Discovery of an Ortho-Substituted N-Cyclopropylmethyl-7α-phenyl-6,14-endoethano-tetrahydronorthebaine Derivative as a Selective and Potent Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist with Subsided Sedative Effect.

Research into kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonists with attenuated central-nervous-system side effects is a critical focus for developing productive and safe analgesics. Herein, a series of ortho-substituted N-cyclopropylmethyl-7α-phenyl-6,14-endoethano-tetrahydronorthebaines were designed, synthesized, and subjected to bioassays. Compound 7a exhibited high subtype selectivity and potent agonistic activity toward KOR (KOR, Ki = 3.9 nM, MOR/KOR = 270, DOR/KOR = 1075; [35S]GTPγS binding, EC50 = 3.4 nM). Additionally, this compound exhibited robust and persistent antinociceptive effects in rodent models with different animal strains (hot plate test, ED50 = 0.20-0.30 mg/kg, i.p.; abdominal constriction test, ED50 = 0.20-0.60 mg/kg, i.p.), with its KOR-mediated mechanism for antinociception firmly established. Notably, compound 7a, unlike conventional KOR agonists, displayed minimal sedation and aversion at the antinociceptive ED50 dose. This feature addresses a crucial limitation in existing KOR agonists, positioning compound 7a as a promising novel therapeutic agent.

Prelimbic cortex dynorphin/κ opioid receptor system modulates methamphetamine-induced cognitive impairment.

Chronic exposure to methamphetamine (METH) causes severe and persistent cognitive impairment. The present study aimed to investigate the role of dynorphin/κ opioid receptor (KOR) system in the development of METH-induced cognitive impairment. We found that mice showed significant cognitive impairment in the novel object recognition test (NOR) following daily injections of METH (10 mg/kg) for seven consecutive days. Systemic blockade of KOR prevented METH-induced cognitive impairment by pretreatment of the selective KOR antagonist norBNI (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or KOR deletion. Then, significant increased dynorphin and KOR mRNA were observed exclusively in prelimbic cortex (PL) other than infralimbic cortex. Finally, microinjection with norBNI into PL also improved cognitive memory in METH-treated mice using NOR and spontaneous alternation behaviour test. Our results demonstrated that dynorphin/KOR system activation in PL may be a possible mechanism for METH-induced cognitive impairment and shed light on KOR antagonists as a potential neuroprotective agent against the cognitive deficits induced by drug abuse.

Reversal of subtype-selectivity and function by the introduction of a para-benzamidyl substituent to N-cyclopropylmethyl nornepenthone.

The discovery and development of novel µ-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonists is a significant area to combat Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). In this work, a series of para-substituted N-cyclopropylmethyl-nornepenthone derivatives were designed and synthesized and pharmacologically assayed. Compound 6a was identified as a selective MOR antagonist both in vitro and in vivo. Its molecular basis was elucidated using molecular docking and MD simulations. A subpocket on the extracellular side of the TM2 domain of MOR, in particular the residue Y2.64, was proposed to be responsible for the reversal of subtype selectivity and functional reversal of this compound.

SLL-627 Is a Highly Selective and Potent κ Opioid Receptor (KOR) Agonist with an Unexpected Nonreduction in Locomotor Activity.

Undue central nervous system (CNS) side effects including dysphoria and sedation remain to be a challenge for the development of κ opioid receptor (KOR) agonists as effective and safe analgesics. On the basis of our previous work on morphinan-based KOR agonists, a series of 7α-methyl-7ß-substituted northebaine derivatives were designed, synthesized, and biologically assayed. Among others, compound 4a (SLL-627) has been identified as a highly selective and potent KOR agonist both in vitro and in vivo, and its molecular basis was also examined and discussed. Besides low liability to conditioned place aversion (CPA) test, treatment of SLL-627 was associated with a nonreduction in locomotor activity, compared to most of the other arylacetamide- or morphinan-based KOR agonists which generally exhibited apparently sedative effects. This unexpected finding provides new insights to dissociate analgesia from sedation for future discovery of innovative KOR agonists.

Antinociceptive activities and mechanism of action of Cepharanthine.

Cepharanthine is an alkaloid that isolated from Stephania cepharantha Hayata, however，its analgesic properties are unclear and the molecular targets that mediating Cepharanthine-induced analgesia are not explored yet. In the current study, mice pain models including hot plate, acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin tests were conducted to evaluate the antinociceptive actions of Cepharanthine. [3H]-ligand competitive binding assay was applied to determine the binding affinity and selectivity of Cepharanthine at κ, µ and δ opioid receptors. Cepharanthine-induced constipation was investigated using the small intestinal transit test. The results showed that intraperitoneal injection of Cepharanthine produced potent antinociception with an ED50 value of 24.5 mg/kg in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. In the formalin test, Cepharanthine produced moderate antinociception with the maximum analgesic activity of 42.6 ± 11.3% in phase I and 60.1 ± 7.7% in phase Ⅱ, respectively. Cepharanthine had no effects in the hot plate test. In vitro radioligand binding assay, Cepharanthine exhibited a high affinity for µ opioid receptors with a Ki value of 80 nM, without binding to κ and δ opioid receptors. Correspondingly, Cepharanthine-mediated antinociceptive effects were antagonized by pretreatment with opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. Cepharanthine also decreased the small intestine propulsion rates in the small intestinal transit test. Together, this study firstly demonstrates that Cepharanthine produces potent antinociception in acetic acid-induced visceral pain and moderate antinociception in formalin-induced inflammatory pain, and its mechanism of action may be through activation of µ opioid receptors.

Amygdala dynorphin/κ opioid receptor system modulates depressive-like behavior in mice following chronic social defeat stress.

Major depression disorder is a severe and recurrent neuropsychological disorder characterized by lowered mood and social activity and cognitive impairment. Owing to unclear molecular mechanisms of depression, limited interventions are available in clinic. In this study we investigated the role of dynorphin/κ opioid receptor system in the development of depression. Mice were subjected to chronic social defeat stress for 14 days. Chronic social defeat stress induced significant social avoidance in mice characterized by decreased time duration in the interaction zone and increased time duration in the corner zone. Pre-administration of a κ opioid receptor antagonist norBNI (10 mg/kg, i.p.) could prevent the development of social avoidance induced by chronic social defeat stress. Social avoidance was not observed in κ opioid receptor knockout mice subjected to chronic social defeat stress. We further revealed that social defeat stress activated c-fos and ERK signaling in the amygdala without affecting the NAc, hippocampus and hypothalamus, and ERK activation was blocked by systemic injection of norBNI. Finally, the expression of dynorphin A, the endogenous ligand of κ opioid receptor, was significantly increased in the amygdala following social defeat stress; microinjection of norBNI into the amygdala prevented the development of depressive-like behaviors caused by social defeat stress. The present study demonstrates that upregulated dynorphin/κ opioid receptor system in the amygdala leads to the emergence of depression following chronic social defeat stress, and sheds light on κ opioid receptor antagonists as potential therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of depression following chronic stress.

Novel selective κ agonists SLL-039 and SLL-1206 produce potent antinociception with fewer sedation and aversion.

SLL-039 (N-cyclopropylmethyl-7α-4'-(N'-benzoyl) amino-phenyl-6,14-endoethano-tetrahydronorthebaine) and SLL-1206 (N-cyclopropylmethyl-7α-3'-(p-methoxybenzyl) amino-phenyl-6,14-endoethano-tetrahydronorthebaine) are two 4,5-epoxymorphinan-based high selective κ receptor agonists that we recently discovered. In the present study we characterized their pharmacological properties in comparison with arylacetamide-based typical κ agonist U50,488H. We showed that both SLL-039 and SLL-1206 produced potent and long-lasting antinociceptive actions in three different rodent models of pain via activation of κ opioid receptor. In hot-plate assay, the antinociceptive potency of SLL-039 and SLL-1206 increased about 11-and 17.3-fold compared to U50,488H and morphine, respectively, with ED50 values of 0.4 mg/kg. Following repeated administration, SLL-1206, SLL-039, and U50,488H all developed analgesic tolerance tested in hot-plate assay. U50,488H and SLL-039 produced antipruritic effects in a dose-dependent manner, whereas SLL-1206 displayed some antipruritic effects only at very low doses. In addition, SLL-1206 was capable of decreasing morphine-induced physical dependence. More importantly, SLL-039 and SLL-1206 at effective analgesic doses did not cause sedation and conditioned place aversion (CPA), whereas U50,488H did. In comparison with SLL-039, SLL-1206 caused similar antinociceptive responses, but fewer sedation and CPA. In conclusion, our results suggest that SLL-039 and SLL-1206 have potential to be developed as novel analgesic agents, and 4,5-expoxymorphinan scaffold is an attractive structure for the development of selective κ agonists with fewer side effects.

Amygdalar κ-opioid receptor-dependent upregulating glutamate transporter 1 mediates depressive-like behaviors of opioid abstinence.

Opiates produce a strong rewarding effect, but abstinence from opiate use emerges with severe negative emotions. Depression is one of the most frequent emotion disorders associated with opiate abstinence, which is thought to be a main cause for relapse. However, neurobiological bases of such an aversive emotion processing are poorly understood. Here, we find that morphine abstinence activates κ-opioid receptors (KORs) by increasing endogenous KOR ligand dynorphin expression in the amygdala, which in turn facilitates glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) expression by activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Upregulation of GLT1 expression contributes to opiate-abstinence-elicited depressive-like behaviors through modulating amygdalar glutamatergic inputs to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Intra-amygdala injection of GLT1 inhibitor DHK or knockdown of GLT1 expression in the amygdala significantly suppresses morphine-abstinence-induced depressive-like behaviors. Pharmacological and pharmacogenetic activation of amygdala-NAc projections prevents morphine-abstinence-induced behaviors. Overall, our study provides key molecular and circuit insights into the mechanisms of depression associated with opiate abstinence.

Discovery of an M-Substituted N-Cyclopropylmethyl-7α-phenyl-6,14-endoethanotetrahydronorthebaine as a Selective, Potent, and Orally Active κ-Opioid Receptor Agonist with an Improved Central Nervous System Safety Profile.

The search for selective kappa opioid receptor (κOR) agonists with an improved safety profile is an area of interest in opioid research. In this work, a series of m-substituted analogs were designed, synthesized, and assayed, resulting in the identification of compound 6c (SLL-1206) as a κOR agonist with single-digit nanomolar activities. The subtype selectivity of compound 6c appeared to be a consequence of an enormous decrease in the affinity for µOR and δOR, rather than a significant increase in the affinity for κOR, which was not the case for SLL-039, another selective and potent κOR agonist identified in our previous work. Besides reduced central nervous system effects, SLL-1206 exhibited substantially improved physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties compared with SLL-039, with increases of over 20-fold in aqueous solubility and approximately 40-fold in oral bioavailability in rats.

Discovery, Structure-Activity Relationship, and Mechanistic Studies of 1-((3R,4S)-3-((Dimethylamino)methyl)-4-hydroxy-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-2-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)ethan-1-one as a Novel Potent Analgesic.

Management of moderate to severe pain relies heavily on opioid analgesics such as morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl in clinics. However, their prolonged use was associated with undesirable side effects. Many new strategies to reduce side effects have been proposed, but not without disadvantages. Using a hot plate model as a phenotypic screening method, our studies identified (3R,4S)-9d with a new scaffold as a potent analgesic with ED50 values of 0.54 mg/kg and 0.021 mg/kg in hot plate and antiwrithing models, respectively. Mechanistic studies showed that it elicited its analgesic effect via the active metabolite (3R,4S)-10a. The mechanism of (3R,4S)-10a-induced activation of the µ opioid receptor (MOR) was proposed by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation.

Alteration of twinfilin1 expression underlies opioid withdrawal-induced remodeling of actin cytoskeleton at synapses and formation of aversive memory.

Exposure to drugs of abuse induces alterations of dendritic spine morphology and density that has been proposed to be a cellular basis of long-lasting addictive memory and heavily depend on remodeling of its underlying actin cytoskeleton by the actin cytoskeleton regulators. However, the actin cytoskeleton regulators involved and the specific mechanisms whereby drugs of abuse alter their expression or function are largely unknown. Twinfilin (Twf1) is a highly conserved actin-depolymerizing factor that regulates actin dynamics in organisms from yeast to mammals. Despite abundant expression of Twf1 in mammalian brain, little is known about its importance for brain functions such as experience-dependent synaptic and behavioral plasticity. Here we show that conditioned morphine withdrawal (CMW)-induced synaptic structure and behavior plasticity depends on downregulation of Twf1 in the amygdala of rats. Genetically manipulating Twf1 expression in the amygdala bidirectionally regulates CMW-induced changes in actin polymerization, spine density and behavior. We further demonstrate that downregulation of Twf1 is due to upregulation of miR101a expression via a previously unrecognized mechanism involving CMW-induced increases in miR101a nuclear processing via phosphorylation of MeCP2 at Ser421. Our findings establish the importance of Twf1 in regulating opioid-induced synaptic and behavioral plasticity and demonstrate its value as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of opioid addiction.

Anteromedial thalamic nucleus to anterior cingulate cortex inputs modulate histaminergic itch sensation.

Itch is an unpleasant feeling that triggers scratching behavior. Much progress has been made in identifying the mechanism of itch at the peripheral and spinal levels, however, itch circuits in the brain remain largely unexplored. We previously found that anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) to dorsal medial striatum (DMS) inputs modulated histamine-induced itch sensation, but how itch information was transmitted to ACC remained unclear. Here, we demonstrated that the anteromedial thalamic nucleus (AM) was activated during histaminergic itch, and there existed reciprocal neuronal projections between AM and ACC. Disconnection between AM and ACC resulted in a significant reduction of histaminergic, but not nonhistaminergic, itch-related scratching behavior. Optogenetic activation of AM-ACC, but not ACC-AM, projections evoked histaminergic itch sensation. Thus, our studies firstly reveal that AM is critical for histaminergic itch sensation and AM-ACC projections modulate histaminergic itch-induced scratching behavior.

Pharmacological Characterization of Dezocine, a Potent Analgesic Acting as a κ Partial Agonist and µ Partial Agonist.

Dezocine is becoming dominated in China market for relieving moderate to severe pain. It is believed that Dezocine's clinical efficacy and little chance to provoke adverse events during the therapeutic process are mainly attributed to its partial agonist activity at the µ opioid receptor. In the present work, we comprehensively studied the pharmacological characterization of Dezocine and identified that the analgesic effect of Dezocine was a result of action at both the κ and µ opioid receptors. We firstly found that Dezocine displayed preferential binding to µ opioid receptor over κ and δ opioid receptors. Dezocine, on its own, weakly stimulated G protein activation in cells expressing κ and µ receptors, but in the presence of full κ agonist U50,488 H and µ agonist DAMGO, Dezocine inhibited U50,488H- and DAMGO-mediated G protein activation, indicating that Dezocine was a κ partial agonist and µ partial agonist. Then the in intro results were verified by in vivo studies in mice. We observed that Dezocine-produced antinociception was significantly inhibited by κ antagonist nor-BNI and µ antagonist ß-FNA pretreatment, indicating that Dezocine-mediated antinociception was via both the κ and µ opioid receptors. When co-administrating of Dezocine with U50,488 H or morphine, Dezocine was capable of inhibiting U50,488H- or morphine-induced antinociception. Finally, κ receptor activation-associated side effect sedation was investigated. We found that Dezocine displayed limited sedative effect with a ceiling effecting at a moderate dose. Thus, our work led to a better understanding of the analgesic mechanism of action of Dezocine in vivo.

Dissociative role for dorsal hippocampus in mediating heroin self-administration and relapse through CDK5 and RhoB signaling revealed by proteomic analysis.

Addiction is characterized by drug craving, compulsive drug taking and relapse, which is attributed to aberrant neuroadaptation in brain regions implicated in drug addiction, induced by changes in gene and protein expression in these regions after chronic drug exposure. Accumulating evidence suggests that the dorsal hippocampus (DH) plays an important role in mediating drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior and relapse. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects of the DH are unclear. In the present study, we employed a label-free quantitative proteomic approach to analyze the proteins altered in the DH of heroin self-administering rats. A total of 4015 proteins were quantified with high confidence, and 361 proteins showed significant differences compared with the saline control group. Among them, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and ras homolog family member B (RhoB) were up-regulated in rats with a history of extended access to heroin. Functionally, inhibition of CDK5 in the DH enhanced heroin self-administration, indicating that CDK5 signaling in the DH acts as a homeostatic compensatory mechanism to limit heroin-taking behavior, whereas blockade of the Rho-Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway attenuated context-induced heroin relapse, indicating that RhoB signaling in the DH is required for the retrieval (recall) of addiction memory. Our findings suggest that manipulation of CDK5 signaling in the DH may be essential in determining vulnerability to opiate taking, whereas manipulation of RhoB signaling in the DH may be essential in determining vulnerability to relapse. Overall, the present study suggests that the DH can exert dissociative effects on heroin addiction through CDK5 and RhoB signaling.

Pharmacological characterization and therapeutic potential for the treatment of opioid abuse with ATPM-ET, an N-ethyl substituted aminothiazolomorphinan with κ agonist and µ agonist/antagonist activity.

We previously reported that the κ agonists with mixed µ activity could attenuate heroin self-administration with less potential to develop tolerance. The present study further investigated the effects of (-)-3-N-Ethylamino-thiazolo[5,4-b]-N-cyclopropylmethylmorphinan hydrochloride (ATPM-ET), a κ agonist and µ agonist/antagonist, on the acquisition and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), heroin self-administration and heroin-primed reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. We found that ATPM-ET produced a longer duration of potent antinociceptive effects with less side effect of sedation. More importantly, ATPM-ET attenuated the acquisition of morphine-induced CPP, without affecting the reinstatement of morphine CPP. Furthermore, ATPM-ET significantly inhibited heroin self-administration and the reinstatement of heroin primed drug-seeking behavior. Taken together, ATPM-ET, a novel κ agonist and µ agonist/antagonist may have utility for the treatment of drug dependence.

Single-chain variable fragments antibody of CART inhibits the expression of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization.

Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides are neurotransmitters with important roles in drug abuse. The increase of CART expression in the brain induced by psychostimulants is associated with changes of behavior in addicted animals. We expressed and purified the single-chain variable fragments antibody (scFv) against CART55-102, and observed the effect of CART scFv on the expression of cocaine-induced behavior sensitization in mice. Results showed that the titer of CART scFv was 1.6 µg/ml. Single administration of CART scFv (intraperitoneal 0.04, 0.2, and 1 mg/kg) reduced the increasing locomotor activity induced by chronic cocaine intake in mice (P<0.05-0.01), but failed to affect the locomotor activity of naive mice. These results suggested that CART scFv may be a potential therapeutic tool to treat drug abuse.