-0.947), and time-to-recurrence probability was 0.988 (95% CI, 0.976-1.000), with a total of 17 recurrences and 201 deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Once patients survive 5 years, recurrence is rare. Long-term survival can be achieved in high-volume centers adhering to National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines using multidisciplinary care teams that is double what has been previously reported in the literature from national databases.

Impact of FDG PET Standardized Uptake Value in Resected Clinical Stage IA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: A significant proportion of patients with clinical stage IA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) experience will recurrence and decreased survival after surgery. This study examined the impact of preoperative primary tumor positron emission tomography (PET) scan maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) on oncologic outcomes after surgery. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of 251 patients who underwent surgical treatment of clinical stage IA NSCLC at an academic medical center (2005-2014). Patients were classified according to PET SUVmax level (low vs high) for analysis of upstaging, tumor recurrence, and overall survival. RESULTS: Median SUVmax values were higher in squamous cell carcinoma than in adenocarcinoma (median 3.3 vs 7.2; P < .0001). There were 109 (43.4%) patients in the SUVmax low group and 142 (56.6%) in the SUVmax high group. Patients with SUVmax high had larger tumors. SUVmax high was associated with higher rates of nodal upstaging (16.2% vs 4.6% in SUVmax low; P = .004), particularly in N1 nodes. SUVmax high was independently associated with nodal upstaging (adjusted odds ratio, 3.95; 95% CI, 1.36-11.46; P = .011). SUVmax high was associated with time to recurrence (hazard ratio, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.03-2.54; P = .036), but this association was lost on multivariable analysis (hazard ratio, 1.52; 95% CI, 0.91-2.54; P = .106). SUVmax was not associated with overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative PET SUVmax level is strongly associated with nodal upstaging, particularly in N1 nodes, in patients with clinical stage IA NSCLC who undergo resection. PET SUVmax should be regarded as a risk factor when considering candidacy for sublobar resections and in future trials involving patients with stage I NSCLC.

Complete resolution of paraneoplastic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion following thymic small-cell carcinoma thoracoscopic resection.

Thymic neuroendocrine tumours are rare anterior mediastinal neoplasms often associated with paraneoplastic syndromes. A patient presented with intractable hyponatraemia and a DOTATATE-avid mediastinal mass. Following medical optimization, she underwent thoracoscopic thymectomy with en bloc thymic small-cell carcinoma resection. Her symptoms resolved and her sodium levels normalized. In localized disease, curative-intent, minimally invasive thymic neuroendocrine tumour resection is safe and effective following preoperative staging and paraneoplastic syndrome management.

CD117, BAP1, MTAP, and TdT Is a Useful Immunohistochemical Panel to Distinguish Thymoma from Thymic Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The morphologic distinction between thymic carcinomas and thymomas, specifically types B3, A, and occasionally micronodular thymomas with lymphoid stroma (MNTLS) can be challenging, as has also been shown in interobserver reproducibility studies. Since thymic carcinomas have a worse prognosis than thymomas, the diagnosis is important for patient management and treatment. This study aimed to identify a panel of immunohistochemical (IHC) markers that aid in the distinction between thymomas and thymic carcinomas in routine practice. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Thymic carcinomas, type A and B3 thymomas, and MNTLS were identified in an institutional database of thymic epithelial tumors (TET) (1963-2021). IHC was performed using antibodies against TdT, Glut-1, CD5, CD117, BAP1, and mTAP. Percent tumor cell staining was recorded (Glut-1, CD5, CD117); loss of expression (BAP1, mTAP) was considered if essentially all tumor cells were negative; TdT was recorded as thymocytes present or absent (including rare thymocytes). RESULTS: 81 specimens included 44 thymomas (25 type A, 11 type B3, 8 MNTLS) and 37 thymic carcinomas (including 24 squamous cell carcinomas). Using BAP1, mTAP, CD117 (cut-off, 10%), and TdT, 88.9% of thymic carcinomas (95.7% of squamous cell carcinomas) and 77.8% of thymomas could be predicted. Glut-1 expression was not found to be useful in that distinction. All tumors that expressed CD5 in ≥50% of tumor cells also expressed CD117 in ≥10% of tumor cells. In four carcinomas with homozygous deletion of CDKN2A, mTAP expression was lost in two squamous cell carcinomas and in a subset of tumor cells of an adenocarcinoma and was preserved in a lymphoepithelial carcinoma. CONCLUSION: A panel of immunostains including BAP1, mTAP, CD117 (using a cut-off of 10% tumor cell expression), and TdT can be useful in the distinction between thymomas and thymic carcinomas, with only a minority of cases being inconclusive.

Consensus for Thoracoscopic Lower Lobectomy: Essential Components and Targets for Simulation.

BACKGROUND: Despite demonstration of its clear benefits relative to open approaches, a video-assisted thoracic surgery technique for pulmonary lobectomy has not been universally adopted. This study aims to overcome potential barriers by establishing the essential components of the operation and determining which steps are most useful for simulation training. METHODS: After randomly selecting experienced thoracic surgeons to participate, an initial list of components to a lower lobectomy was distributed. Feedback was provided by the participants, and modifications were made based on anonymous responses in a Delphi process. Components were declared essential once at least 80% of participants came to an agreement. The steps were then rated based on cognitive and technical difficulty followed by listing the components most appropriate for simulation. RESULTS: After 3 rounds of voting 18 components were identified as essential to performance of a video-assisted thoracic surgery for lower lobectomy. The components deemed the most difficult were isolation and division of the basilar and superior segmental branches of the pulmonary artery, isolation and division of the lower lobe bronchus, and dissection of lymphovascular tissue to expose the target bronchus. The steps determined to be most amenable for simulation were isolation and division of the branches of the pulmonary artery, the lower lobe bronchus, and the inferior pulmonary vein. CONCLUSIONS: Using a Delphi process a list of essential components for a video-assisted thoracic surgery for lower lobectomy was established. Furthermore 3 components were identified as most appropriate for simulation-based training, providing insights for future simulation development.

Autologous blood patch pleurodesis for prolonged postoperative air leaks.

BACKGROUND: A prolonged air leak (PAL) is the most frequent complication after pulmonary resection. This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of autologous blood patch pleurodesis (ABPP) to treat PAL. METHODS: A prospectively maintained database identified patients with a PAL after pulmonary resection for lung cancer between 2015-2019. In this observational cohort study, clinical data were collected to retrospectively compare patients undergoing ABPP to no ABPP in a propensity-matched analysis. Kaplan Meier estimates and Cox models accounting for inverse probability weighting (IPTW) were used to assess the association of ABPP with each outcome. RESULTS: Of the 740 patients undergoing lung resection, 110 (15%) were identified as having a PAL at postoperative day (POD) 5. There was no difference between baseline characteristics among those undergoing ABPP (n=34) versus no ABPP (n=76). Propensity-weighted analysis did not reveal a significant association of ABPP treatment with in-hospital complication (P=0.18), hospital length of stay (LOS) (P=0.13), or post-discharge complication (P=0.13). However, ABPP treatment was associated with a lower risk of hospital readmission [P=0.02, hazard ratio (HR) 0.16] and reoperation for air leak or empyema (P=0.05, HR 0.11). Although not statistically significant, the mean chest tube (CT) removal of 11 days for the ABPP group was less than the no ABPP group (16 days) (P=0.14, HR 1.5-2). Those treated with ABPP were less likely to be discharged with a CT (ABPP 7/34, 21% vs. no ABPP 40/76, 53%). There was no statistical difference in empyema development between groups (ABPP 0/34, 0% vs. no ABPP 4/76, 5%, P=0.39, HR 0.24). CONCLUSIONS: ABPP administration is safe compared to traditional PAL management. In a retrospective propensity-matched analysis, postoperative patients treated with ABPP required less readmission and reoperation for PAL. Larger powered randomized trials may demonstrate the magnitude of benefit from treatment with ABPP.

SATB2 Is Expressed in a Subset of Pulmonary and Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumors.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate SATB2 expression and prognostic implications in a large cohort of thoracic neuroendocrine tumors. METHODS: Surgical pathology files (1995-2017) and an institutional thymic epithelial tumor database (2010-2020) were searched for resected neuroendocrine tumors. Cases were stained with SATB2 (clone EP281). Percent SATB2-positive tumor cells and expression intensity were scored. RESULTS: In the lung, SATB2 was expressed in 5% or more of tumor cells in 29 (74.4%) of 39 small cell carcinomas and 9 (22.5%) of 40 atypical and 26 (40.6%) of 64 typical carcinoid tumors. SATB2 percent tumor cell expression and intensity were higher in small cell carcinomas than in carcinoid tumors (both P < .001, respectively). After adjusting for tumor subtype, SATB2 expression did not correlate with outcome. In the thymus, four (100%) of four atypical carcinoid tumors and one large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma but no small cell carcinoma (n = 2) expressed SATB2 in 5% or more of tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS: SATB2 (clone EP281) is expressed in a large subset of pulmonary and thymic neuroendocrine tumors and therefore does not appear to be a useful marker to identify the origin of neuroendocrine tumors. Validation studies are needed, specifically including thymic neuroendocrine tumors, as the expression pattern might be different in those tumors.

Pulmonary Complications in Esophagectomy Based on Intraoperative Fluid Rate: A Single-Center Study.

OBJECTIVES: Esophagectomy is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The authors assessed the relationship between intraoperative fluid (IOF) administration and postoperative pulmonary outcomes in patients undergoing a transthoracic, transhiatal, or tri-incisional esophagectomy. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study (level 3 evidence). SETTING: Tertiary care referral center. PARTICIPANTS: Patients who underwent esophagectomy from 2007 to 2017. INTERVENTIONS: The IOF rate (mL/kg/h) was the predictor variable analyzed both as a continuous and binary categorical variable based on median IOF rate for this cohort (11.90 mL/kg/h). MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcomes included rates of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) within ten days after esophagectomy. Secondary outcomes included rates of reintubation, pneumonia, cardiac or renal morbidity, intensive care unit admission, length of stay, procedure-related complications, and mortality. Multivariate regression analysis determined associations between IOF rate and postoperative outcomes. Analysis was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, procedure type, year, and thoracic epidural use. MAIN RESULTS: A total of 1,040 patients comprised this cohort. Tri-incisional esophagectomy was associated with a higher hospital mortality rate (7.8%) compared with transthoracic esophagectomy (2.6%, p = 0.03) or transhiatal esophagectomy (0.7%, p = 0.01). Regression analysis revealed a higher IOF rate was associated with greater ARDS within ten days (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.03, p = 0.01). For secondary outcomes, a higher IOF rate was associated with greater hospital mortality (adjusted OR = 1.05, p = 0.002), although no significant association with 30-day hospital mortality was identified. CONCLUSIONS: Increased IOF administration during esophagectomy may be associated with worse postoperative pulmonary complications, specifically ARDS. Future well-powered studies are warranted, including randomized, controlled trials comparing liberal versus restrictive fluid administration in this surgical population.

Health Economic Analysis of Postoperative Video Telemedicine Visits to Patients' Homes.

Abstract Importance: A postoperative video telemedicine follow-up program was introduced by the Mayo Clinic. An attempt was made to understand the potential cost savings to patients before contemplating full-scale expansion across all potentially eligible surgical patients and practices. Objective: The primary purpose was to estimate potential cost savings to patients with video telemedicine follow-up to home compared with face-to-face follow-up in a standard clinic setting. Design: The research was designed collaboratively by the Center for Connected Care and the surgical practice to address the question of estimated cost savings of postoperative video telemedicine visits. The intervention arm is the postoperative video telemedicine follow-up visit to home setting and the comparator is the face-to-face visit at Mayo Clinic. Setting: Large, integrated, academic multispecialty practice supporting patient care delivery, research, and education. Participants: The population under study comprised routine uncomplicated postoperative patients who underwent video telemedicine or face-to-face follow-up visits that fell within the 90-day global period across multiple (general, neurosurgery, plastic, thoracic, transplant, and urology) surgical specialties. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s): Economic outcomes were cost of travel, accommodations, meals, and missed work. Additional outcomes included time expenditure and patient satisfaction. Cost/benefit analysis unit was US dollars (USD). All costs were inflated to 2018 USD, using the Gross Domestic Product Implicit price deflator. Results: Patients who utilized video telemedicine rather than face-to-face clinic visit for postoperative follow-up were estimated to save $888 per visit on average. More specifically, patients residing more than 1,635 miles round trip from clinic saved an estimated $1,501 per visit and patients not needing accommodation still saved an estimated $256 per visit. Patient satisfaction over video telemedicine postoperative follow-up visits remained high over the 6-year period of study. Conclusions and Relevance: The use of video telemedicine for routine uncomplicated postoperative follow-up visits to replace face-to-face follow-up visits has the potential to be financially advantageous for patients. Key points Question: For postoperative patients, what are the health economic outcomes associated with video telemedicine follow-up to home compared with face-to-face follow-up in a standard clinic setting? Findings: Video telemedicine offers a cost benefit for patients through avoidance of travel costs and missed work. Meaning: For uncomplicated routine postoperative follow-up visits, video telemedicine is a less costly alternative for most patients.

Management of Epiphrenic Diverticula and Short-term Outcomes.

Epiphrenic diverticulum is a rare and benign condition with significant surgical morbidity and evolving surgical management. The objective of this study was to analyze short-term clinical outcomes after surgery for epiphrenic diverticula. We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a single tertiary care center of all patients who underwent treatment for epiphrenic esophageal diverticula from June 1990 to December 2016. Data collection included demographics, operative details and short-term outcomes (esophageal leak, other complications, 30-day mortality). In addition, all preoperative imaging was reviewed by an esophageal radiologist in order to describe epiphrenic diverticula characteristics in a uniform and blinded manner. Of the 94 patients in the study, 84 patients were managed with an open surgical approach and 10 with minimally invasive techniques. Median size of diverticula was 5.5 cm and mean height above gastroesophageal junction was 4 cm. A myotomy was completed in 95% of patients and a fundoplication in 58%. The MIS group had a shorter length of stay (4 vs 6 days). Overall complication rate was 27% with an esophageal leak rate of 7% with 60% grade I leaks that sealed with conservative management. Complete resection of the diverticulum, closure of the muscle over the resection, contralateral myotomy, and consideration for partial fundoplication are common strategies utilized to surgically treat patients with epiphrenic diverticulum. Minimally invasive approaches are increasingly utilized.

Predictors of Patient-Reported Reflux After Esophagectomy.

BACKGROUND: Patient-reported reflux is among the most common symptoms after esophagectomy. This study aimed to determine predictors of patient-reported reflux and to ascertain whether a preserved pylorus would protect patients from symptomatic reflux. METHODS: A prospective clinical study recorded patient-reported reflux after esophagectomy from August 2015 to July 2018. Eligible patients were at least 6 months from creation of a traditional posterior mediastinal gastric conduit, had completed at least 1 reflux questionnaire, and had the pylorus treated either temporarily (≥100 IU Botox [onabotulinumtoxinA]) or permanently (pyloromyotomy or pyloroplasty). RESULTS: Of the 110 patients meeting inclusion criteria, the median age was 65 years, and 88 of the 110 (80%) were male. Botox was used in 15 (14%) patients, pyloromyotomy in 88 (80%), and pyloroplasty in 7 (6%). A thoracic anastomosis was performed in 78 (71%) patients, and a cervical anastomosis was performed in 32 (29%). Esophagectomy was performed for malignant disease in 105 of 110 (95%), and 78 of 110 (71%) patients were treated with perioperative chemoradiation. Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that patient-reported reflux was significantly worse in patients with shorter gastric conduit lengths (P = .02) and in patients who did not undergo perioperative chemoradiation (P = .01). No significant difference was found between patients treated with pyloric drainage and those treated with Botox. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of perioperative chemoradiation therapy and a shorter gastric conduit were predictors of patient-reported reflux after esophagectomy. Although few patients had Botox, preservation of the pylorus did not appear to affect patient-reported reflux. Further objective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Postoperative Opioid Consumption in Thoracic Surgery Patients: How Much Is Actually Used?

BACKGROUND: The objective of this initiative was to perform a prospective, multicenter survey of patients after lung resection to assess the amount of opioid medication consumed and the disposition of unused opioids to inform the development of evidence-based prescribing guidelines. METHODS: Adults undergoing lung resection with either minimally invasive surgery (MIS; n = 108) or thoracotomy (n = 45) were identified prospectively from 3 academic centers (from March 2017 to January 2018) to complete a 28-question telephone survey 21 to 35 days after discharge. Discharge opioids were converted into morphine milligram equivalents (MME) and were compared across patient and surgical details. RESULTS: Of the 153 patients who completed the survey, 89.5% (137) received opioids at discharge with a median prescription of 320 MME (interquartile range [IQR], 225, 450 MME) after MIS and 450 MME (IQR, 300, 600 MME) after thoracotomy (P = .001). Median opioid consumption varied by surgical approach: 90 MME (IQR, 0, 262.5) after MIS and 300 MME (IQR, 50, 382.5 MME) after thoracotomy (P < .001). The majority of patients (73.7%; 101) had residual opioid medication at the time of the survey, and patients after MIS had a relative increase in amount of remaining opioid medication: 58.3% vs 33.3% (P = .05) of the original prescription. Only 5.9% of patients with opioids remaining had properly disposed of them. CONCLUSIONS: Although patients undergoing MIS lung resection used significantly less opioid medication over a shorter duration of time than did patients after thoracotomy, they had relatively more excess opioid prescription. Evidence-based, procedure-specific guidelines with tailored pain regimens should be developed and implemented to reduce the amount of postoperative opioid medication remaining in the community.

Mortality After Esophagectomy: Analysis of Individual Complications and Their Association with Mortality.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between individual complications and esophagectomy mortality is unclear. The influence of comorbidities on the impact of complications on operative mortality is also unknown. We sought to assess the impact of individual complications and the effect of coexisting comorbidities on operative mortality following esophagectomy. METHODS: All gastric conduit esophagectomies performed for cancer from 2008 to 2017 in the Society of Thoracic Surgery database were identified. Chi square was utilized to identify postoperative events associated with operative mortality. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed, utilizing postoperative events, to determine the risk-adjusted effect on operative mortality for each postoperative event. To assess the effect of preoperative comorbidities, a second logistic regression analysis was performed, incorporating preoperative characteristics. RESULTS: Of 11,943 esophagectomy patients, 63.9% had a postoperative event and 3.3% died, which did not change over the study period. The postoperative events with the highest impact on operative mortality were respiratory distress syndrome (OR 7.48 (95% CI 5.23-10.7)), reintubation (OR 6.55 (4.61-9.30)), and renal failure (OR 5.97 (4.08-8.75)). Anastomotic leak requiring reoperation was associated with increased operative mortality (OR 1.48 (1.03-2.14)), but medically managed leak was not. Incorporating preoperative characteristics into the operative mortality model had little effect on odds ratio for death for individual postoperative events. CONCLUSIONS: In the Society of Thoracic Surgery database, 64% of patients suffer postoperative events and 3.3% die following esophagectomy. The independent association of certain postoperative events with mortality is an objective method of terming a complication "major" and may aid efforts to reduce mortality.

Clinicopathological, immunophenotypic and genetic studies of mediastinal paragangliomas†.

OBJECTIVES: Paragangliomas have unique features in the mediastinum, in part due to their location. Because of their paucity, they have not been thoroughly investigated. We studied the clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular features of mediastinal paragangliomas. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry, next-generation sequencing mutation panel and the Oncoscan assay were performed. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients with mediastinal paraganglioma (7 men, 29.2%) had a median age of 45.5 years (19.8-72.2). Twenty-one (87.5%) paragangliomas were completely resected. Six (of 24, 25.0%) tumours were considered metastatic. Mitotic activity occurred in 11 (of 24, 45.8%) paragangliomas. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (n = 23) was expressed in 6 (26%) patients in 10% (n = 2) and 1% (n = 4) of tumour cells, respectively. SDHB expression was lost in 19 (of 22, 86.4%) cases. ATRX expression was lost in 11 (of 23, 47.8%) cases. Next-generation sequencing revealed a single pathogenic mutation in 10 (of 19) specimens including SDHB (n = 4), SDHD (n = 6), SDHC (n = 1), ATRX (n = 1), and ≥2 mutations in 2 cases [SDHC and TERT (n = 1); SDHB, ATRX and TP53 (n = 1)]. Germline mutation analysis revealed the same succinate dehydrogenase mutation (or lack thereof) as identified in the paraganglioma in 11 (of 12) cases. During a median follow-up (n = 21) of 4.8 years (0.8-14.9), 3 patients developed metastases; 4 patients died, at least 1 of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Mediastinal paragangliomas can be associated with morbidity and mortality. Many mediastinal paragangliomas have been reported to be associated with syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia, von Hippel-Lindau or succinate dehydrogenase syndrome with mutation profiles dominated by alterations in genes associated with these syndromes.

Use of pharmacogenetic data to guide individualized opioid prescribing after surgery.

BACKGROUND: Despite the current strategies aimed at avoiding opioid overprescription by implementing institutional guidelines, the use of opioids after surgical procedures remains highly variable. It is well known that opioids are activated by the cytochrome p450 CYP2D6 enzyme to exert pharmacologic effect. Individual variation in CYP2D6 activity affects drug metabolism, and genotyping can be performed to predict an individual's ability to metabolize CYP2D6 substrates. We postulate that the pharmacogenomic identification of patients with different opioid metabolism capacity may allow for the individualization of postsurgical opioid prescription. METHODS: This study was generated by the unison of data from 2 prior initiatives taking place at our Institution. In the first study, patients undergoing 1 of 25 elective surgical procedures were prospectively identified as part of a quality initiative and surveyed by phone 21 to 35 days after hospital discharge to complete a 29-question survey regarding opioid utilization and pain experience. Additional chart abstraction was conducted to obtain prescribing data and pain scores during the hospitalization. The second study was the Mayo Clinic Right Drug, Right Dose, Right Time study protocol, in which 5 pharmacogenes, including CYP2D6, were genotyped for 1,000 Mayo Clinic Biobank participants. The goal of this study was to implement preemptive pharmacogenomics in an academic health care setting and to generate data for further pharmacogenomic research. Patients were classified by their predicted CYP2D6 activity based on their CYP2D6 genotype. RESULTS: Of the 2,486 patients with prospective opioid utilization data, 21 had pharmacogenetic data available and were included in the analysis. These patients were classified according to their activity as opioid metabolizers, with 10 patients (48%) classified as intermediate, 4 patients (19%) as intermediate to normal, and 7 patients (33%) as normal or extensive. Compared with the intermediate to normal and intermediate phenotypes, normal or extensive patients had the highest percentages of preoperative opioid naivety and recorded pain scores throughout the surgical experience. The percentage of unused opioids for intermediate, intermediate to normal, and normal or extensive categories was 79%, 63%, and 46%, respectively. Moreover, of the 14 patients declaring the highest level of satisfaction for their pain control after discharge, 60% belonged to intermediate, 100% to intermediate to normal, and 57% to the normal or extensive group. CONCLUSION: This study outlines a possible correlation between genetically controlled metabolism and opioid requirements after surgery. In this setting, an increased CYP2D6 enzymatic activity was associated to a greater opioid consumption, lesser amount of unused opioids, and a lower satisfaction level from opioid prescription.