Nanotechnology-empowered strategies in treatment of skin cancer.

In current scenario skin cancer is a serious condition that has a significant impact on world health. Skin cancer is divided into two categories: melanoma skin cancer (MSC) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Because of its significant psychosocial effects and need for significant investment in new technology and therapies, skin cancer is an illness of global health relevance. From the patient's perspective chemotherapy considered to be the most acceptable form of treatment. However, significant negatives of chemotherapy such as severe toxicities and drug resistance pose serious challenges to the treatment. The field of nanomedicine holds significant promise for enhancing the specificity of targeting neoplastic cells through the facilitation of targeted drug delivery to tumour cells. The integration of multiple therapeutic modalities to selectively address cancer-promoting or cell-maintaining pathways constitutes a fundamental aspect of cancer treatment. The use of mono-therapy remains prevalent in the treatment of various types of cancer, it is widely acknowledged in the academic community that this conventional approach is generally considered to be less efficacious compared to the combination treatment strategy. The employment of combination therapy in cancer treatment has become increasingly widespread due to its ability to produce synergistic anticancer effects, mitigate toxicity associated with drugs, and inhibit multi-drug resistance by means of diverse mechanisms. Nanotechnology based combination therapy represents a promising avenue for the development of efficacious therapies for skin cancer within the context of this endeavour. The objective of this article is to provide a description of distinct challenges for efficient delivery of drugs via skin. This article also provides a summary of the various nanotechnology based combinatorial therapy available for skin cancer with their recent advances. This review also focuses on current status of clinical trials of such therapies.

Hyaluronic acid-functionalized lipoplexes and polyplexes as emerging nanocarriers for receptor-targeted cancer therapy.

Cancer is an intricate disease that develops as a response to a combination of hereditary and environmental risk factors, which then result in a variety of changes to the genome. The cluster of differentiation (CD44) is a type of transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a potential biomarker for cancer stem cells (CSC) and viable targets for therapeutic intervention in the context of cancer therapy. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a linear polysaccharide that exhibits a notable affinity for the CD44 receptor. This characteristic renders it a promising candidate for therapeutic interventions aimed at selectively targeting CD44-positive cancer cells. Treating cancer via non-viral vector-based gene delivery has changed the notion of curing illness through the incorporation of therapeutic genes into the organism. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of various hyaluronic acid-modified lipoplexes and polyplexes as potential drug delivery methods for specific forms of cancer by effectively targeting CD44.

New opportunities for RGD-engineered metal nanoparticles in cancer.

The advent of nanotechnology has opened new possibilities for bioimaging. Metal nanoparticles (such as gold, silver, iron, copper, etc.) hold tremendous potential and offer enormous opportunities for imaging and diagnostics due to their broad optical characteristics, ease of manufacturing technique, and simple surface modification. The arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptide is a three-amino acid sequence that seems to have a considerably greater ability to adhere to integrin adhesion molecules that exclusively express on tumour cells. RGD peptides act as the efficient tailoring ligand with a variety of benefits including non-toxicity, greater precision, rapid clearance, etc. This review focuses on the possibility of non-invasive cancer imaging using metal nanoparticles with RGD assistance.

Prevalence of campylobacter enteritis in children under 5 years hospitalised for diarrhoea in two cities of Northeast India.

Background: Campylobacter enteritis is the major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. In recent years, there has been a rise in global incidence of campylobacteriosis. There are no available data on prevalence of Campylobacter diarrhoea from Northeast India. Materials and Methods: The study investigated archival stool samples collected between 2014 and 2016 from two hospitals of Northeast India. A total of 407 archival stool samples from cases of diarrhoea under 5 years of age were screened for Campylobacter spp. using commercial probe-based real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Results: Campylobacter spp. was detected in overall 10.1% (41/407; 95% confidence interval: 7.4%-13.3%) in children under 5 years hospitalised for diarrhoea. The prevalence was significantly higher from Dibrugarh, Assam, compared to Dimapur, i.e., 13.4% (27/201) versus 6.8% (14/206), respectively (P = 0.02). Campylobacter detection was highest in the month of June and July compared to December and January (20%-18.8% vs. 8.9%-6.2%, respectively). Further, Campylobacter infection was higher in the age group below 24 months (11.7%) compared to above 24 months (7.0%). Campylobacter jejuni was detected in 80.5% of the positive cases. Conclusion: The present study reveals that Campylobacter infection is endemic in the studied regions of Northeast India and microbiological laboratories of the region should actively pursue the isolation or detection of Campylobacter spp. in cases of diarrhoea in routine stool cultures.

Synthesis of o-Nitroarylamines via Ipso Nucleophilic Substitution of Sulfonic Acids.

A mild, efficient, and eco-friendly method for the synthesis of o-nitroarylamine from o-nitroaryl sulfonic acid via ipso nucleophilic aryl substitution by amine is described. The products have been obtained with good yields at room temperature without the assistance of any metal, activating agent, or toxic oxidant. This method is useful for racemization-free synthesis of N-aryl amino acid esters.

(E)-Ethyl-2-cyano-2-(((2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl)oxy)imino)acetate: A Modified Yamaguchi Reagent for Enantioselective Esterification, Thioesterification, Amidation, and Peptide Synthesis.

Here, the synthesis and applications of (E)-ethyl-2-cyano-2-(((2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl)oxy)imino)acetate as a racemization suppressing and easily recyclable version of the Yamaguchi reagent that can be used for amide and peptide synthesis are reported. We demonstrated its application in racemization-free esterification, thioesterification, amidation, and peptide bond formation. We successfully synthesized oligopeptides on the solid support in dimethylformamide as well as in solution (dichloromethane) by applying this coupling reagent. It is important to note that a mixed-anhydride-based method provides peptide-forming reactions as good as the current methods using built-in coupling reagents. Mechanism investigation, racemization suppression, and recyclability are also discussed.

Ethyl 2-cyano-2-(2-nitrobenzenesulfonyloxyimino)acetate (o-NosylOXY): a recyclable coupling reagent for racemization-free synthesis of peptide, amide, hydroxamate, and ester.

Ubiquitousness of amide and ester functionality makes coupling reactions extremely important. Although numerous coupling reagents are available, methods of preparation of the common and efficient reagents are cumbersome. Those reagents generate a substantial amount of chemical waste and lack recyclability. Ethyl 2-cyano-2-(2-nitrobenzenesulfonyloxyimino)acetate (o-NosylOXY), the first member of a new generation of coupling reagents, produces byproducts that can be easily recovered and reused for the synthesis of the same reagent, making the method more environmentally friendly and cost-effective. The synthesis of amides, hydroxamates, peptides, and esters using this reagent is described. The synthesis of the difficult sequences, for example, the islet amyloid polypeptide (22-27) fragment (with a C-terminal Gly, H-Asn-Phe-Gly-Ala-Ile-Leu-Gly-NH2) and acyl carrier protein (65-74) fragment (H-Val-Gln-Ala-Ala-Ile-Asp-Tyr-Ile-Asn-Gly-OH), following the solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) protocol and Amyloid ß (39-42) peptide (Boc-Val-Val-IIe-Ala-OMe), following solution-phase strategy is demonstrated. Remarkable improvement is noticed with respect to reaction time, yield, and retention of stereochemistry. A mechanistic investigation and recyclability are also described.