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1.
J Econ Entomol ; 2024 Jul 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38963917

RESUMEN

The demand for animal protein grows as the human population increases. Technological and genetic advances in traditional animal agriculture will not produce enough protein to meet future needs without significant innovations such as the use of insects as protein sources. Insect farming is growing insects, whereas insect harvesting is collecting insects from their natural habitats to produce high-quality protein for animal feed or human food. Intensive agricultural environments produce tremendous quantities of pestiferous insects and with the right harvest technologies these insects can be used as a protein supplement in traditional animal daily rations. An avenue to exploit these insects is to use traps such as the United States Department of Agriculture-Biomass Harvest Trap (USDA-BHT) to efficiently attract, harvest, and store insects from naturally abundant agricultural settings. The modular design allows for a low cost, easy to build and fix device that is user friendly and has customizable attractants to target various pest species. Although insect harvesting faces substantial challenges, including insect biomass quantity, seasonal abundance and preservation, food safety, and economic and nutritional evaluation, the potential for utilizing these pests for protein shows tremendous promise. In this forum, insect harvesting is discussed, including its potential, limitations, challenges, and research needs. In addition, the use of a mass trapping device is discussed as a tool to increase the biomass of insects collected from the environment.

2.
J Econ Entomol ; 2024 Jul 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38963914

RESUMEN

The use of insects as animal feed has the potential to be a green revolution for animal agriculture as insects are a rich source of high-quality protein. Insect farming must overcome challenges such as product affordability and scalability before it can be widely incorporated as animal feed. An alternative is to harvest insect pests from the environment using mass trapping devices and use them as animal feed. For example, intensive agricultural environments generate large quantities of pestiferous insects and with the right harvest technologies, these insects can be used as a protein supplement in traditional animal daily rations. Most insect trapping devices are limited by the biomass they can collect. In that context, and with the goal of using wild collected insects as animal feed, the United States Department of Agriculture-Biomass Harvest Trap (USDA-BHT) was designed and built. The USDA-BHT is a valuable mass trapping device developed to efficiently attract, harvest, and store flying insects from naturally abundant agricultural settings. The trap offers a modular design with adjustable capabilities, and it is an inexpensive device that can easily be built with commonly available parts and tools. The USDA-BHT is also user-friendly and has customizable attractants to target various pest species.

3.
J Med Entomol ; 61(4): 869-876, 2024 Jul 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38781574

RESUMEN

Phlebotomine sand flies are important vectors of medical and veterinary importance, transmitting pathogens, such as the Leishmania parasites, responsible for 700,000 to 1 million new cases of leishmaniasis every year. The vast majority of the current sand fly surveillance and control tools are tailored against the adult stages, due to the limited knowledge on the ecology of the larval stages. Since vector control is primarily an ecological problem, an in-depth understanding of the behavior of the target insect pests across all the different life stages of their development is required prior to the development of effective control strategies. It is well known that chemical cues play an important role in insect behavior. While there are numerous studies investigating the behavior of adult sand flies in response to chemical sources, there is currently no information available on the response of their larval stages. In this study, novel bioassays were constructed to investigate the effect of chemical cues (gustatory and olfactory) on the behavior of Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) sand fly larvae. The larvae exhibited a clear food preference within a few hours of exposure in a 2-choice bioassay, while, also, demonstrated positive chemotaxis in response to volatile stimuli emitted from their preferred food source. Identification of the specific chemical compounds (or the combination thereof) eliciting attractance response to sand fly immature stages could lead to the development of innovative, and targeted (larval-specific) tools for the surveillance, and management of these important public health pests.


Asunto(s)
Quimiotaxis , Larva , Phlebotomus , Animales , Phlebotomus/fisiología , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Larva/fisiología , Prueba de Estudio Conceptual , Señales (Psicología) , Femenino
4.
J Econ Entomol ; 2024 May 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38717099

RESUMEN

Global population continuous growth and increasing consumers' demands for protein-rich diets have posed sustainability challenges for traditional livestock feed sources. Consequently, exploring alternative and sustainable protein sources has become imperative to address the environmental burden and resource limitations associated with conventional ingredients. With respect to food security assurance, insects have emerged as a promising solution due to their exceptional nutritional profile, rapid reproduction rates, and low environmental impact. In the present pilot study, 10% of a soybean meal-based diet was replaced by adult mosquitoes harvested from rice fields. The objective was to assess the effect of this partial substitution on meat quality aspects and consumer acceptance. A total of 40 Cobb hybrid broiler chickens were randomly placed in a control and a mosquito-fed group. The study was conducted for 42 days and carcass physicochemical, nutritional, and microbiological characteristics, as well as sensory attributes were evaluated. Overall, results regarding quality attributes were comparable between the control and the treatment group. The organoleptic evaluation showed that the thighs from the mosquito-fed group had the highest overall consumer acceptance. These outcomes indicate that mosquitoes could be successfully used as a protein source for broiler feed without compromising the quality and acceptability of the meat.

5.
Microorganisms ; 10(7)2022 Jun 30.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35889046

RESUMEN

West Nile Virus (WNV) is maintained in nature in a bird-mosquito cycle and human infections follow a seasonal pattern, favored by climatic conditions. Peloponnese Region, located in Southern Greece, initiated an active WNV surveillance program to protect public health during 2019-2020. The project included monitoring of avian hosts and mosquito vectors, while sampling locations were prioritized after consideration of WNV circulation in birds, mosquitos and humans during previous seasons. Biological materials were collected from 493 wild birds of 25 species and 678 mosquito pools, which were molecularly screened for WNV presence. In this case, 14 environmental variables were associated with WNV detection in wild birds and mosquitos by using two separate MaxEnt models. Viral RNA was not detected in the target species during 2019, although in 2020, it was reported on 46 wild birds of ten species and 22 mosquito pools (Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus). Altitude and land uses were significant predictors for both models and in fact, suitable conditions for virus occurrence were identified in low altitude zones. Bird- and mosquito-based surveillance systems yielded similar results and allowed for targeted vector control applications in cases of increased virus activity. Human cases were not reported on Peloponnese in 2020.

6.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 15(8): e0009586, 2021 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34383751

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Phlebotomine sand flies are prominent vectors of Leishmania parasites that cause leishmaniasis, which comes second to malaria in terms of parasitic causative fatalities globally. In the absence of human vaccines, sand fly chemical-based vector control is a key component of leishmaniasis control efforts. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We performed a literature review on the current interventions, primarily, insecticide-based used for sand fly control, as well as the global insecticide resistance (IR) status of the main sand fly vector species. Indoor insecticidal interventions, such as residual spraying and treated bed nets are the most widely deployed, while several alternative control strategies are also used in certain settings and/or are under evaluation. IR has been sporadically detected in sand flies in India and other regions, using non-standardized diagnostic bioassays. Molecular studies are limited to monitoring of known pyrethroid resistance mutations (kdr), which are present at high frequencies in certain regions. CONCLUSIONS: As the leishmaniasis burden remains a major problem at a global scale, evidence-based rational use of insecticidal interventions is required to meet public health demands. Standardized bioassays and molecular markers are a prerequisite for this task, albeit are lagging behind. Experiences from other disease vectors underscore the need for the implementation of appropriate IR management (IRM) programs, in the framework of integrated vector management (IVM). The implementation of alternative strategies seems context- and case-specific, with key eco-epidemiological parameters yet to be investigated. New biotechnology-based control approaches might also come into play in the near future to further reinforce sand fly/leishmaniasis control efforts.


Asunto(s)
Insectos Vectores/efectos de los fármacos , Insectos Vectores/genética , Resistencia a los Insecticidas/genética , Leishmaniasis/epidemiología , Animales , Salud Global , Humanos , Insecticidas/farmacología , Leishmania/patogenicidad , Leishmaniasis/transmisión , Psychodidae/efectos de los fármacos , Psychodidae/genética
7.
Parasit Vectors ; 14(1): 20, 2021 Jan 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33407822

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Phlebotomine sand flies are the principal vectors of Leishmania spp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). Information on sand flies in Central Europe is scarce and, to date, in Austria, only Phlebotomus mascittii has been recorded. In 2018 and 2019, entomological surveys were conducted in Austria with the aim to further clarify sand fly distribution and species composition. RESULTS: In 2019, a Ph. simici specimen was trapped in Austria for the first time. Analyses of two commonly used marker genes, cytochrome c oxidase I (coxI) and cytochrome b (cytb), revealed high sequence identity with Ph. simici specimens from North Macedonia and Greece. Phylogenetic analyses showed high intraspecific distances within Ph. simici, thereby dividing this species into three lineages: one each from Europe, Turkey and Israel. Low interspecific distances between Ph. simici, Ph. brevis and an as yet unidentified Adlerius sp. from Turkey and Armenia highlight how challenging molecular identification within the Adlerius complex can be, even when standard marker genes are applied. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this study reports the first finding of Ph. simici in Austria, representing the northernmost recording of this species to date. Moreover, it reveals valuable insights into the phylogenetic relationships among species within the subgenus Adlerius. Phlebotomus simici is a suspected vector of L. infantum and therefore of medical and veterinary importance. Potential sand fly expansion in Central Europe due to climatic change and the increasing import of Leishmania-infected dogs from endemic areas support the need for further studies on sand fly distribution in Austria and Central Europe in general.


Asunto(s)
Phlebotomus , Psychodidae , Animales , Australia , Clasificación , Citocromos b/genética , Vectores de Enfermedades , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/genética , Genes de Insecto , Insectos Vectores/clasificación , Insectos Vectores/genética , Leishmaniasis Visceral/transmisión , Phlebotomus/clasificación , Phlebotomus/genética , Filogenia , Psychodidae/clasificación , Psychodidae/genética
8.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35284881

RESUMEN

Over the past decade, Greece and other Mediterranean countries have witnessed the emergence and resurgence of several vector-borne diseases (VBDs), posing important public health challenges and threatening the tourist industry. An essential prerequisite for the design and execution of efficient and sustainable context-specific VBD control programmes is the establishment of integrative entomological and epidemiological surveillance systems. However, the monitoring and management of surveillance datasets (often chronologically fragmented, scattered in regional health district offices and partially accessible upon requisition), as well as their transformation into actionable information, is a complex undertaking. In light of aiding and optimizing vector control efforts in the Mediterranean Basin, we developed VectorMap-GR, an online, open access, operational management tool for entomological and complementary epidemiological monitoring data. The tool's key components are a set of controlled vocabularies (ontologies) running throughout the system, the system's database and a map interface for data querying and display. The tool supports transformation of raw data into operationally relevant information (i.e. customized maps, charts, tables and reports) in a highly interactive fashion achieved through query filters and the ArcGIS technology embedded in the system. End-users may search for and obtain information on (i) the mosquito fauna composition, abundance and spatiotemporal dynamics; (ii) the mosquito insecticide resistance status and underlying resistance mechanisms; (iii) the occurrence of VBD pathogens and infections in vectors, animals and humans; and (iv) operationally relevant physical feature georeferenced datasets (e.g. mosquito breeding sites). VectorMap-GR was pilot implemented during 2018-2020 in a mosquito control programme in the Region of Crete (southern Greece). The programme's control efforts coupled with VectorMap-GR pilot implementation phase, very likely contributed to the reduction of vector population numbers and the prevention of human VBD occurrences, recorded in this period.

9.
J Med Entomol ; 58(1): 480-485, 2021 01 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32808985

RESUMEN

A 2-yr sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) seasonality study was performed in Attica Region, Greece, from June 2017 until November 2018, aiming also to detect the presence of Leishmania infection in the collected sand flies. In total, 701 sand flies were collected from urban areas within the Attica Region using BG-Sentinel traps, set weekly in eight fixed sites. Five species were identified morphologically and molecularly, namely Phlebotomus tobbi (Adler and Theodor), which was most the most commonly collected species, followed by P. Neglectus (Tonnoir), P. papatasi (Scopoli), P. simici (Theodor), and Sergentomyia minuta (Rondani). During both survey years sand fly populations peaked in late August to early September. Fifty-nine monospecific pools were examined for Leishmania detection by analyzing the ITS1 nuclear region using both RFLPs and sequencing, seven of which were found positive. Leishmania DNA was identified as L. infantum in six pools (five P. papatasi and one P. tobbi), whereas in one P. papatasi pool Leishmania DNA was identified as L. tropica. This is the first time that L. tropica has been detected in naturally infected sand flies from the Attica Region as well as in central Greece, while previously it has only been detected in sand flies collected from Central Macedonia (Northern Greece).


Asunto(s)
Insectos Vectores/fisiología , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Leishmania/aislamiento & purificación , Psychodidae/fisiología , Psychodidae/parasitología , Animales , Grecia , Dinámica Poblacional
10.
Parasit Vectors ; 13(1): 328, 2020 Jun 29.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32600453

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Aedes albopictus has a well-established presence in southern European countries, associated with recent disease outbreaks (e.g. chikungunya). Development of insecticide resistance in the vector is a major concern as its control mainly relies on the use of biocides. Data on the species' resistance status are essential for efficient and sustainable control. To date the insecticide resistance status of Ae. albopictus populations from Greece against major insecticides used in vector control remains largely unknown. METHODS: We investigated the insecticide resistance status of 19 Ae. albopictus populations from 11 regions of Greece. Bioassays were performed against diflubenzuron (DFB), Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti), deltamethrin and malathion. Known insecticide resistance loci were molecularly analysed, i.e. voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance; presence and frequency of carboxylesterases 3 (CCEae3a) and 6 (CCEae6a) gene amplification associated with organophosphate (OP) resistance and; chitin synthase-1 (CHS-1) for the possible presence of DFB resistance mutations. RESULTS: Bioassays showed full susceptibility to DFB, Bti and deltamethrin, but resistance against the OP malathion (range of mortality: 55.30-91.40%). VGSC analysis revealed a widespread distribution of the mutations F1534C (in all populations, with allelic frequencies between 6.6-68.3%), and I1532T (in 6 populations; allelic frequencies below 22.70%), but absence of V1016G. CCE gene amplifications were recorded in 8 out of 11 populations (overall frequency: 33%). Co-presence of the F1534C mutation and CCEae3a amplification was reported in 39 of the 156 samples analysed by both assays. No mutations at the CHS-1 I1043 locus were detected. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate: (i) the suitability of larvicides DFB and Bti for Ae. albopictus control in Greece; (ii) possible incipient pyrethroid resistance due to the presence of kdr mutations; and (iii) possible reduced efficacy of OPs, in a scenario of re-introducing them for vector control. The study highlights the need for systematic resistance monitoring for developing and implementing appropriate evidence-based control programmes.


Asunto(s)
Aedes/genética , Agentes de Control Biológico/farmacología , Resistencia a los Insecticidas/genética , Insecticidas/farmacología , Animales , Bacillus thuringiensis , Bioensayo , Hidrolasas de Éster Carboxílico/genética , Quitina Sintasa/genética , Diflubenzurón/farmacología , Genes de Insecto , Grecia , Control de Mosquitos , Mosquitos Vectores/genética , Mutación , Organofosfatos/farmacología , Piretrinas/farmacología , Canales de Sodio Activados por Voltaje/genética
11.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 14(5): e0008284, 2020 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32357192

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Diflubenzuron (DFB) is one of the most used insecticides in mosquito larval control including that of Culex pipiens, the proven vector of the recent West Nile Virus epidemics in Europe. Two mutations (I1043L and I1043M) in the chitin synthase (CHS) putative binding site of DFB have been previously reported in Cx. pipiens from Italy and associated with high levels of resistance against this larvicide. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we report the identification of a third mutation at the same I1043 position of the CHS gene resulting in the substitution of Isoleucine to Phenylalanine (I1043F). This mutation has also been found in agricultural pests and has been functionally validated with genome editing in Drosophila, showing to confer striking levels (>15,000 fold) of DFB resistance. The frequency of the I1043F mutation was found to be substantially higher in Cx. pipiens mosquitoes surviving DFB doses largely exceeding the recommended field dose, raising concerns about the future efficient use of this insecticide. We monitored the presence and frequency of DFB mutations in Cx. pipiens mosquitoes from several Mediterranean countries, including Italy, France, Greece, Portugal and Israel. Among the Cx. pipiens populations collected in Northern Italy all but one had at least one of the three DFB mutations at allele frequencies reaching 93.3% for the I1043M, 64.8% for the I1043L and 10% for the I1043F. The newly reported I1043F mutation was also identified in two heterozygote individuals from France (4.2% allelic frequency). In contrast to Italy and France, no DFB resistant mutations were identified in the Cx. pipiens mosquitoes sampled from Greece, Portugal and Israel. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The findings of our study are of major concern for mosquito control programs in Europe, that rely on the use of a limited number of available larvicides, and highlight the necessity for the development of appropriate Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) programs, to ensure the sustainable use of DFB.


Asunto(s)
Quitina Sintasa/genética , Culex/enzimología , Diflubenzurón/farmacología , Proteínas de Insectos/genética , Resistencia a los Insecticidas , Insecticidas/farmacología , Mutación Puntual , Animales , Culex/efectos de los fármacos , Culex/genética , Región Mediterránea , Mutación Missense
12.
Infect Dis Poverty ; 9(1): 30, 2020 Mar 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32183909

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: As of 2015 thousands of refugees are being hosted in temporary refugee camps in Greece. Displaced populations, travelling and living under poor conditions with limited access to healthcare are at a high risk of exposure to vector borne disease (VBD). This study sought to evaluate the risk for VBD transmission within refugee camps in Greece by analyzing the mosquito and sand fly populations present, in light of designing effective and efficient context specific vector and disease control programs. METHODS: A vector/pathogen surveillance network targeting mosquitoes and sand flies was deployed in four temporary refugee camps in Greece. Sample collections were conducted bi-weekly during June-September 2017 with the use of Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps and oviposition traps. Using conventional and molecular diagnostic tools we investigated the mosquito/sand fly species composition, population dynamics, pathogen infection rates, and insecticide resistance status in the major vector species. RESULTS: Important disease vectors including Anopheles sacharovi, Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus and the Leishmania vectors Phlebotomus neglectus, P. perfiliewi and P. tobbi were recorded in the study refugee camps. No mosquito pathogens (Plasmodium parasites, flaviviruses) were detected in the analysed samples yet high sand fly Leishmania infection rates are reported. Culex pipiens mosquitoes displayed relatively high knock down resistance (kdr) mutation allelic frequencies (ranging from 41.0 to 63.3%) while kdr mutations were also detected in Ae. albopictus populations, but not in Anopheles and sand fly specimens. No diflubenzuron (DFB) mutations were detected in any of the mosquito species analysed. CONCLUSIONS: Important disease vectors and pathogens in vectors (Leishmania spp.) were recorded in the refugee camps indicating a situational risk factor for disease transmission. The Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus kdr mutation frequencies recorded pose a potential threat against the effectiveness of pyrethroid insecticides in these settings. In contrast, pyrethroids appear suitable for the control of Anopheles mosquitoes and sand flies and DFB for Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus larvicide applications. Targeted actions ensuring adequate living conditions and the establishment of integrated vector-borne disease surveillance programs in refugee settlements are essential for protecting refugee populations against VBDs.


Asunto(s)
Insectos Vectores/efectos de los fármacos , Insectos Vectores/genética , Resistencia a los Insecticidas/genética , Leishmania , Control de Mosquitos , Mosquitos Vectores/efectos de los fármacos , Mosquitos Vectores/genética , Dinámica Poblacional , Campos de Refugiados , Aedes/efectos de los fármacos , Aedes/genética , Animales , Anopheles/efectos de los fármacos , Anopheles/genética , Culex/efectos de los fármacos , Culex/genética , Femenino , Grecia , Leishmania/genética , Leishmania/patogenicidad , Leishmaniasis/epidemiología , Phlebotomus/efectos de los fármacos , Phlebotomus/genética , Psychodidae
13.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 13(9): e0007669, 2019 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31498786

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Identification of blood sources of hematophagous arthropods is crucial for understanding the transmission cycles of vector-borne diseases. Many different approaches towards host determination were proposed, including precipitin test, ELISA, DNA- and mass spectrometry-based methods; yet all face certain complications and limitations, mostly related to blood degradation. This study presents a novel method for blood meal identification, peptide mass mapping (PMM) analysis of host-specific hemoglobin peptides using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To identify blood meal source, proteins from abdomens of engorged sand fly females were extracted, cleaved by trypsin and peptide fragments of host hemoglobin were sequenced using MALDI-TOF MS. The method provided correct host identification of 100% experimentally fed sand flies until 36h post blood meal (PBM) and for 80% samples even 48h PBM. In females fed on two hosts, both blood meal sources were correctly assigned for 60% of specimens until 36h PBM. In a validation study on field-collected females, the method yielded unambiguous host determination for 96% of specimens. The suitability of PMM-based MALDI-TOF MS was proven experimentally also on lab-reared Culex mosquitoes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: PMM-based MALDI-TOF MS analysis targeting host specific hemoglobin peptides represents a sensitive and cost-effective method with a fast and simple preparation protocol. As demonstrated here on phlebotomine sand flies and mosquitoes, it allows reliable and rapid blood source determination even 48h PBM with minimal material input and provides more robust and specific results than other currently used methods. This approach was also successfully tested on field-caught engorged females and proved to be a promising useful tool for large-scale screening of host preferences studies. Unlike other methods including MALDI-TOF protein profiling, it allows correct identification of mixed blood meals as was demonstrated on both experimentally fed and field-collected sand flies.


Asunto(s)
Análisis Químico de la Sangre/métodos , Psychodidae/fisiología , Animales , Conducta Alimentaria , Hemoglobinas/química , Humanos , Péptidos/química , Prueba de Estudio Conceptual , Psychodidae/química , Especificidad de la Especie , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem
14.
J Econ Entomol ; 112(1): 494-498, 2019 02 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30321387

RESUMEN

A comparative study was conducted to test the efficiency of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps baited with either dry ice or carbon dioxide (CO2) produced from one of three different sources in collecting mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand. Treatments consisted of dry ice pellets, CO2 gas produced from one of three prototype CO2 generator systems (TDA, CUBE, Moustiq-Air Med-e-Cell - MEC), and a CDC light trap without a CO2 source. The best performing prototype from Thailand was then tested in collecting sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Greece. A total of 12,798 mosquitoes and 8,329 sand flies were sampled during the experimentation. The most prevalent mosquito species collected in Thailand were: Culex vishnui Theobald > Anopheles minimus Theobald > Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles > Anopheles sawadwongporni Rattanarithikul & Green. By far the most prevalent sand fly species collected in Thessaloniki was Phlebotomus perfiliewi Parrot followed by Phlebotomus tobbi Adler and Theodor and Phlebotomus simici Nitzulescu. In general, the TDA treatment was the only treatment with no significant difference from the dry ice-treatment in mean trap catches. Although dry ice-baited traps caught higher numbers of mosquitoes and sand flies than the TDA-baited traps, there was no difference in the number of species collected. Results indicate that the traps baited with the TDA CO2 generator were as attractive as traps supplied with dry ice and, therefore, the TDA CO2 generator is a suitable alternative to dry ice as a source of carbon dioxide for use with adult mosquito and sand fly traps.


Asunto(s)
Culicidae , Control de Insectos/instrumentación , Phlebotomus , Animales , Hielo Seco , Femenino , Grecia , Tailandia
15.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 25(2): 361-364, 2019 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30346269

RESUMEN

High infection rates of Leishmania donovani and L. tropica were detected in Phlebotomus spp. sand flies collected from refugee camps in Greece, indicating increased risk of infection among local populations. Detection and treatment of leishmaniasis, community education, and vector control are essential measures to prevent pathogen transmission and protect public health.


Asunto(s)
Leishmania/clasificación , Leishmaniasis/epidemiología , Leishmaniasis/parasitología , Psychodidae/parasitología , Campos de Refugiados , Animales , ADN Protozoario , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico , Grecia/epidemiología , Humanos , Insectos Vectores , Leishmania/genética , Leishmania/aislamiento & purificación , Leishmania donovani/clasificación , Leishmania donovani/genética , Leishmaniasis/transmisión , Tipificación Molecular , Filogenia , Vigilancia en Salud Pública , ARN Ribosómico 18S
16.
J Med Entomol ; 55(5): 1225-1230, 2018 Aug 29.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29912381

RESUMEN

Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are primary vectors of leishmaniasis. Greece and Turkey are both endemic for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis and are widely affected by the disease. Measures commonly applied for controlling sand flies rely on the use of insecticides, predominantly pyrethroids. A worldwide problem associated with the intensive use of insecticides is the development of resistance. Scarce information is available regarding the resistance status in sand fly populations. Sand flies were collected from Greece (Thessaloniki, Peloponnese, Chios island) and Turkey (Sanliurfa) and analyzed for the presence and frequency of target-site knockdown resistance mutations on the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc) gene. Five sand fly species were included in the analysis: Phlebotomus perfiliewi Parrot, Phlebotomus neglectus Tonnoir, Phlebotomus simici Nitzulescu, Phlebotomus tobbi Adler and Theodor, and Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli. Their Vgsc gene-domain II was analyzed for the presence of known pyrethroid resistance mutations. The mutation 1014F, associated with pyrethroid-resistant phenotypes, was detected in P. papatasi sand flies from Sanliurfa at an allele frequency of 48%. Homozygotes for the wild type allele 1014L (Leu/Leu) represented 36% of the population, while homozygotes for the resistant allele 1014F (Phe/Phe) and heterozygotes encompassing both alleles (Leu/Phe) each had a frequency of 32%. In all other sand fly species, only the wild type allele 1014L was detected. This is the first report for the detection of resistance mutations in the major leishmaniasis vector P. papatasi and is of major concern regarding leishmaniasis control.


Asunto(s)
Insectos Vectores/genética , Insecticidas , Phlebotomus/genética , Piretrinas , Animales , Grecia , Resistencia a los Insecticidas/genética , Leishmaniasis/prevención & control , Leishmaniasis/transmisión , Turquía
18.
Acta Trop ; 182: 54-59, 2018 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29457992

RESUMEN

The Phlebotomus sand flies are considered an important vector of both canine and human leishmaniasis. Current measures for sand fly control include mostly indoor interventions, such as residual spraying of dwellings (IRS) to target endophilic sand fly species with very limited number of vector control tools for outdoor interventions against exophilic sand flies. In this study we investigated the efficacy of ground ultra low volume (ULV) space spray applications of a deltamethrin based product against field populations of P. perfiliewi, a major nuisance and pathogen-transmitting sand fly species of the Mediterranean Basin. Sand fly flight activity patterns and flight height preference within candidate treatment sites (kennels) were determined prior to treatments in order to optimize the timing and application parameters of the spray applications. On average there was a distinct activity peak between 20.00-22.00 h for both male and female P. perfiliewi with more than 45% and 30% of the population sampled occurring between 20.00-21.00 h and 21.00-22.00 h, respectively. No significant difference was observed in sand fly numbers from sticky traps placed at 0.5 up to 1.5 m height. However, there was a significant decrease in sand fly numbers at 2 m indicating a preference of sand flies to fly below 2 m. The low and high application rate of deltamethrin resulted in mean sand fly population decrease of 18 and 66%, respectively between pre-and post-treatment trap nights. The percent mean population change in the untreated control area was a positive number (30%) indicating that there was an increase in numbers of sand flies trapped between pre- and post-treatment nights. The results of this study provide strong evidence that ground ULV space spray applications when applied properly can result in significant sand fly control levels, even in a heavily infested sand fly environment such as the kennel sites used in this study.


Asunto(s)
Leishmaniasis/transmisión , Control de Mosquitos/métodos , Psychodidae , Animales , Perros , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Nitrilos/farmacología , Dinámica Poblacional , Piretrinas/farmacología
19.
Parasit Vectors ; 10(1): 524, 2017 Oct 26.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29070056

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Culex pipiens is the major vector of West Nile virus in Europe, and is causing frequent outbreaks throughout the southern part of the continent. Proper empirical modelling of the population dynamics of this species can help in understanding West Nile virus epidemiology, optimizing vector surveillance and mosquito control efforts. But modelling results may differ from place to place. In this study we look at which type of models and weather variables can be consistently used across different locations. METHODS: Weekly mosquito trap collections from eight functional units located in France, Greece, Italy and Serbia for several years were combined. Additionally, rainfall, relative humidity and temperature were recorded. Correlations between lagged weather conditions and Cx. pipiens dynamics were analysed. Also seasonal autoregressive integrated moving-average (SARIMA) models were fitted to describe the temporal dynamics of Cx. pipiens and to check whether the weather variables could improve these models. RESULTS: Correlations were strongest between mean temperatures at short time lags, followed by relative humidity, most likely due to collinearity. Precipitation alone had weak correlations and inconsistent patterns across sites. SARIMA models could also make reasonable predictions, especially when longer time series of Cx. pipiens observations are available. CONCLUSIONS: Average temperature was a consistently good predictor across sites. When only short time series (~ < 4 years) of observations are available, average temperature can therefore be used to model Cx. pipiens dynamics. When longer time series (~ > 4 years) are available, SARIMAs can provide better statistical descriptions of Cx. pipiens dynamics, without the need for further weather variables. This suggests that density dependence is also an important determinant of Cx. pipiens dynamics.


Asunto(s)
Culex/virología , Mosquitos Vectores/virología , Tiempo (Meteorología) , Fiebre del Nilo Occidental/epidemiología , Virus del Nilo Occidental/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Brotes de Enfermedades , Francia/epidemiología , Grecia/epidemiología , Italia/epidemiología , Modelos Biológicos , Control de Mosquitos , Dinámica Poblacional , Serbia/epidemiología , Temperatura , Estudios de Tiempo y Movimiento , Fiebre del Nilo Occidental/transmisión , Fiebre del Nilo Occidental/virología
20.
J Med Entomol ; 54(6): 1666-1673, 2017 11 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28968892

RESUMEN

Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) are known to flourish in a variety of natural and residential habitats and are competent vectors of at least 22 different arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Their global distribution, anthropophilic nature, and vector competency make them species of interest for control. A novel durable dual-action lethal ovitrap (DDALO) with combined larviciding and adulticiding effects, as well as a slow-release polymer (isobutyl methacrylate), was designed to target Ae. aegypti. The use of the DDALO resulted in high adult mosquito mortality (~95-100%) in no-choice laboratory cage studies targeting gravid females and successfully prevented all deposited eggs from hatching. Aging of the traps caused some loss in activity over time, but they still caused adult mortality (~50%) and continued to prevent successful hatching of eggs for 6 mo. Oviposition preference studies resulted in ~4.5 times as many larvae developing in untreated DDALOs compared with the other containers combined. Small-cage multigenerational studies resulted in significantly lower populations of adult mosquitoes in cages containing treated DDALOs after 4 wk. Successful laboratory studies show that the DDALO appears to be a promising tool that could be used for controlling wild vector populations of Ae. aegypti in combination with other mosquito control practices.


Asunto(s)
Aedes , Control de Mosquitos/instrumentación , Animales , Femenino , Insecticidas , Extractos Vegetales , Quercus
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