Cooperation and social organization depend on weighing private and public reputations.

To avoid exploitation by defectors, people can use past experiences with others when deciding to cooperate or not ('private information'). Alternatively, people can derive others' reputation from 'public' information provided by individuals within the social network. However, public information may be aligned or misaligned with one's own private experiences and different individuals, such as 'friends' and 'enemies', may have different opinions about the reputation of others. Using evolutionary agent-based simulations, we examine how cooperation and social organization is shaped when agents (1) prioritize private or public information about others' reputation, and (2) integrate others' opinions using a friend-focused or a friend-and-enemy focused heuristic (relying on reputation information from only friends or also enemies, respectively). When agents prioritize public information and rely on friend-and-enemy heuristics, we observe polarization cycles marked by high cooperation, invasion by defectors, and subsequent population fragmentation. Prioritizing private information diminishes polarization and defector invasions, but also results in limited cooperation. Only when using friend-focused heuristics and following past experiences or the recommendation of friends create prosperous and stable populations based on cooperation. These results show how combining one's own experiences and the opinions of friends can lead to stable and large-scale cooperation and highlight the important role of following the advice of friends in the evolution of group cooperation.

Cooperation dynamics in dynamical networks with history-based decisions.

In many aspects of life on earth, individuals may engage in cooperation with others to contribute towards a goal they may share, which can also ensure self-preservation. In evolutionary game theory, the act of cooperation can be considered as an altruistic act of an individual producing some form of benefit or commodity that can be utilised by others they are associated with, which comes at some personal cost. Under certain conditions, individuals make use of information that they are able to perceive within a group in order to aid with their choices for who they should associate themselves within these cooperative scenarios. However, cooperative individuals can be taken advantage of by opportunistic defectors, which can cause significant disruption to the population. We study a model where the decision to establish interactions with potential partners is based on the opportune integration of the individual's private ability to perceive the intentions of others (private information) and the observation of the population, information that is available to every individual (public information). When public information is restricted to a potential partners current connection count, the population becomes highly cooperative but rather unstable with frequent invasions of cheaters and recoveries of cooperation. However, when public information considers the previous decisions of the individuals (accepted / rejected connections) the population is slightly less cooperative but more stable. Generally, we find that allowing the observation of previous decisions, as part of the available public information, can often lead to more stable but fragmented and less prosperous networks. Our results highlight that the ability to observe previous individual decisions, balanced by individuals personal information, represents an important aspect of the interplay between individual decision-making and the resilience of cooperation in structured populations.

Combination of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Oral Steroids for the Treatment of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Early or Late?

Background and Objectives: Several treatments are available for sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL), but no studies have compared the different treatments based on the delay from the onset of the disease. Our study aims to compare the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), oral steroids (OS) and combination of both therapies (HBOT + OS) for treating SSNHL. Materials and Methods: This randomized study analyzed 171 patients with SSNHL. Patients were evaluated by pure tone audiometry test (PTA) at baseline (T0) and 20 days after treatment (T1). Three groups were available HBOT-A-, OS-B- and HBOT + OS-C-. After baseline PTA, patients were randomly assigned to each group. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Chi-square. Results: Patients in the HBOT + OS and HBOT groups improved their auditory function (p < 0.05). HBOT was the best choice for treatment when started by 7 days from SSNHL onset, while HBOT + OS in case of late treatment. Profound SNHL recovered equally by HBOT and HBOT + OS (p < 0.05). Upsloping SNHL obtained better auditory results by HBOT compared to HBOT + OS (p < 0.05). Downsloping and flat SSNHL had the most improvement with HBOT + OS compared to HBOT only (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Combination of HBOT and OS is a valid treatment for SSNHL both in case of early and late treatment. Combination of HBOT and OS was the choice with the best results in case of treatment started >14 days from symptom onset.

Surgical Management of Intractable Meniere's Disease.

Meniere's Disease (MD) is an inner ear disorder characterized by spontaneous recurrent vertigo, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, aural fullness and low-pitch tinnitus. Therapeutic management of MD includes dietary restriction and medical therapy. A minority of cases is characterized by frequent vertigo attacks, progressive hearing loss and persistent tinnitus even through the continuous medical treatments; this condition is called intractable MD and requires a therapeutic escalation from non-invasive medical treatment to surgical intervention. Invasive procedures include endolymphatic sac surgery, vestibular nerve section and labyrinthectomy. These procedures have a very high success rate on symptom control but may have a severe impact on the hearing function. However, the simultaneous combined approach of demolitive surgery and cochlear implantation may be a valid approach to treat symptoms of intractable MD and preserve hearing function. In the present study, we review current literature focusing on intractable MD to describe and discuss advantages and disadvantages of established and newly proposed surgical treatments for intractable MD.

Partial intracapsular tonsillectomy in the treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome: a prospective study with 5-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To assess efficacy and safety of tonsil reduction with bipolar forceps electrocautery as treatment of paediatric obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective interventional study. METHODS: Two hundred and sixty-three children aged 4-10 years with OSAHS and an apnea hypopnea index (AHI) > 3 were enrolled from March 2013 to January 2016. Pre-operative evaluation included oropharyngeal clinical examination with fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy, OSA-18 questionnaire and overnight sleep study. All children were treated with adenoidectomy and tonsillotomy with bipolar forceps. OSA-18 questionnaire and overnight sleep study were performed 30 days after surgery. RESULTS: Pre-operative average of the OSA-18 questionnaires was of 70.3 (SD = 9.7); 30-day post-operative score was 23.15 (SD = 8.2; p = 0.045). Pre-operative average Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) score was 9.41 (SD = 4.1); 30-day post-operative average of AHI score was of 1.75 (SD = 0.8; p = 0.012). Oxygen Desaturation Index (ODI) rate changed from 7.39 (SD = 4) to 1.34 (30-day post-operative) (SD = 4.7; p = 0.085). NADIR rate changed from 79% (SD = 6.32) to 90% (30-day post-operative) (SD = 5.18; p = 0.00012). Peri- and post-operative complications in our sample were mainly pain (average 75 doses of paracetamol), while bleeding did not occur (0%). All patients received a follow-up examination 5 years after surgery to evaluate tonsil size; at this time-point, a reduction in tonsil size from 3.6 (3-4; SD = 4.2) to 1.3 (1-2; SD = 5.5) was found, while tonsil regrowth was observed in five children (2%). CONCLUSION: This study showed that partial tonsillotomy with bipolar forceps electrocautery associated to adenoidectomy is an effective technique in treating OSAHS symptoms in children and ensures less complications in terms of hemorrhage, postoperative pain and infections compared to traditional adenotonsillectomy. The very low tonsillar regrowth rate reported in this study may support the routine use of this technique.

Longitudinal randomized study to evaluate the long-term outcome of endoscopic primary dacryocystorhinostomy with or without silicone tube.

OBJECTIVE: Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is indicated for the treatment of nasolacrimal obstruction with some authors suggesting the use of a silicone tube (stent) to maintain rhinostomy patency a long time. This study aims at comparing the results of endoscopic-DCR (En-DCR) with and without silicone stenting. METHODS: A randomized prospective study was conducted from January 2013 to January 2018, following patients for up to 72 months. Sixty outbound patients suffering from chronic epiphora for primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction were simply randomized and assigned to En-DCR with "silicone stent tube" (SST) or "no silicone stent tube" (NSST) group. Data about the results of the two procedures were collected using Munk' and Ali' assessments. The results were statistically compared to evaluate the differences. RESULTS: 30 patients were in the SST group and 30 in NSST. In the SST group, the tube remained in place for 3-6 months (4.1 ± 1.2 months). The follow-up period was 12-72 months (48.3 ± 6.2 months). Success rates (Junk and Javed Ali assessments) were, respectively, 97% in SST and 90% NSST group, with no statistical difference (Student's test). On a long-term follow-up, SST patients had an increased risk of re-stenosis by 14 months. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed there were not benefit in using tube, in the opposite it increased risk of re-stenosis. Despite preliminary results, our data confirmed comparing the two methods that silicone tube should not be used.

Computational modelling unveils how epiblast remodelling and positioning rely on trophectoderm morphogenesis during mouse implantation.

Understanding the processes by which the mammalian embryo implants in the maternal uterus is a long-standing challenge in embryology. New insights into this morphogenetic event could be of great importance in helping, for example, to reduce human infertility. During implantation the blastocyst, composed of epiblast, trophectoderm and primitive endoderm, undergoes significant remodelling from an oval ball to an egg cylinder. A main feature of this transformation is symmetry breaking and reshaping of the epiblast into a "cup". Based on previous studies, we hypothesise that this event is the result of mechanical constraints originating from the trophectoderm, which is also significantly transformed during this process. In order to investigate this hypothesis we propose MG# (MechanoGenetic Sharp), an original computational model of biomechanics able to reproduce key cell shape changes and tissue level behaviours in silico. With this model, we simulate epiblast and trophectoderm morphogenesis during implantation. First, our results uphold experimental findings that repulsion at the apical surface of the epiblast is essential to drive lumenogenesis. Then, we provide new theoretical evidence that trophectoderm morphogenesis indeed can dictate the cup shape of the epiblast and fosters its movement towards the uterine tissue. Our results offer novel mechanical insights into mouse peri-implantation and highlight the usefulness of agent-based modelling methods in the study of embryogenesis.

Biomarkers of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a review.

Laryngeal carcinoma is the second common malignancy of the upper aerodigestive tract after lung cancer; in most cases is a squamous cell carcinoma, whose risk factors include tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption. Despite therapeutic progress, the five-year overall survival rate for this malignancy has remained nearly 50% and many patients already present metastasis at the time of diagnosis. To date, there are no tools that predict the evolution of laryngeal carcinoma: in this light, during the last years, many studies were planned with the aim to investigate the role played by different biomarkers expressed by larynx cancer, which can help make an early diagnosis, predict disease evolution and direct therapeutic choice. This review aims to summarize these markers and correlating them with disease evolution.

Inner Ear Disorders in SCUBA Divers: A Review.

Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) diving is a popular sport. However, improper diving may injure different organs. The majority of dive-related disorders concern otolaryngology, and may include hearing loss, tinnitus, aural fullness, disequilibrium, and vertigo. Three main inner ear pathological conditions can occur underwater: inner ear barotrauma (IEB), inner ear decompression sickness (IEDS), and alternobaric vertigo (AV). IEB results from inappropriate equalization of middle ear pressure and consequent inner ear injury produced by pressure changes within the middle ear; IEDS is characterized by the formation of gas bubbles within the vessels of the inner ear during rapid ascent; AV typically develops while ascending or performing the Valsalva maneuver and can follow asymmetrical equalization of middle ear pressure transmitted via the oval and round window membranes. The clinical pictures of these pathological conditions are partly superimposable, even if they have specific peculiarities. Before starting SCUBA diving, a fit-to-dive assessment is recommended. It should include an otolaryngologic examination with audiological assessment to evaluate nasal, middle ear, and tubal patency and to minimize the risk of IEB, IEDS, and AV. It is of utmost importance to identify individual risk factors and predisposing pathological conditions that favor inner ear injury before diving, to prevent acute events and preserve auditory and vestibular functions in SCUBA divers. This review aims to provide an overview of the pathological conditions characterized by inner ear injury in SCUBA divers, discussing their pathogenetic mechanisms, diagnostic work-up, and prevention.

Obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome: relationship with obesity and management in obese patients.

Obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS) is a disease characterised by upper airway obstruction during sleep, quite frequent in the general population, even if underestimated. Snoring, sleep apnoea and diurnal hypersomnia are common in these patients. Central obesity plays a key role: it reduces the size and changes the conformation of the upper airways, besides preventing lung expansion, with consequent reduction of lung volumes. Furthermore, obese people are also resistant to leptin, which physiologically stimulates ventilation; as a result, this causes scarce awakening during apnoea. OSAHS diagnosis is based on the combination of clinical parameters, such as apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI), medical history, physical examination and Mallampati score. The first objective reference method to identify OSAHS is polysomnography followed by sleep endoscopy. Therapy provides in the first instance reduction of body weight, followed by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), which still remains the treatment of choice in most patients, mandibular advancement devices (MAD) and finally otolaryngology or maxillofacial surgery. Among surgical techniques, central is barbed reposition pharyngoplasty (BRP), used in the field of multilevel surgery.^ieng

La sindrome da apnee notturne è una malattia caratterizzata da ostruzione delle vie aeree superiori durante il sonno, abbastanza frequente nella popolazione generale, anche se sottovalutata. Russamenti, apnee notturne e ipersonnia diurna sono comuni in questi pazienti. L'obesità svolge un ruolo chiave: riduce le dimensioni e modifica la conformazione delle vie aeree superiori, oltre a prevenire l'espansione polmonare, con conseguente riduzione dei volumi polmonari. Le persone obese sono anche resistenti alla leptina, che stimola fisiologicamente la ventilazione; di conseguenza, questo provoca uno scarso risveglio durante l'apnea. La diagnosi si basa sulla combinazione di parametri clinici, come indice di apnea / ipopnea (AHI), anamnesi, valutazione clinica e Mallampati score. La prima indagine strumentale per identificare pazienti OSAHS è la polisonnografia seguita dalla sleep endoscopy. La terapia prevede in primo luogo la riduzione del peso corporeo, seguita dalla ventilazione a pressione positiva continua delle vie aeree (CPAP), che rimane ancora ad oggi il trattamento di scelta nella maggior parte dei pazienti, dispositivi di avanzamento mandibolare (MAD) e infine diversi approcci chirurgici. Tra le tecniche chirurgiche la faringoplastica (BRP), rappresenta la tecnica prescelta.

Quantification of cell behaviors and computational modeling show that cell directional behaviors drive zebrafish pectoral fin morphogenesis.

MOTIVATION: Understanding the mechanisms by which the zebrafish pectoral fin develops is expected to produce insights on how vertebrate limbs grow from a 2D cell layer to a 3D structure. Two mechanisms have been proposed to drive limb morphogenesis in tetrapods: a growth-based morphogenesis with a higher proliferation rate at the distal tip of the limb bud than at the proximal side, and directed cell behaviors that include elongation, division and migration in a non-random manner. Based on quantitative experimental biological data at the level of individual cells in the whole developing organ, we test the conditions for the dynamics of pectoral fin early morphogenesis. RESULTS: We found that during the development of the zebrafish pectoral fin, cells have a preferential elongation axis that gradually aligns along the proximodistal (PD) axis of the organ. Based on these quantitative observations, we build a center-based cell model enhanced with a polarity term and cell proliferation to simulate fin growth. Our simulations resulted in 3D fins similar in shape to the observed ones, suggesting that the existence of a preferential axis of cell polarization is essential to drive fin morphogenesis in zebrafish, as observed in the development of limbs in the mouse, but distal tip-based expansion is not. AVAILABILITYAND IMPLEMENTATION: Upon publication, biological data will be available at http://bioemergences.eu/modelingFin, and source code at https://github.com/guijoe/MaSoFin. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine ototoxicity; potential implications for SARS-CoV-2 treatment. A brief review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Current clinical evidences do not support any specific treatment against SARS-CoV-2. Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are typically used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and malaria; they have been considered for off-label and compassionate use in several countries against moderate to severe cases of COVID-19 and there's actually a massive demand of these two drugs. The aim of this paper is to briefly review the published literature, summarizing evidences about audiological implications after CQ and HCQ treatment. METHODS: We conducted a review of the literature on Medline and Pubmed platforms from 27th May 2020 to 30 May 2020. We combined MeSH terms of "chloroquine", "hydroxychloroquine", "ototoxicity", "hearing loss", "tinnitus", "deafness" and "hearing". Publications with relevant data were included. Selected data (authors, country and year; sample size; study design; audiological side effects) were extracted and summarized in a table. RESULTS: Of 45 initial studies, 14 met inclusion criteria. The authors found xix cases of HCQ ototoxicity; Tinnitus was reported in 2 cases, and it was found to be reversible or irreversible. Sensorineural hearing loss after HCQ use was reported in 7 patients; it was found to be irreversible or partially reversible after discontinuation of HCQ in 6 cases. Eight papers reporting CQ ototoxicity were; tinnitus was not reported by any authors. Sensorineural hearing loss after taking CQ was reported in 6 patients; it was found to be irreversible after discontinuation of CQ in 5 patients. One patient showed abnormal gait after a single intramuscular injection of CQ. Thirteen patients' Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) were found to be abnormal, but they resolved after CQ discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: CQ and HCQ related ototoxicity is widely reported in the literature although the pathophysiological mechanism is not well known. Current data are not sufficient enough to support the use of CQ and HCQ as therapy for COVID-19, but considering the growing demand for these two drugs and the number of people around the world who have taken and will take CQ and HCQ, it must necessarily consider the clinical and social impact of long term audiological side effects.

Strategically positioning cooperators can facilitate the contagion of cooperation.

The spreading of cooperation in structured population is a challenging problem which can be observed at different scales of social and biological organization. Generally, the problem is studied by evaluating the chances that few initial invading cooperators, randomly appearing in a network, can lead to the spreading of cooperation. In this paper we demonstrate that in many scenarios some cooperators are more influential than others and their initial positions can facilitate the spreading of cooperation. We investigate six different ways to add initial cooperators in a network of cheaters, based on different network-based measurements. Our research reveals that strategically positioning the initial cooperators in a population of cheaters allows to decrease the number of initial cooperators necessary to successfully seed cooperation. The strategic positioning of initial cooperators can also help to shorten the time necessary for the restoration of cooperation. The optimal ways in which the initial cooperators should be placed is, however, non-trivial in that it depends on the degree of competition, the underlying game, and the network structure. Overall, our results show that, in structured populations, few cooperators, well positioned in strategically chosen places, can spread cooperation faster and easier than a large number of cooperators that are placed badly.

Rehabilitation Protocol for Unilateral Laryngeal and Lingual Paralysis (Tapia Syndrome): Comment About "A Challenging Case of Tapia Syndrome After Total Thyroidectomy" By Ildem Deveci, Mehmet Surmeli, and Reyhan Surmeli.

Tapia syndrome is a rare complication after surgery, with ipsilateral paralysis of vocal cord and tongue due to extracranial involvement of recurrent laryngeal and hypoglossal nerves. Tapia's case report is extremely interesting for both the rarity of the reported cases and for the importance of an early rehabilitation. In a previous work, we reported a case of Tapia syndrome after cardiac surgery for aortic aneurysm, and the protocol of logopedic rehabilitation adopted. In the postoperative period, he developed severe dyspnea and dysphagia that required a tracheostomy and a logopedic rehabilitation therapy that led to a fast and efficient swallowing without aspiration after 47 sessions (less than 4 months). The progressive recovery of the function suggests aprassic nerve damage. However, the logopedic therapy is recommended to limit the possibility of permanent functional deficits and quickly recover swallowing and phonation.

Left mixed laryngocele in absence of risk factors: A case report and review of literature.

Laryngocele is an uncommon benign cystic dilatation of the laryngeal saccule that communicates with the laryngeal lumen and contains air. On the basis of its localization, it can be traditionally classified in internal, external, or mixed. Usually unilateral and rarely bilateral, it may be congenital or acquired. It most often appears later in life without important symptoms except for cervical swelling. Here, together with a review of literature, we report the case of a 72-year-old man, smoker but without other specific risk factors, who presented laryngeal dyspnea for about one year. Neck CT scan performed during a previous hospitalization for respiratory failure revealed a left mixed laryngocele that was later surgically removed with cervicotomic access. The patient was discharged after one week. One month after surgery, we confirmed the absence of disease with video laryngoscopy.

Inner-Ear Disorders Presenting with Air-Bone Gaps: A Review.

Air-bone gaps (ABGs) are commonly found in patients with conductive or mixed hearing loss generally due to outer- and/or middle-ear diseases such as otitis externa, tympanic membrane perforation, interruption or fixation of the ossicular chain, and chronic suppurative otitis media. ABGs can also be found in correlation with inner-ear disorders, such as endolymphatic hydrops, enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome, semicircular canal dehiscence, gusher syndrome, cochlear dehiscence, and Paget disease's as well cerebral vascular anomalies including dural arteriovenous fistula. The typical clinical presentation of inner-ear conditions or cerebral vascular anomalies causing ABGs includes audiological and vestibular symptoms like vertigo, oscillopsia, dizziness, imbalance, spinning sensation, pulsatile or continuous tinnitus, hyperacusis, autophony, auricular fullness, Tullio's phenomenon, and Hennebert's sign. Establishing a definitive diagnosis of the underlying condition in patients presenting with an ABG is often challenging to do and, in many patients, the condition may remain undefined. Results from an accurate clinical, audiological, and vestibular evaluation can be suggestive for the underlying condition; however, radiological assessment by computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging is mandatory to confirm any diagnostic suspicion. In this review, we describe and discuss the most recent updates available regarding the clinical presentation and diagnostic workup of inner-ear conditions that may present together with ABGs.