Fat distribution in children and adolescents with myelomeningocele.

AIM: To evaluate fat distribution in children and adolescents with myelomeningocele using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). METHOD: Cross-sectional DXA measurements of the percentage of fat in the trunk, arms, legs, and whole body were compared between 82 children with myelomeningocele (45 males, 37 females; mean age 9y 8mo, SD 2y 7mo; 22 sacral, 13 low lumbar, 47 mid lumbar and above) and 119 comparison children (65 males, 54 females; mean age 10y 4mo, SD 2y 4mo). Differences in fat distribution between groups were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Children with myelomeningocele had higher total body fat (34% vs 31%, p=0.02) and leg fat (42% vs 35%, p<0.001) than comparison children, but no differences in trunk or arm fat after adjustment for anthropometric measures. INTERPRETATION: Children with myelomeningocele have higher than normal total body and leg fat, but only children with higher level lesions have increased trunk fat, which may be caused by greater obesity in this group. Quantifying segmental fat distribution may aid in better assessment of excess weight and, potentially, the associated health risks.

Long-term treatment with tenofovir in Asian-American chronic hepatitis B patients is associated with abnormal renal phosphate handling.

BACKGROUND: Increased risk of defective urinary phosphate reabsorption and osteoporosis has been reported in HIV and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). AIMS: Goals of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of renal phosphate wasting and abnormal bone mineral density in CHB patients taking TDF compared to CHB patients treated with entecavir (ETV) and untreated CHB patients. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of 146 consecutive Asian-American CHB patients who were treatment naïve (n = 60) or treated with either TDF (n = 42) or ETV (n = 44). Proximal tubular handling of phosphate was assessed by the maximal rate of tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TmPO4) divided by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (TmPO4/GFR). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: TmPO4/GFR was similar among CHB patients treated with TDF compared to untreated patients and patients taking ETV. However, among patients treated with ≥18 months of TDF or ETV, prevalence of abnormal TmPO4/GFR was higher among patients treated with TDF compared to ETV (48.5 % (16/33) vs. 12.5 % (3/24), p = 0.005). Overall prevalence of osteoporosis in this cohort of CHB patients was 14 %, with no significant difference between the three groups. Renal phosphate handling did not correlate with osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic hepatitis B patients treated with ≥18 months of TDF experienced an increased risk of proximal tubular dysfunction. TDF did not increase the risk of osteoporosis. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Analysis of risk factors associated with microvascular free flap failure using a multi-institutional database.

BACKGROUND: There are numerous factors that may contribute to microvascular free flap failure. Although technical issues are dominant factors, patient and clinical characteristics are also contributory. The aim of this study was to investigate non-technical variables associated with microsurgical free flap failure using a multi-institutional dataset. METHODS: Utilizing the American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database, we identified all patients who underwent microvascular free tissue transfer from 2005 through 2009. Univariate analysis was performed to determine the association of flap failure with the following factors: age, gender, ethnicity, body mass index, intraoperative transfusion, diabetes, smoking, alcohol, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, year of operation, operative time, number of flaps, and type of reconstruction. Factors with a significance of P < 0.2 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression model to identify independent risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 639 patients underwent microsurgical free flap reconstruction with 778 flaps over the 4-year study period; 139 patients had two free flaps during the same operation. The overall incidence of flap failure was 4.4% (34/778) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.0%, 6.2%). Operative time was identified as an independent risk factor for free flap failure. After adjusting for other factors, those whose operative time was equal to or greater than the 75th percentile (625.5 min) were twice as likely to experience flap failure (AOR 2.09; 95% CI: 1.01-4.31; P = 0.045). None of the other risk factors studied were significant contributors. CONCLUSIONS: In this series, the overall flap loss rate of was 4.4%. Operative time was a significant independent risk factor for flap failure.

Effect of community educational interventions on rate of organ donation among Hispanic Americans.

IMPORTANCE: The need for suitable organs for transplantation is especially pronounced in minority populations such as Hispanic Americans owing to disproportionately high rates of diabetes mellitus and kidney disease. Considerable barriers exist for Hispanic Americans consent to donation, resulting in significantly lower donation rates compared with white individuals. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of an aggressive outreach intervention during a 5-year period aimed at improving organ donation rates among Hispanic Americans. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective longitudinal observation study of organ donors treated at a major metropolitan level I trauma center. The center provides most of the medical care to the 4 Southern California neighborhoods with a high percentage of Hispanic Americans that were included in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Television and radio media campaigns and culturally sensitive educational programs implemented at high schools, churches, and medical clinics in the target neighborhoods. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE: Consent rate for organ donation recorded during the study. RESULTS: Outreach interventions started in 2007 and were completed by 2012. Of 268 potential donors, 155 total donors (106 Hispanic Americans) provided consent during this time. A significant increase in consent rate was noted among Hispanic Americans, from 56% in 2005 to 83%in 2011 (P = .004); this increase was not evident in the population that was not Hispanic (67%in 2005 and 79% in 2011; P = .21). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Aggressive outreach programs can reduce the disparity between organ supply and demand by improving the consent rate among the target group.

Assessment of three-dimensional high-definition visualization technology to perform microvascular anastomosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Traditional visualization techniques in microsurgery require strict positioning in order to maintain the field of visualization. However, static posturing over time may lead to musculoskeletal strain and injury. Three-dimensional high-definition (3DHD) visualization technology may be a useful adjunct to limiting static posturing and improving ergonomics in microsurgery. In this study, we aimed to investigate the benefits of using the 3DHD technology over traditional techniques. METHODS: A total of 14 volunteers consisting of novice and experienced microsurgeons performed femoral anastomoses on male Sprague-Dawley retired breeder rats using traditional techniques as well as the 3DHD technology and compared the two techniques. Participants subsequently completed a questionnaire regarding their preference in terms of operational parameters, ergonomics, overall quality, and educational benefits. Efficiency was also evaluated by mean times to complete the anastomosis with each technique. RESULTS: A total of 27 anastomoses were performed, 14 of 14 using the traditional microscope and 13 of 14 using the 3DHD technology. Preference toward the traditional modality was noted with respect to the parameters of precision, field adjustments, zoom and focus, depth perception, and overall quality. The 3DHD technique was preferred for improved stamina and less back and eye strain. Participants believed that the 3DHD technique was the better method for learning microsurgery. Longer mean time of anastomosis completion was noted in participants utilizing the 3DHD technique. CONCLUSIONS: The 3DHD technology may prove to be valuable in improving proper ergonomics in microsurgery. In addition, it may be useful in medical education when applied to the learning of new microsurgical skills. More studies are warranted to determine its efficacy and safety in a clinical setting.

Breast reconstruction satisfaction rates at a large county hospital.

BACKGROUND: It has been previously reported that the indigent patient population is less likely to seek breast reconstruction. It has also been reported that lower income women who do chose to undergo reconstruction are less satisfied with the results. This study assesses the level of breast reconstruction satisfaction in women treated at Los Angeles County Medical Center (LAC). For those women with lower satisfaction, we seek to identify the root source of this dissatisfaction. METHODS: Patients who underwent breast reconstruction at LAC from 2007 to 2012 were identified by Current Procedural Terminology codes. Eligible participants were administered the BREAST-Q postreconstruction module. Demographic data were obtained from the patient and/or their medical records. RESULTS: A total of 65 patients completed the surveys. The satisfaction scores for the appearance of the breast were 61 (24) and satisfaction with overall outcome was 80 (26). The occurrence of major complications was associated with lower satisfaction scores with respect to the appearance of the breast (P<0.0001) and overall outcome (P=0.02). In addition, patients with delayed reconstruction were also noted to be more satisfied with respect to appearance of the breast (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Despite suggestions that the indigent and the underserved patient population are less satisfied with the results of their breast reconstruction procedures, patients at LAC demonstrated comparable satisfaction levels to other published reports. The occurrence of major complications and immediate reconstruction were significantly associated with lower levels of satisfaction.

Imaging appearance in acute liver failure: correlation with clinical and pathology findings.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterized by sudden liver injury without underlying chronic liver disease. Excluding underlying cirrhosis in these patients is often difficult and liver biopsy may be impractical. We review the imaging appearance of acute hepatic failure in patients who underwent transplant and correlate these findings with clinical, laboratory and pathology parameters. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of 47 patients without known chronic liver disease who presented to three institutions between 2002 and 2010 with ALF, 46 of which underwent subsequent orthotopic liver transplantation. Pre-transplant ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans were reviewed for parenchymal homogeneity, surface nodularity and evidence of portal hypertension. Explant histopathology, laboratory values and time intervals between symptom onset to initial imaging and transplant were correlated with imaging findings. RESULTS: The majority of patients with ALF had abnormal radiographic findings. Ascites was seen in 65% of patients. Splenomegaly, collateral vessel formation and hepatofugal flow in the portal vein were present in 28, 15 and 9% of patients, respectively. Nodular liver surface was noted in 23% of patients, more commonly in patients who had been ill for more than 7 days. Liver surface nodularity correlated with massive hepatic necrosis on histology and wrinkled capsule on visual inspection of explanted liver specimen. CONCLUSION: Imaging findings in ALF was variable and can resemble cirrhosis. Assessment for underlying cirrhosis in the setting of liver failure should not be based on imaging findings.

Donor-site preferences in women during autologous skin grafting.

BACKGROUND: Autologous split-thickness skin grafting has been proven to provide the best cosmetic and functional outcome after cutaneous burn injuries and thus is the standard of care. Clinical observations have shown that female burn patients frequently have greater difficulty choosing a donor site than do male burn patients. However, there is a lack of data characterizing donor-site preferences among women with burns. METHODS: The purpose of this study was to examine donor-site preferences among women using an online survey that included 356 responders between January 4, 2012, and April 4, 2012. RESULTS: This study found that there was a preference for posterior donor sites, with lower back, left buttock, and left posterior thigh being the most preferred sites. The least preferred locations were the right anterior upper arm, any aspect of the forearms, and the chest. Those surveyed and reporting a higher education level or concerns with scarring were least likely to choose anterior locations. Age, concern for color changes, and prior surgery or grafting had no statistically significant effect on donor-site preference. CONCLUSION: Given these strong preferences among female patients, posterior donor sites should be considered and discussed as compared with the current standard of using lateral or anterior thigh donor sites.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency; a risk factor for chronic kidney disease in ambulatory indigent patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) deficiency is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in ambulatory indigent patients. METHODS: Data for all serum 25(OH)D concentrations measured during 2010 in our ambulatory nondialysis-dependent patients were analyzed along with CKD-related parameters. Patients were stratified into groups based on 25(OH)D levels of <10, 10 to 19, 20 to 29, and ≥30 ng/mL. CKD was defined by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration [CKD-EPI] equation) and abnormal urine protein to creatinine ratios. CKD-associated parameters included serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D), alkaline phosphatase, albumin, corrected calcium, and total CO2 levels. RESULTS: A total of 2,811 patients had 25(OH)D levels measured. Patients with 25(OH)D levels <10 ng/mL had significantly increased relative risk (RR) of an eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m2 (RR, 4.0), an eGFR of 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73 m2 (RR, 2.6), urine protein to creatinine ratio >3.5 g/g (RR, 5.6), and serum PTH >100 pg/mL (RR, 2.8) compared to patients with a 25(OH)D level ≥30 ng/mL. Patients with 25(OH)D levels of 10 to19 ng/mL had significantly increased RR of a urine protein to creatinine ratio >3.5 g/g (RR, 4.8) and serum PTH >100 pg/mL (RR, 1.5) compared to patients with 25(OH)D levels ≥30 ng/mL. CONCLUSION: 25(OH)D deficiency (<10 ng/mL) was associated with reduced eGFR, nephrotic-range proteinuria, and increased PTH levels in our population of ambulatory urban indigent patients.

Increasing organ donation in Hispanic Americans: the role of media and other community outreach efforts.

IMPORTANCE: The growing demand for organs continues to outpace supply. This gap is most pronounced in minority populations, who constitute more than 40% of the organ waiting list. Hispanic Americans are particularly less likely to donate compared with other minorities for reasons that remain poorly understood and difficult to change. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether outreach interventions that target Hispanic Americans improve organ donation outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective before-after study of 4 southern California neighborhoods with a high percentage of Hispanic American residents. We conducted cross-sectional telephone surveys before and 2 years after outreach interventions. Respondents 18 years or older were drawn randomly from lists of Hispanic surnames. Awareness, perceptions, and beliefs regarding organ donation and intent to donate were measured and compared before and after interventions. INTERVENTION: Television and radio commercials about organ donation and educational programs at 5 high schools and 4 Catholic churches. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Number of survey participants who specify intent to donate. RESULTS: A total of 402 preintervention and 654 postintervention individuals participated in the surveys. We observed a significant increase in awareness of and knowledge about organ donation and a significant increase in the intent to donate (17.7% vs 12.1%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.55 [95% CI, 1.06-2.26; P = .02]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Focused donor outreach programs sustain awareness and knowledge and can significantly improve intent to donate organs in the Hispanic American population. These programs should continue to be evaluated and implemented to influence donor registration.

Reliability of lateral distal femur dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measures.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the lateral distal femur (LDF) has been suggested for patients with metal implants or joint contractures preventing DXA scanning at conventional anatomical sites. This study assessed variability in LDF DXA measures due to repeat scanning using data from 5 healthy young adults who had 3 unilateral scans with repositioning between scans. Variability due to image analysis was evaluated in 10 children who underwent bilateral LDF scans with each scan being analyzed 3 times by 2 raters. Regions of interest (ROIs) were defined in the anterior distal metaphysis (R1), metadiaphysis (R2), and diaphysis (R3) as described previously. An additional region (R4) was defined in the metaphysis similar to R1 but centered in the medullary canal. Variability was consistently lower for bone mineral density than for bone mineral content and bone area; R4 was more repeatable than R1; and variability because of repeat scanning was negligible. These results suggest that DXA measures of the LDF are reliable and may be useful when standard DXA measures cannot be obtained, but it is recommended that a central, rather than anterior, ROI be used in the metaphysis.

A medical staff peer review system in a public teaching hospital--an internal quality improvement tool.

Peer review of the quality of care of the medical staff in a healthcare delivery system, properly executed and utilized, can bring about changes that improve the quality and safety of patient care, enhance clinical performance, and augment physician education. Although all healthcare facilities are mandated to conduct peer reviews, the process of how it is conducted, reported, and utilized varies widely. In 2007, our institution, a large public teaching acute care facility, developed and implemented an electronic Medical Staff Peer Review System (MS-PRS) that replaced the existing paper-based system and created a centralized database for all peer review activities. Despite limited resources and mounting known challenges, we have developed and implemented a system that includes 100% mortality reviews, an ongoing random review for reappointment and operative procedures, and morbidity peer reviews. Parallel to the 4-year implementation of the system, we observed a steady, significant downward trend in the medical malpractice claim rate, which can be attributable in part to the implementation of MS-PRS. In this paper, we share our experiences in the development, outcomes, challenges encountered, and lessons learned from MS-PRS and provide our recommendations to similar institutions for the development of such a system.

Clinical factors and incidence of acute chest syndrome or pneumonia among children with sickle cell disease presenting with a fever: a 17-year review.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of acute chest syndrome (ACS) in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) presenting with fever before and after the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) and to determine clinical factors associated with ACS for a febrile child with SCD. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was undertaken for children with SCD from 1993 to 2009 in a single, urban, tertiary-care pediatric center. Clinical and laboratory data for each febrile event for each child with SCD were recorded. We compared incidence of ACS for the 3 PCV7 eras: pre-PCV7, inter-PCV7, and post-PCV7. Univariate analysis and stepwise logistic regression were used to identify clinical factors most associated with ACS in the post-PCV7 era. RESULTS: Of 2504 febrile events in 466 children with SCD, we found 492 diagnoses of ACS. The incidence of ACS cumulatively decreased over time from 27.0% to 17.4% among febrile children with SCD (P < 0.001), although no change was seen in children younger than 2 years (P = 0.89). Independent predictors of ACS in the post-PCV7 era include history of previous ACS, upper respiratory tract infection symptoms, noncompliance to penicillin, male sex, hypoxemia, an absolute neutrophil count greater than 9 × 10/L, and hemoglobin less than 8.6 g/dL. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of ACS has decreased over time in febrile children with SCD. No effect was seen in those 2 years or younger. Children with SCD presenting with a fever had higher odds of developing ACS when accompanied by certain clinical, demographic, and laboratory features.

Incidence of surgical-site infection is not affected by method of immediate breast reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: To date, few large-scale studies have reported the incidence of surgical-site infection in women undergoing mastectomy with respect to the various methods of immediate breast reconstruction. This study assessed whether the reconstruction method was associated with the risk of surgical-site infection in these patients. METHODS: Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, 9230 female patients undergoing mastectomy with immediate reconstruction from 2005 to 2009 were identified. Reconstruction was classified as autologous, prosthetic, or hybrid. The primary outcome was the incidence of surgical-site infection within 30 days of operation. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to derive the unadjusted and adjusted risk of surgical-site infection according to reconstruction method. RESULTS: The overall rate of surgical-site infection was 3.53 percent (95 percent CI, 3.15 to 3.94 percent), with individual rates of 3.33 percent (95 percent CI, 2.93 to 3.76 percent) for prosthetic reconstruction, 4.88 percent (95 percent CI, 3.48 to 6.11 percent) for autologous reconstruction, and 2.19 percent (95 percent CI, 0.88 to 4.45 percent) for hybrid reconstruction. The adjusted odds ratio of surgical-site infection was 1.14 (95 percent CI, 0.83 to 1.58; p = 0.42) for autologous versus prosthetic methods and 0.59 (95 percent CI, 0.27 to 1.27; p = 0.18) for hybrid versus prosthetic methods. CONCLUSIONS: Although the risk of surgical-site infection in patients undergoing immediate reconstruction is highest with autologous and lowest with hybrid methods of reconstruction, the difference in infection risk was not statistically significant after adjustment for confounding factors. Thus, all methods of reconstruction are viable options with regard to risk for surgical-site infection. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Risk, III.

Argon beam coagulation versus fibrin sealant for hemostasis following liver resection: a randomized study in a porcine model.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Bleeding from the raw liver surface represents a significant surgical complication after elective liver resection or hepatic trauma. The application of argon beam coagulation (ABC) has been proposed to improve hemostasis, but is associated with significant necrosis of the liver parenchyma. Topical hemostatic agents, i.e. fibrin sealant (FS), have also been recommended, yet the optimal management is under debate. This study compares the efficacy and safety of both methods following liver resection in an animal model. METHODOLOGY: Twenty pigs underwent liver resection, and were then randomized into ABC or FS group for treatment of raw liver surfaces. Intraoperative and postoperative parameters were studied. Animals were sacrificed at day 12, and extent of necrosis was assessed using a scoring system and morphometry. RESULTS: Intraoperative parameters did not show any significant difference between two groups except for shorter time of application in the FS group. Postoperatively, animals in the FS group showed significantly higher hemoglobin levels (p=0.0001). Histologically, FS showed a smaller depth of necrosis than ABC (p=0.022). CONCLUSIONS: The use of FS is superior to ABC for management of the raw liver surface after liver resection, in terms of application time, postoperative bleeding and the extent of liver tissue necrosis.

Time of day variation in door-to-balloon time for STEMI patients in Los Angeles County: does time of day make a difference?

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate treatment times and clinical outcome in a consecutive series of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Los Angeles County. BACKGROUND: Primary PCI for STEMI is beneficial if performed in a timely manner. Conflicting data exist regarding potential treatment delays for primary PCI performed during off hours. METHODS: The Emergency Medical Services STEMI Receiving Center Database was queried from 2007 to 2009 to identify patients with a pre-hospital ECG showing STEMI who underwent PCI. On-hour PCI (On-hour Group, n = 1324) was defined as PCI occurring from 8 am to 5 pm and off-hour PCI (Off-hour Group, n = 922) was defined as occurring from 5 pm to 8 am. Treatment times, length of stay, vascular complications, achievement of TIMI 3 flow and in-hospital mortality were evaluated. RESULTS: Off-hours PCI occurred in 41% of patients. Medical contact to door time was similar in the Off-hour Group compared to the On-hour Group, 20.7 ± 14.6 versus 20.3 ± 12.3 min, respectively, P = 0.47. In patients with available data (n = 1366), the door-to-catheterization laboratory (CL) activation time was significantly shorter in the On-hour Group as compared to the Off-hour Group, -4.9 ± 11.9 versus -0.2 ± 27.5 min, respectively, P < 0.0001. Door-to-balloon time was significantly longer in the Off-hour Group compared to the On-hour Group, 74 ± 35 versus 60 ± 26 min respectively, P < 0.0001. Length of stay, vascular complications, final TIMI 3 flow and in-hospital mortality were similar between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In STEMI patients receiving primary PCI in Los Angeles County, off-hour PCI was common. Short-term clinical outcomes were similar despite longer door-to-balloon time in patients receiving off-hour PCI. The longer door-to-balloon time in the off-hour PCI patients were partly explained by longer door-to-CL activation time.

Risk factors associated with venous thromboembolism in 49,028 mastectomy patients.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a potentially preventable disease that carries significant morbidity and mortality. Although malignancy is associated with increased risk for VTE, it varies according to cancer type. Despite the fact that breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women, the incidence and risk factors associated with VTE in patients undergoing mastectomy have not been well characterized. To address this we utilized the ACS-NSQIP database to identify and characterize independent risk factors for VTE in 49,028 mastectomy patients. We identified 116 cases of VTE in the 49,028 cases analyzed (0.23%). Obesity (BMI > 30, OR = 1.91, p < 0.001), inpatient status (OR = 3.75, p < 0.001), venous catheterization (OR = 2.67, p = 0.012), prolonged operative time >3 h (OR = 4.36, p < 0.001), and immediate reconstruction (OR = 3.23, p < 0.001) were found to be independent risk factors for VTE. While the incidence of VTE is rare in mastectomy patients, the heightened awareness and increased VTE prophylaxis should be considered in high risk groups.

Predictors for bacteremia in febrile sickle cell disease children in the post-7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of bacteremia in febrile sickle cell disease (SCD) children before and after the 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7), and to determine clinical factors associated with bacteremia following PCV7. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed all febrile events in SCD children from 1993 to 2009 at a tertiary care pediatric center, comparing general bacteremia and pneumococcal bacteremia incidence for 3 time periods around the PCV7. Univariate analysis and stepwise logistic regression identified clinical factors most associated with bacteremia in this population. RESULTS: Of 466 SCD children identified, there were 2504 febrile events. We found 84 cases of bacteremia; 8 were pneumococcal. The general bacteremia incidence decreased significantly from 5.60% to 2.44% (P<0.001) over time. Pneumococcal bacteremia incidence did not decrease (P=0.13). Following PCV7, we identified 4 significant independent risk factors associated with general bacteremia: the presence of a central venous line, higher absolute band count, toxic appearance, and older age. CONCLUSIONS: In febrile SCD children, the incidence of general bacteremia decreased over time. No decrease in pneumococcal bacteremia was found. The presence of a central venous line, absolute band count, clinical appearance, and age may help predict bacteremia in this population.