Coupling Fields to 3D Quantum Gravity via Chern-Simons Theory.

We propose a mechanism that couples matter fields to three-dimensional quantum gravity, which can be used for theories with a positive or negative cosmological constant. Our proposal is rooted in the Chern-Simons formulation of three-dimensional gravity and makes use of the Wilson spool, a collection of Wilson loops winding around closed paths of the background. We show that the Wilson spool correctly reproduces the one-loop determinant of a free massive scalar field on rotating black holes in AdS_{3} and Euclidean dS_{3} as G_{N}→0. Moreover, we describe how to incorporate quantum metric fluctuations into this formalism.

Hepatic hematopoiesis in the alpaca (Vicugna pacos), a species with development in hypoxic environments.

Hematopoiesis occurs in different anatomical niches throughout the life of the individual. The first hematopoietic extra-embryonic stage is replaced by a intra-embryonic stage that occurs in a region that is adjacent to the dorsal aorta. Then, the prenatal hematopoietic function is continued by the liver and spleen, and later by the bone marrow. The objective of the present work was to describe the morphological characteristics of hepatic hematopoiesis in the alpaca and to analyze the proportion of the hematopoietic compartment of the organ and the cell types, at different times of ontogeny. Sixty-two alpaca samples were collected from the municipal slaughterhouse of Huancavelica, Perú. They were processed by routine histological techniques. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, special dyes, immunohistochemical techniques and supplementary analyses by lectinhistochemistry, were performed. The prenatal liver is an important structure in the expansion and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Their hematopoietic activity was characterized by four stages: initiation, expansion, peak, and involution. The liver started its hematopoietic function at 21 days EGA and it was maintained until shortly before birth. Differences were found in the proportion and morphology of the hematopoietic tissue in the different groups corresponding to each gestational stage.

A consensus protocol for functional connectivity analysis in the rat brain.

Task-free functional connectivity in animal models provides an experimental framework to examine connectivity phenomena under controlled conditions and allows for comparisons with data modalities collected under invasive or terminal procedures. Currently, animal acquisitions are performed with varying protocols and analyses that hamper result comparison and integration. Here we introduce StandardRat, a consensus rat functional magnetic resonance imaging acquisition protocol tested across 20 centers. To develop this protocol with optimized acquisition and processing parameters, we initially aggregated 65 functional imaging datasets acquired from rats across 46 centers. We developed a reproducible pipeline for analyzing rat data acquired with diverse protocols and determined experimental and processing parameters associated with the robust detection of functional connectivity across centers. We show that the standardized protocol enhances biologically plausible functional connectivity patterns relative to previous acquisitions. The protocol and processing pipeline described here is openly shared with the neuroimaging community to promote interoperability and cooperation toward tackling the most important challenges in neuroscience.

First National Consensus on the Safe Practice of Medical Tourism for Bariatric Surgery in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Medical tourism is increasing every year, especially in fields such as bariatric surgery. Global concerns rely on the fact of its safety, mainly because of a lack of standardization, unknown number of cases, and the type of specialists performing such procedures. Mexico continues to be among the top countries receiving patients from abroad, but there is no national consensus, guidelines, or recommendations about the practice in such fields. METHODS: A group of 32 bariatric surgeons with an accumulated experience of 25,196 procedures in the medical tourism modality were gathered to perform a national consensus in bariatric surgery tourism. The Delphi methodology was used for this project, with a total of 52 items applied. A consensus was reached when the experts' position was ≥ 70% for each statement. The items included pre- and postoperative phases, patient selection, follow-up, and ethical and legal considerations. RESULTS: Of the 52 statements, 40 (76.9%) reached a consensus of ≥ 70%; 36 in favor, 5 against, and 11 with indeterminate responses. CONCLUSIONS: Although more than two-thirds of the statements related to high standard practice reached a consensus, weak points in the medical tourism modality were identified. This first consensus serves to establish the basis of safe practices, eventually reach national guidelines, and define the top standards of care when performing bariatric surgery tourism.

Prostate gland metastasis as a late relapse of rectal adenocarcinoma.

We present a case report of a 49 year old patient with a known history of rectal adenocarcinoma treated with extended abdominal perineal resection. After five the patient was diagnosed with metastases to the prostate gland. This case stands out not only due to the infrequency of an onset of a colorectal tumor in the prostatic gland but also the late onset of the tumor. In these cases the differential diagnosis between a metastatic tumor and a primary urologic tumor is difficult due to similar morphology and histology, making the CDX-2 immunohistochemical maker expression an important tool to define the histopathology of the tumor.

Focal electrical stimulation on an alcohol disorder model using magnetic resonance imaging-compatible chronic neural monopolar carbon fiber electrodes.

Neuromodulation interventions, such as Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) and repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), are proposed as possible new complementary therapies to treat substance use disorders (SUD) such as alcohol use disorder (AUD). It is hypothesized that neuromodulation may induce neural plasticity in the reward and frontostriatal systems via electrical field induction, possibly reducing symptoms. Preclinical self-administration rodent models of AUD may help us gain insight into the effects of neuromodulation therapies on different pathology, as well as the neural mechanisms behind the positive effects. DBS, or any type of brain stimulation using intracranial electrodes in rodents, would benefit from the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study the longitudinal effects and mechanisms of stimulation as well as novel targets, as it is a non-invasive technique that allows the analysis of structural and functional changes in the brain. To do this, there is a need for MRI-compatible electrodes that allow for MRI acquisition with minimal distortion of the magnetic field. In this protocol, we present a method for the construction and surgery of chronically implantable monopolar carbon electrodes for use in rats. Unlike conventional electrodes, carbon electrodes are resistant to high temperatures, flexible, and generate fewer artifacts in MRI compared to conventional ones. We validated its use by using a focal electrical stimulation high-frequency (20 Hz) protocol that lasted ∼10 sessions. We propose that this technique can also be used for the research of the neurophysiological bases of the neuromodulatory treatment in other preclinical substance use disorders (SUD) models.

Investigation of native and aggregated therapeutic proteins in human plasma with asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation and mass spectrometry.

Physiochemical degradation of therapeutic proteins in vivo during plasma circulation after administration can have a detrimental effect on their efficacy and safety profile. During drug product development, in vivo animal studies are necessary to explore in vivo protein behaviour. However, these studies are very demanding and expensive, and the industry is working to decrease the number of in vivo studies. Consequently, there is considerable interest in the development of methods to pre-screen the behaviour of therapeutic proteins in vivo using in vitro analysis. In this work, asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were combined to develop a novel analytical methodology for predicting the behaviour of therapeutic proteins in vivo. The method was tested with two proteins, a monoclonal antibody and a serum albumin binding affibody. After incubation of the proteins in plasma, the method was successfully used to investigate and quantify serum albumin binding, analyse changes in monoclonal antibody size, and identify and quantify monoclonal antibody aggregates.

Direct evidence supporting Darwin's hypothesis of cross-pollination promoted by sex organ reciprocity.

The floral phenotype plays a main role in the attraction and fit of pollinators. Both perianth traits and the positioning of sex organs can be subjected to natural selection and determine nonrandom mating patterns in populations. In stylar-polymorphic species, the Darwinian hypothesis predicts increased mating success between individuals with sex organs at equivalent heights (i.e. with higher reciprocity). We used paternity analyses in experimental populations of a stylar-dimorphic species. By comparing the observed mating patterns with those expected under random mating, we tested the effects of sex organ reciprocity and perianth traits on mating success. We also analysed phenotypic selection on perianth traits through female and male functions. The (dis)similarity of parental perianth traits had no direct effects on the mating patterns. Sex organ reciprocity had a positive effect on mating success. Narrow floral tubes increased this effect in upper sex organs. Perianth traits showed little signs of phenotypic selection. Female and absolute fitness measures resulted in different patterns of phenotypic selection. We provide precise empirical evidence of the Darwinian hypothesis about the functioning of stylar polymorphisms, demonstrating that mating patterns are determined by sex organ reciprocity and only those perianth traits which are critical to pollinator fit.

RAPIDO: Promoting stroke awareness among Spanish speakers.

ABSTRACT: The mnemonic BE-FAST (Balance, Eyes, Face, Arm, Speech, Time) has been developed for the public to better remember and identify the warning signs of stroke. However, discrepancies may arise when translating stroke educational materials from English to Spanish. This article discusses the use of a culturally tailored tool, RAPIDO, to raise stroke awareness in Spanish-speaking populations.

Isolation and characterization of microsatellites markers in Centaurium grandiflorum ssp. boissieri.

BACKGROUND: Estimating outcrossing/selfing rates and characterizing genetic diversity with microsatellite markers are crucial to understanding the evolution of plant mating systems. METHODS AND RESULTS: We developed, optimized and characterized eight new primer pairs for Centaurium grandiflorum ssp. boissieri and transferred them to three subspecies of Centaurium quadrifolium. Two SSR loci were transferred from Sabatia campestris to the four Centaurium taxa. Polymorphisms, He, Ho and H-W deviations were estimated in two populations of C. grandiflorum ssp. boissieri and in seven individuals each of C. quadrifolium ssp. barrelieri, C. quadrifolium ssp. parviflorum and C. quadrifolium ssp. quadrifolium. A total of 80 individuals was used in these experiments. The number of polymorphic loci varied among species from one to ten. A total of 127 alleles was scored. The average number of alleles per locus was 12.7. He was higher than Ho in all sampled populations. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found for some loci in different species. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of microsatellites successfully amplified in the whole Centaurium genus. They will be valuable for estimating mating system parameters and genetic diversity and exploring their relationships with the wide variation in flower morphology in the genus, especially anther-stigma separation.

Revisiting the dynamics of proteins during milk powder hydration using asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4).

The dynamics of ß-casein and casein micelles in the reconstitution of skim milk were revisited in this study. ß-casein migrates into casein micelles upon an increase in temperatures due to an increase in the hydrophobic effect and lower calcium-phosphate cluster solubility. This process can be reversed upon cooling. These phenomena are well known in fresh milk and are not yet clearly established for reconstituted milk powder. As milk powder is commonly used as a functional ingredient in food products, it is of interest to investigate the migration of casein micelle ß-casein to and from the serum phase in reconstituted milk. This study aimed to use asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (AF4) in combination with various detectors to revisit the dynamics of ß-casein when reconstituting skim milk at different temperatures. Fluorescence-labelled ß-casein was added to fresh and reconstituted skim milk and rapid transport of ß-casein into the outer shell of the casein micelles could be observed already after 5 â€‹min of reconstitution at 50 â€‹°C. This process stabilized after approximately 5 â€‹h, which indicates that an equilibrium of ß-casein between the serum and the micellar phase was reached. Similar results were found for fresh milk. The apparent density of the casein micelles in the skim milk samples was also found to increase during reconstitution at 50 â€‹°C. During cold reconstitution of milk powders, the migration of ß-casein to the serum was not observed. The results suggest that ß-casein was already present in the serum phase upon reconstitution at 6 â€‹°C. When a sample was reconstituted for 180 â€‹min at 50 â€‹°C, the migration of ß-casein back into the serum was observed upon cooling the same sample to 6 â€‹°C. The size of casein micelles in reconstituted milk at 6 â€‹°C was larger compared to reconstitution at 50 â€‹°C. With AF4 and the multi-detector approach, the change in concentration and size of casein micelles can be readily investigated and the migration of ß-casein can be tracked simultaneously. Therefore, the method is a valuable tool for studies of the properties and changes in various milk samples.

Investigating the effect of powder manufacturing and reconstitution on casein micelles using asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) and transmission electron microscopy.

Milk powders are commonly used for a variety of food products in which among others the milk proteins add to the properties of the products. Processing of milk can, depending on the processing parameters, change the size and structure of the proteins. These changes can be difficult to measure due to the polydispersity of milk components, which makes it a challenge to obtain direct information about the individual proteins. In this paper, the results from an investigation of casein micelle size,size distribution, and structure in reconstituted skim milk and the comparison with raw and pasteurized skim milk are reported. The investigation used asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) in combination with online UV, multi-angle light scattering (MALS), and refractive index (RI) detection and the results were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that there is a difference in casein micelle size distribution between the differently processed milk samples. The casein micelles of the reconstituted milk were found to have a z-average radius of gyration of 72 nm and the casein micelles in the raw and pasteurized skim milk were 58 and 62 nm respectively. The AF4 and TEM data suggest that the cause of the larger casein micelle size is a layer of aggregated whey proteins associated with the casein micelles surface. Moreover, the TEM investigation showed that a larger proportion of the casein micelles are aggregated in reconstituted milk compared to raw and fresh skim milk. Investigation of the effect of reconstitution time shows that the amount of aggregated casein micelles decreases during the first 20 min of reconstitution. The results show that the AF4-method can provide detailed insights into the reconstitution process and properties of different milk samples. Hence, it can be used as a reference or validation for more indirect methods to track the reconstitution of milk powders.

El enfermero navegador: un rol innovador en oncología. Revisión de alcance / The navigator nurse an innovative role in oncology. Scoping review

Objetivo: describir la fundamentación, tendencias y perspectivas del rol del enfermero navegador en el cuidado de las personas con cáncer. Materiales y métodos:revisión de alcance con acceso a Pubmed, OVID Nursing, Elsevier y Google Scholar de publicaciones generadas entre 2006 y 2020 en inglés y español utilizando los descriptores nurse navigator, oncology y patient navigator. Resultados: se identificaron 27 publicaciones. Se incluyeron estudios cuantitativos (48,1%), estudios de revisión (22,2%), cualitativos (11,1%), de métodos mixtos (7,4%), experimentales (14,8%) y otros tipos (11,1%). Los hallazgos se agruparon en 4 categorías: 1, Antecedentes y origen del rol de enfermero navegador; 2. Principios de la navegación. 3. Competencias esperadas y actividades del enfermero navegador 4. Resultados de la implementación del rol. Conclusión: el rol del enfermero navegador se presenta como una modalidad innovadora de atención, que permite mejorar la calidad del cuidado y los resultados clínicos. Se necesita adelantar su implementación, delimitando las tareas específicas y los requisitos necesarios para su ejercicio en el contexto local..Au

Objective: to describe foundation, trends and perspectives of nurse navigator role in the care process of adults with cancer Methods: scoping review of literature searches in the Pubmed, OVID Nursing, Elsevier y Google Scholar databases including academic and scientific papers from 2006-2020 in English and Spanish using the controlled descriptors Nurse navigator, Oncology and Patient navigator. Results: authors identified 27 publications. The selected papers included quantitative studies (48.1%), literature reviews (22.2%), qualitative studies (11.1%), mixed method studies (7.4%), experimental studies (14.8%) and other studies (11.1%). We grouped our findings in 4 categories: 1, Background and origin of oncology nurse navigator role; 2. Principles of navigation. 3. Competencies and activities of the navigator nurse 4. Results of implementation of the navigator nurse role. Conclusion: the nurse navigator role is an innovative modality to provide attention and it helps to improve the care quality and clinical outcomes. It is necessary that institutions to implement this role, making a delimitation of specific functions and requirements for its exercise..Au

Effect of size and amount of sugarcane fibers on the properties of baked foams based on plantain flour.

Baked foams made with plantain flour (PF) and sugarcane fiber (SF) were characterized by calorimetric, mechanical, physicochemical and structural techniques in order to assess the results induced by different sugarcane concentrations and fiber size on the structure of baked foams. The addition of SF to the baked samples increased their hydrophobic properties. Thermal conductivity (TC) decreased when the concentration of SF was 10 g and 7.5 g in the baked foams. The density of the biodegradable baked foams (BBFs) decreased with decreasing concentrations of SF, observing an inverse behavior in water vapor permeability (WVP) and solubility properties. The mechanical properties of the baked foams were more influenced by the concentration of SF than by the size of SF, obtained from different sieves. The scanning electron microscopy cross-sectional images of the BBFs showed that the size of SF affected the size and number of the internal cells in the BBFs.

Recomendaciones sobre el tratamiento y monitoreo de personas con cáncer durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Recomendações sobre o tratamento e monitoramento de pessoas com câncer durante a pandemia da covid-19 / Recommendations on the treatment and monitoring of patients with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objetivo: presentar la evidencia disponible sobre el tratamiento y monitoreo de personas con cáncer durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Síntesis de contenido: revisión exploratoria de alcance en las bases de datos Academic Search Complete, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Elsevier, Google Scholar, PubMed y Science Direct, en idiomas inglés y español, a través de ecuaciones de búsqueda preestablecidas. Los hallazgos se organizaron en siete categorías: relación entre COVID-19 y cáncer; población oncológica en mayor riesgo; cuidado de pacientes oncológicos con COVID-19; continuidad del tratamiento antineoplásico; investigación en cáncer; profesionales de la salud, e impacto de la pandemia en el manejo del cáncer. Se resalta que el contagio del virus SARS-CoV-2 podría aumentar el riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad en este tipo de pacientes, por lo que ha de priorizar-se el tratamiento de COVID-19 frente al tratamiento antineoplásico. Conclusiones: resulta necesario buscar alternativas para darle continuidad al tratamiento de cáncer del resto de la población oncológica. De otra parte, debe propenderse por el bienestar físico y mental del talento humano en salud y por la mitigación del impacto económico y sanitario de la pandemia.

Objetivo: apresentar as evidências disponíveis sobre o tratamento e monitoramento de pessoas com câncer durante a pandemia do novo coronavírus (covid-19). Síntese de conteúdo: revisão de literatura com busca nas bases de dados Academic Search Complete, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Elsevier, Google Scholar, PubMed e Science Direct, em inglês e espanhol, median-te pesquisas preestabelecidas. Os resultados foram organizados em sete categorias: relação entre covid-19 e câncer; população de câncer de maior risco; atendimento a pacientes com câncer com covid-19; continuidade do tratamento antineoplásico; pesquisa sobre câncer; profissionais de saúde, e impacto da pandemia no tratamento do câncer. Destacase que a disseminação do vírus Sars-CoV-2 pode aumentar o risco de morbimortalidade em pacientes com câncer, portanto o tratamento da covid-19 deve ser priorizado em relação ao tratamento antineoplásico. Conclusões: devemse procurar alternativas para continuar o tratamento do câncer no restante da população oncológica. Por sua vez, deve-se propender para a saúde física e mental do talento humano em saúde e para mitigar o impacto da pandemia na saúde e na economia.

Objective: To present available evidence on the treatment and monitoring of people with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic. Content synthesis: An exploratory search in English and Spanish was made in the databases Academic Search Complete, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Elsevier, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct using preestablished search equations. Results were organized into 7 categories: relationship between COVID-19 and cancer; cancer population at highest risk; care of cancer patients with COVID-19; continuity of cancer treatment; cancer research; health professionals; and impact of the pandemic on cancer management. The contagion of SARS-CoV-2 could lead to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Therefore, COVID-19 treatment should be prioritized over the antineoplastic treatment. Conclusions: It is necessary to explore alternatives to continue cancer treatment in the rest of the population with cancer. We must also improve the physical and mental wellbeing of healthcare workers and mitigate the impact of this pandemic on economic and healthcare systems.

Characterization of a water soluble, hyperbranched arabinogalactan from yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) roots.

Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. & Endl.) roots are largely grown in Andean countries and have attracted recent interest due to their antioxidant and prebiotic effects. Yacon is typically consumed as a fruit due to its sweet taste and juiciness. The macromolecular properties of an aqueous extract of yacon are investigated using asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled to UV, multiangle light scattering (MALS) and differential refractive index (dRI) detection. The method allows for determination of molar mass and size over the size distribution. Three major populations were found of which one strongly dominates in concentration. Through collection of fractions from AF4, carbohydrate composition and glycosidic linkage analysis for the dominating population was performed. The results show that the dominating population consists of a highly branched arabinogalactan (type 2) with a molar mass of approximately 1-2·105g/mol, a hydrodynamic radius of approximately 6-10nm and a relatively high apparent density (approx. 70-150kg/m3).

La relación triangular China, América Latina, Estados Unidos: socios necesarios en medio de la competencia por el poder mundial

Este artículo tiene como propósito analizar la expansión de la influencia de China en América Latina en los ámbitos económico y militar y la forma como Estados Unidos ha reaccionado a esta. Para ello se recurrirá a la metodología del estudio de caso -Venezuela, Bolivia y Ecuador-, ya que es allí donde China cuenta con una fuerte presencia y sobre todo porque son países que, al igual que la potencia asiática, tienen una política anti-estadounidense o soberanista que busca consolidar un orden mundial multipolar El principal hallazgo es que China no representa una amenaza seria para Estados Unidos en el corto plazo, y que de hecho, la expansión de su influencia en la región ha sido percibida por el gobierno de Estados Unidos como una oportunidad. Ello se debe a varias razones: China ha implementado una política cautelosa y pragmática que busca consolidar sus objetivos nacionales sin desafiar directamente la hegemonía estadounidense en la región, actitud reforzada por limitaciones internas que llevan al liderazgo chino a optar por una actitud menos activista en la reorganización político-militar del mundo. Por otro lado, gracias a que Estados Unidos, que se encuentra en una fase de declive de su hegemonía en la región, prefiere promover sus intereses en un marco cooperativo y no conflictivo, esperando sacar provecho de esta nueva situación.

This article seeks to analyze the expansion of China's influence in Latin America in economic and military fields, and how the United States has reacted to it. For it will be used the methodology of the case study -Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador-, since it is where China has a strong presence and especially because they are countries, like the Asian power have an anti-American or sovereignist politics which seeks to consolidate a multipolar world order The main finding is that China does not pose a serious threat to the United States in the short term, and in fact expanding its influence in the region has been perceived by the United State government as an opportunity. This is due to several reasons: China has implemented a cautious and pragmatic policy that seeks to consolidate its national goals without directly challenging American hegemony in the region, reinforced by internal constraints that lead the Chínese leadership to opt for a less activist attitude in the military-political reorganization of the world. On the other hand, due to the United States, which is in a phase of decline of its hegemony in the region, prefer to promote their interests in a cooperative and non-confrontational framework, hoping to take advantage of this new situation.

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a expansão da influência da China na América Latina nos campos econômico e militar, bem como os Estados Unidos reagiu a este. Pois será utilizada a metodologia do estudo de caso-Venezuela, Bolívia e Equador, já que é onde a China tem uma forte presença e, especialmente, porque são países, como a potência asiática, têm um anti-política americano ou soberanista que busca consolidar uma ordem mundial multipolar. A principal constatação é que a China não representa uma séria ameaça para os EUA no curto prazo, e de fato, a expansão da sua influência na região tem sido percebida pelo governo dos EUA como uma oportunidade. Isto é devido a várias razões: China tem implementado uma política cautelosa e pragmática que visa consolidar as suas metas nacionais sem desafiar diretamente a hegemonia dos EUA na região, reforçada por restrições internas que levam a liderança chinesa a optar por uma atitude menos ativista na atitude reorganização político-militar do mundo. Por outro lado, graças aos Estados Unidos, que está em uma fase de declínio de sua hegemonia na região, preferem promover os seus interesses em um quadro de cooperação e não de confronto, na esperança de tirar proveito desta nova situação.

Relación de la técnica de lavado de manos quirúrgico y las infecciones post operatorias en el Hospital de Apoyo San Francisco Ayacucho - 2016 / Relationship of the surgical hands washing technique and the postoperative infections in the Support Hospital San Francisco, Ayacucho - 2016

El lavado de mano quirúrgico, es el método básico más eficaz para la prevención de una infección, más aún dentro del área quirúrgica donde la herida operatoria de los pacientes está expuesta y en contacto con agentes extraños al organismo; por tal motivo se ha desarrollado la presente investigación. Objetivo: Determinar la relación de la técnica de lavado de manos quirúrgico y las infecciones post operatorias en el Hospital de Apoyo San Francisco, Ayacucho-2016. Metodología: El estudio es de tipo cuantitativo, nivel aplicativo, método descriptivo de corte transversal. Población: Fueron 19 profesionales que laboran en sala de operaciones y 19 pacientes post operados; la técnica fue la observación y se utilizó como instrumento un cuestionario. Resultados: Del 100 por ciento (19) de profesionales de la salud, el 52.6 por ciento (10) realiza el lavado de manos quirúrgico de forma inadecuada, y el 47.4 por ciento (9) se lavan adecuadamente. Con respecto a los pacientes, del 100 por ciento (19), ninguno presentan infecciones postoperatorias. Conclusión: En el presente estudio se muestra que no hay relación entre la técnica de lavado de manos con la presencia de infecciones post operatorias.

Surgical hand washing is the most effective for the prevention of infection, even within the surgical area where surgical wound patients are exposed and in contact with foreign agents to the body basic method; for this reason has developed this research in order to determine the relationship of the washing technique of surgical hands and postoperative infections Support Hospital San Francisco, Ayacucho-2016. Methodology: The study is quantitative, application level, descriptive method of cross section. Population: There were 19 professionals working in operating room and 19 patients post-surgery; the technique was observation and was used as instrument a questionnaire. Results: 100 per cent (19) of health professionals, 52.6 per cent (10) performs surgical scrub improperly, and 47.4 per cent (9) is properly washed. Regarding patients, 100 per cent (19), none have postoperative infections. Conclusion: This study shows that there is no relationship between hands washing technique with the presence of postoperative infections.

Physicochemical properties of different thickeners used in infant foods and their relationship with mineral availability during in vitro digestion process.

Locust bean gum (LBG) and modified starches are commonly used as thickeners in food products for infants. However, there is no consensus on their possible effects on infant nutrition, especially on mineral availability. The aim of the present work was to characterize the effect of LBG, cross-linked, hydroxypropylated maize starch (Mhdp) and pre-gelatinized rice starch (gRS) on Ca, Fe and Zn availability during a gastric and intestinal in vitro digestion assay in relation to their physicochemical properties in solution (apparent viscosity, solubility, molar mass (M) and conformational properties) through the simulated digestion process. LBG gave the highest decrease in Ca and Fe gastric (17.96% and 17.6% respectively) and intestinal (19.5% and 13.5%) solubility with respect to the reference without thickeners. Ca (11.1%±1.1), Fe (2.77%±0.3) and Zn (7.78%±0.6) dialyzability was also lower than for the reference (23.4%±2.9; 19.65%±3.53 and 27.74%±3.3 respectively). LBG solubility remained stable during gastric digestion, decreasing significantly from a range of 65-69% to 61.1% after intestinal digestion. LBG viscosity remained stable during the digestion process, being these findings attributable to its resistance to enzymes. On the other hand, the addition to Mhdp or gRS slightly affected Ca and Fe solubility or Ca dialyzability, decreasing after gastric digestion and then increasing after intestinal digestion with respect to the reference. These results correlated to the changes in their viscosity enhancing properties, which increased during gastric digestion and decreased after intestinal digestion, being attributable to their digestion by pancreatic enzymes. Gastric digestion resulted in an increase in M for the modified starches (more pronounced for gRS). The increase in mineral solubility and dialyzability after intestinal digestion with respect to the gastric stage was explained by the degradation of starches by intestinal enzymes, which resulted in a decrease in apparent shear viscosity (from 1.2 to 1Pas, measured in a shear rate range 0.00-50s-1) and an increase in solubility (from 3 to 6% to approximately 70%) after intestinal digestion. In conclusion, LBG could be more effective than Mhdp and gRS as thickener, providing higher viscosity and resistance to digestive process. However, its negative effect on mineral solubility and dialyzability should be taken into account. On the contrary, Mhdp and gRS showed to be degraded after intestinal digestion.