RESUMEN
Carbon in many different forms especially, Graphene, Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and Fullerene is emerging as an important material in the areas of the biomedical field for various applications. This review comprehensively describes the nano antibiotic effect of carbon-based nanocomposites: epicenter on graphene, carbon nanotubes, and fullerene Composites. It summarises the studies conducted to evaluate their antimicrobial applications as they can disrupt the cell membrane of bacteria resulting in cell death. The initial section gives a glimpse of both "Gram"-positive and negative bacteria, which have been affected by Graphene, CNTs, and Fullerene-based nanocomposites. These bacteria include Staphylococcus Aureus, Bacillus Thuringiensis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebseilla pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Pseudomonas syringae , Shigella flexneri,Candida Albicans, Mucor. Another section is dedicated to the insight of Graphene, and its types such as Graphene Oxide (GO), Reduced graphene oxide (rGO), Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs), Graphene Nanoribbons (GNRs), and Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs). Insight into CNT, including both the types SWCNT and MWCNT, studied, followed by understanding fullerene is also reported. Another section is dedicated to the antibacterial mechanism of Graphene, CNT, and Fullerene-based nanocomposites. Further, an additional section is dedicated to a comprehensive review of the antibacterial characteristics of Graphene, CNT, and nanocomposites based on fullerene. Future perspectives and recommendations have also been highlighted in the last section.
RESUMEN
Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer among women which leads to thousands of deaths worldwide. The chances of survival are more if the breast cancer is diagnosed at early stage. At present, mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and tissue biopsies are the main diagnostic techniques available for the detection of breast cancer. However, despite of offering promising results, requirement of expensive setup, skilled supervision, expert analysis, invasive procedure (biopsy) and low capacity of multiplexing are the main limitations of these diagnostic techniques. Due to high cost, these screening tests are out of reach of people belonging to low socioeconomic groups and this poses serious health burden to the society. Recently, biosensor-based diagnostic technology for early detection of various types of cancers and other non-oncological disorders have gained considerable attention because of their several advantageous features over existing diagnostic technologies such as high throughput, noninvasive nature, cost effectiveness, easy interpretable results and capacity for multiplexing. Further, biosensors can be designed for biomarkers which are confined to particular type of cancer. In this review, we have discussed about various genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic biomarkers associated with breast cancer, various biosensors-based diagnostic approaches designed for detection of specific biomarkers associated with breast cancer are also described. Further, this review throws insight on various biomarkers linked with breast cancer which can be effectively exploited to develop new diagnostic technology. The assessment of these biomarkers associated with BC using biosensors in large population are cost-effective, non-invasive and high throughput. They help in risk assessment of disease at very initial stage even in backward areas and also help to lower the disease burden of society and economic cost of treatment for a common man. This review would provide new avenues for the development of biosensor based diagnostic technology for the detection of biomarkers associated with breast cancer.
