Add on yoga treatment for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: A multi-centric, randomized controlled trial.

The efficacy of antipsychotic medications in the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia is modest at best. Preliminary studies suggest the beneficial effects of add on Yoga, a traditional Indian practice, in the treatment of schizophrenia. Hence, in this study, we examined the efficacy of yoga as an add-on treatment for negative symptoms of schizophrenia in a randomized, wait-list controlled design from two clinical institutes in south India. 89 patients (age - 34.20 ± 8.06 years; education - 14.22 ± 2.69 years; 28 females) were randomized into the add-on yoga or treatment as usual (TAU - wait-list control) group. Patients had a mean illness duration of 10.97 ± 7.24 years with an age at onset of 23.34 ± 5.81 years. Central block randomization was followed to ensure concealed allocation. Participants randomized to the yoga treatment group attended 12 supervised yoga training sessions over two weeks and practiced yoga sessions at home for the subsequent 10 weeks. 64 patients completed the trial. An intent to treat analysis was conducted with 89 participants using a linear mixed model. Improvement in negative symptoms was our primary outcome measure. The two groups were matched on demographic variables and baseline psychopathology severity. Participants in the add-on yoga group had significantly greater improvement in negative symptoms (SANS baseline: 49.13 ± 2.30; 12-weeks follow up: 31.55 ± 2.53) compared to the TAU group (SANS baseline: 51.22 ± 2.40; 12-weeks follow up: 45.30 ± 2.93; t = 3.36; p = 0.006; Cohen's d-0.65). The current study findings suggest the efficacy of yoga as an add-on treatment for negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The effectiveness of yoga practice as a regular clinical intervention for patients needs to be explored in future studies by integrating yoga services along with other clinical services.

Examination of retinal vascular trajectory in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

AIM: Evidence suggests microvascular dysfunction (wider retinal venules and narrower arterioles) in schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). The vascular development is synchronous with neuronal development in the retina and brain. The retinal vessel trajectory is related to retinal nerve fiber layer thinning and cerebrovascular abnormalities in SCZ and BD and has not yet been examined. Hence, in this study we examined the retinal vascular trajectory in SCZ and BD in comparison with healthy volunteers (HV). METHODS: Retinal images were acquired from 100 HV, SCZ patients, and BD patients, respectively, with a non-mydriatic fundus camera. Images were quantified to obtain the retinal arterial and venous trajectories using a validated, semiautomated algorithm. Analysis of covariance and regression analyses were conducted to examine group differences. A supervised machine-learning ensemble of bagged-trees method was used for automated classification of trajectory values. RESULTS: There was a significant difference among groups in both the retinal venous trajectory (HV: 0.17 ± 0.08; SCZ: 0.25 ± 0.17; BD: 0.27 ± 0.20; P < 0.001) and the arterial trajectory (HV: 0.34 ± 0.15; SCZ: 0.29 ± 0.10; BD: 0.29 ± 0.11; P = 0.003) even after adjusting for age and sex (P < 0.001). On post-hoc analysis, the SCZ and BD groups differed from the HV on retinal venous and arterial trajectories, but there was no difference between SCZ and BD patients. The machine learning showed an accuracy of 86% and 73% for classifying HV versus SCZ and BD, respectively. CONCLUSION: Smaller trajectories of retinal arteries indicate wider and flatter curves in SCZ and BD. Considering the relation between retinal/cerebral vasculatures and retinal nerve fiber layer thinness, the retinal vascular trajectory is a potential marker for SCZ and BD. As a relatively affordable investigation, retinal fundus photography should be further explored in SCZ and BD as a potential screening measure.

Retinal vascular abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A window to the brain.

OBJECTIVES: The examination of retinal microvascular abnormalities through fundus photography is currently the best available non-invasive technique for assessment of cerebral vascular status. Several studies in the last decade have reported higher incidences of adverse cerebrovascular events in Schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). However, retinal microvasculature abnormalities in SCZ and BD have remained under-explored, and no study has compared this aspect of SCZ and BD till date. METHODS: Retinal Images of 100 SCZ patients, BD patients, and healthy volunteers each were acquired by trained individuals using a non-mydriatic camera with a 40-degree field of view. The retinal images were quantified using a valid semi-automated method. The average of left and right eye diameters of the venules and arterioles passing through the extended zone between 0.5 and 2 disc diameters from the optic disc were calculated. RESULTS: The groups differed significantly with respect to average diameters of both retinal venules (P < 0.001) and retinal arterioles (P < 0.001), after controlling for age and sex. Both SCZ and BD patients had significantly narrower arterioles and wider venules compared to HV. There were also significant differences between SCZ and BD patients; patients with BD had narrower arterioles and wider venules. CONCLUSION: Considering the affordability and easy accessibility of the investigative procedure, retinal microvascular examination could serve as a potential screening tool to identify individuals at risk for adverse cerebrovascular events. The findings of the current study also provide a strong rationale for further systematic examination of retinal vascular abnormalities in SCZ and BD.