Blocking phosphatidylglycerol degradation in yeast defective in cardiolipin remodeling results in a new model of the Barth syndrome cellular phenotype.

Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an inherited mitochondrial disorder characterized by a decrease in total cardiolipin and the accumulation of its precursor monolysocardiolipin due to the loss of the transacylase enzyme tafazzin. However, the molecular basis of BTHS pathology is still not well understood. Here we characterize the double mutant pgc1Δtaz1Δ of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in phosphatidylglycerol-specific phospholipase C and tafazzin as a new yeast model of BTHS. Unlike the taz1Δ mutant used to date, this model accumulates phosphatidylglycerol, thus better approximating the human BTHS cells. We demonstrate that increased phosphatidylglycerol in this strain leads to more pronounced mitochondrial respiratory defects and an increased incidence of aberrant mitochondria compared to the single taz1Δ mutant. We also show that the mitochondria of the pgc1Δtaz1Δ mutant exhibit a reduced rate of respiration due to decreased cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase activities. Finally, we determined that the mood-stabilizing anticonvulsant valproic acid has a positive effect on both lipid composition and mitochondrial function in these yeast BTHS models. Overall, our results show that the pgc1Δtaz1Δ mutant better mimics the cellular phenotype of BTHS patients than taz1Δ cells, both in terms of lipid composition and the degree of disruption of mitochondrial structure and function. This favors the new model for use in future studies.

Differences in mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase activities in trypanosomatids.

Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) is the first enzyme in the respiratory chain. It catalyses the electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone that is associated with proton pumping out of the matrix. In this study, we characterized NADH dehydrogenase activity in seven monoxenous trypanosomatid species: Blechomonas ayalai, Herpetomonas tarakana, Kentomonas sorsogonicus, Leptomonas seymouri, Novymonas esmeraldas, Sergeia podlipaevi and Wallacemonas raviniae. We also investigated the subunit composition of the complex I in dixenous Phytomonas serpens, in which its presence and activity have been previously documented. In addition to P. serpens, the complex I is functionally active in N. esmeraldas and S. podlipaevi. We also identified 24-32 subunits of the complex I in individual species by using mass spectrometry. Among them, for the first time, we recognized several proteins of the mitochondrial DNA origin.

Coenzyme Q2 is a universal substrate for the measurement of respiratory chain enzyme activities in trypanosomatids.

The measurement of respiratory chain enzyme activities is an integral part of basic research as well as for specialized examinations in clinical biochemistry. Most of the enzymes use ubiquinone as one of their substrates. For current in vitro measurements, several hydrophilic analogues of native ubiquinone are used depending on the enzyme and the workplace. We tested five readily available commercial analogues and we showed that Coenzyme Q2 is the most suitable for the measurement of all tested enzyme activities. Use of a single substrate in all laboratories for several respiratory chain enzymes will improve our ability to compare data, in addition to simplifying the stock of chemicals required for this type of research.

Cervical human papillomavirus infection in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection at the time of admission and the presence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI) in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) and to determine the association between cervical HPV infection and short-term neonatal morbidity. METHODS: One hundred women with singleton pregnancies complicated by PPROM between the gestational ages of 24+0 and 36+6 weeks were included in the study. The presence of HPV DNA was evaluated in scraped cervical cells using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amniotic fluid samples were obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis. RESULTS: The rate of cervical HPV infection in women with PPROM was 24%. The rates of MIAC and IAI were not different between women with cervical HPV infection and those without cervical HPV infection [MIAC: with HPV: 21% (5/24) vs. without HPV: 22% (17/76), p = 1.00; IAI: with HPV: 21% (5/24) vs. without HPV: 18% (14/76), p = 0.77]. There were no differences in the selected aspects of short-term neonatal morbidity between women with and without cervical HPV infection. CONCLUSIONS: In women with PPROM, the presence of cervical HPV infection at the time of admission is not related to a higher risk of intra-amniotic infection-related and inflammatory complications or worse short-term neonatal outcomes.

Specific degradation of phosphatidylglycerol is necessary for proper mitochondrial morphology and function.

In yeast, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is a minor phospholipid under standard conditions; it can be utilized for cardiolipin (CL) biosynthesis by CL synthase, Crd1p, or alternatively degraded by the phospholipase Pgc1p. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion mutants crd1Δ and pgc1Δ both accumulate PG. Based on analyses of the phospholipid content of pgc1Δ and crd1Δ yeast, we revealed that in yeast mitochondria, two separate pools of PG are present, which differ in their fatty acid composition and accessibility for Pgc1p-catalyzed degradation. In contrast to CL-deficient crd1Δ yeast, the pgc1Δ mutant contains normal levels of CL. This makes the pgc1Δ strain a suitable model to study the effect of accumulation of PG per se. Using fluorescence microscopy, we show that accumulation of PG with normal levels of CL resulted in increased fragmentation of mitochondria, while in the absence of CL, accumulation of PG led to the formation of large mitochondrial sheets. We also show that pgc1Δ mitochondria exhibited increased respiration rates due to increased activity of cytochrome c oxidase. Taken together, our results indicate that not only a lack of anionic phospholipids, but also excess PG, or unbalanced ratios of anionic phospholipids in mitochondrial membranes, have harmful consequences on mitochondrial morphology and function.

Prognostic significance of CD3+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with endometrial carcinoma.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate tumor-infiltrating leukocytes in patients with endometrial carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cluster of differentiation (CD)3(+), CD8(+) and C20(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and CD68(+) tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were evaluated retrospectively by immunohistochemistry in tumor specimen from 124 patients with endometrial carcinoma. RESULTS: A significant decrease of CD3(+) TILs and an increase of CD68(+) TAM count was associated with higher tumor stage. In patients with early-stage, high-risk tumors, low intraepithelial CD3(+) TIL counts were associated with significantly inferior survival. In multivariate analysis of patients with early-stage tumors, intraepithelial CD3(+) TIL counts were an independent predictor of survival. CONCLUSION: In patients with endometrial carcinoma a decrease of intraepithelial CD3(+) TIL counts is associated with advanced stage and high risk group. Intraepithelial CD3(+) TIL counts are an independent predictor of survival in patients with early tumors.

Predictive and prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant systemic therapy.

Despite the progress of tailored therapeutic strategies in patients with breast cancer, there is an unmet medical need for additional biomarkers that would guide therapy, including the administration of targeted agents. It has been demonstrated that the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is associated with prognosis in patients with early breast cancer. Moreover, TIL counts were shown to predict outcome of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The neoadjuvant setting is increasingly used to assess the efficacy of new systemic therapies, and TILs are promising as a biomarker reflecting the immune response to tumor. Future studies should investigate on the integration of TILs as predictive biomarkers in patients treated with targeted- agents.

Comparative analysis of respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation in Leishmania tarentolae, Crithidia fasciculata, Phytomonas serpens and procyclic stage of Trypanosoma brucei.

Trypanosomatids are unicellular parasites living in a wide range of host environments, which to large extent shaped their mitochondrial energy metabolism, resulting in quite large differences even among closely related flagellates. In a comparative manner, we analyzed the activities and composition of mitochondrial respiratory complexes in four species (Leishmania tarentolae, Crithidia fasciculata, Phytomonas serpens and Trypanosoma brucei), which represent the main model trypanosomatids. Moreover, we measured the activity of mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, the overall oxygen consumption and the mitochondrial membrane potential in each species. The comparative analysis suggests an inverse relationship between the activities of respiratory complexes I and II, as well as the overall activity of the canonical complexes and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Our comparative analysis shows that mitochondrial functions are highly variable in these versatile parasites.

Lymphatic vasculature is increased in heart valves, ischaemic and inflamed hearts and in cholesterol-rich and calcified atherosclerotic lesions.

BACKGROUND: Despite the importance of myocardial vasculature in many pathological conditions, little information is available about cardiac and coronary lymphatic vessels in normal and pathological conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Vasculature was assessed by immunohistochemistry with CD 31 and lymphatic endothelium with markers podoplanin and LYVE-1 in 16 children and 20 adult autopsy hearts. Valve biopsies were collected from eight adults. RESULTS: The highest number of lymphatics was found in valves in infective endocarditis, where they accounted nearly 100% of all vessels in certain areas. An increased number of lymphatics was also found in degenerative calcified stenosis, whereas the number was reduced in myxoid degeneration. Lymphatics grew in areas rich in extracellular matrix, whereas inflammatory cell-rich areas were more prone to angiogenesis. Progressive atherosclerotic lesions rich in calcium and cholesterol crystals revealed increased lymphangiogenesis in media. The highest number of myocardial lymphatics was found in epicardium of ischaemic hearts in both acute and chronic phase. Additionally, an increased number of lymphatics accompanied myocarditis and acute myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: The highest number of lymphatics was found in valves in infective endocarditis. Increases in lymphatics also accompanied major cardiac pathological changes, such as acute and chronic ischaemia, progressive atherosclerosis, myocarditis and hypertrophy. Thus, blocking of excess lymphangiogenesis might be useful in progressive atherosclerosis, whereas stimulation of lymphatic vascular growth and function might be useful in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.

Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is active in but non-essential for procyclic Trypanosoma brucei.

The requirement of complex I (NADH:ubiquionone oxidoreductase) for respiration in Trypanosoma brucei is controversial. Recent identification of homologues of its subunits in mitochondrial proteome resolved a question of its presence or absence. However, with one exception, no data have been available concerning the function(s) of complex I or its subunits. Here we present a functional RNAi study of three (NUBM, NUKM, NUEM) putative subunits of this complex. Although no changes were detected in growth, mitochondrial membrane potential or reactive oxygen species production in cell lines depleted for target transcript, the NUBM and NUKM RNAi knock-downs showed decreased specific NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity. Moreover, glycerol gradients of all cell lines revealed the presence of two distinct peaks of NADH dehydrogenase activity, with shifted sensitivity to inhibitors of complex I upon RNAi induction. Thus complex I is not only present in the procyclic stage of T. brucei 29-13 strain, but it does participate in electron transport chain.

The assembly of F(1)F(O)-ATP synthase is disrupted upon interference of RNA editing in Trypanosoma brucei.

Throughout eukaryotes, the gene encoding subunit 6 (ATP6) of the F(1)F(O)-ATP synthase (complex V) is maintained in mitochondrial (mt) genomes, presumably because of its high hydrophobicity due to its incorporation into the membrane-bound F(O) moiety. In Trypanosoma species, a mt transcript that undergoes extensive processing by RNA editing has a very low sequence similarity to ATP6 from other organisms. The notion that the putative ATP6 subunit is assembled into the F(O) sub-complex is ostensibly challenged by the existence of naturally occurring dyskinetoplastic (Dk) and akinetoplastid (Ak) trypanosomes, which are viable despite lacking the mtDNA required for its expression. Taking advantage of the different phenotypes between RNA interference knock-down cell lines in which the expression of proteins involved in mtRNA metabolism and editing can be silenced, we provide support for the view that ATP6 is encoded in the mt genome of Trypanosoma species and that it is incorporated into complex V. The reduction of the F(1)F(O) oligomer of complex V coincides with the accumulation of the F(1) moiety in ATP6-lacking cells, which also appear to lack the F(O) ATP9 multimeric ring. The oligomycin sensitivity of ATPase activity of complex V in ATP6-lacking cells is reduced, reflecting the insensitivity of the Dk and Ak cells to this drug. In addition, the F(1) moiety of complex V appears to exist as a dimer in steady state conditions and contains the ATP4 subunit traditionally assigned to the F(O) sub-complex.

Characterization of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) in the trypanosomatid Phytomonas serpens (Kinetoplastida).

NADH dehydrogenase activity was characterized in the mitochondrial lysates of Phytomonas serpens, a trypanosomatid flagellate parasitizing plants. Two different high molecular weight NADH dehydrogenases were characterized by native PAGE and detected by direct in-gel activity staining. The association of NADH dehydrogenase activities with two distinct multisubunit complexes was revealed in the second dimension performed under denaturing conditions. One subunit present in both complexes cross-reacted with the antibody against the 39 kDa subunit of bovine complex I. Out of several subunits analyzed by MS, one contained a domain characteristic for the LYR family subunit of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductases. Spectrophotometric measurement of the NADH:ubiquinone 10 and NADH:ferricyanide dehydrogenase activities revealed their different sensitivities to rotenone, piericidin, and diphenyl iodonium.