Dietary patterns associated with the incidence of hypertension among adult Japanese males: application of machine learning to a cohort study.

PURPOSE: The previous studies that examined the effectiveness of unsupervised machine learning methods versus traditional methods in assessing dietary patterns and their association with incident hypertension showed contradictory results. Consequently, our aim is to explore the correlation between the incidence of hypertension and overall dietary patterns that were extracted using unsupervised machine learning techniques. METHODS: Data were obtained from Japanese male participants enrolled in a prospective cohort study between August 2008 and August 2010. A final dataset of 447 male participants was used for analysis. Dimension reduction using uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) and subsequent K-means clustering was used to derive dietary patterns. In addition, multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between dietary patterns and the incidence of hypertension. RESULTS: We identified four dietary patterns: 'Low-protein/fiber High-sugar,' 'Dairy/vegetable-based,' 'Meat-based,' and 'Seafood and Alcohol.' Compared with 'Seafood and Alcohol' as a reference, the protective dietary patterns for hypertension were 'Dairy/vegetable-based' (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.19-0.80, P = 0.013) and the 'Meat-based' (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.16-0.86, P = 0.022) after adjusting for potential confounding factors, including age, body mass index, smoking, education, physical activity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. An age-matched sensitivity analysis confirmed this finding. CONCLUSION: This study finds that relative to the 'Seafood and Alcohol' pattern, the 'Dairy/vegetable-based' and 'Meat-based' dietary patterns are associated with a lower risk of hypertension among men.

Mechanistic insights into the cinnamaldehyde modification of lignin for sustainable anti-fungal reagent.

The limited anti-fungal activity of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL) has been a challenge in its direct application as a bamboo preservative. To address this issue, the cinnamaldehyde modification of EHL was carried out to introduce anti-fungal structures into the lignin matrix, effectively enhancing its anti-fungal activity. The results demonstrated that the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the modified lignin (EHL-DC) against Aspergillus niger significantly improved from 16 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL, with comparable enhancements in anti-fungal activity against other fungi. As a result of the modification, the EHL-DC is more prone to interact with fungal cell membranes, contributing to a roughened, shrunken hyphal surface and a decrease in mycelial biomass. Multiple characterization methods were employed to better grapple with the EHL-DC chemical changes. The nitrogen content increased from 2.3 % to 8.3 %, and alterations in elemental compositions further support the proposed reaction mechanism and its role in enhancing EHL's anti-fungal activity. This study offers novel insights into the high-value utilization of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin based on green chemistry principles.

Human health risk assessment of cinnamate UV absorbers: In vitro and in silico investigations.

Organic UV absorbers (UVAs) are contaminants of emerging concern. Environmental persistence and potential toxicological enrichment studies of UVAs have attracted international concern. It is important to study the toxicity mechanism of UVAs. This study is the first to report the toxicological mechanism of two cinnamate UV absorbers (CUVAs), 2-ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate (OMC) and isoamyl 4-methoxycinnamate (IMC) based on cellular models and molecular models. Cellular models demonstrated that the CUVAs-induced apoptosis might be associated with cellular mitochondrial damage pathways. The results of molecular models showed that OMC and IMC could affect the binding between major proteins and enzymes in the mitochondrial damage pathway and contaminants, ultimately leading to apoptosis. The cellular-molecular models showed that IMC and OMC have dose-effect relationships on cytotoxicity. The composite model is more informative than a single model. This study further indicate that UVAs causes toxicology effects that have implications for the environment and human health.

Catalpol as a Component of Rehmannia glutinosa Protects Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Neuronal Apoptosis.

Disturbance of the internal environment in the spinal cord after spinal cord injury (SCI) is an important cause of the massive death of neurons in the injury area and one of the major problems that lead to the difficult recovery of motor function in patients. Rehmannia glutinosa, a famous traditional Chinese medicine, is commonly used in neurodegenerative diseases, whereas an iridoid glycoside extract of catalpol (CAT), with antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and neuroprotective pharmacological effects. However, the neuroprotective and anti-apoptosis mechanism of CAT in SCI remains unclear. In our study, we found that CAT has a restorative effect on the lower limb motor function of rats with SCI by establishing a rat model of SCI and treating CAT gavage for 30 days. Our study further found that CAT has the effect of inhibiting apoptosis and protecting neurons, and the action pathway may reduce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by inhibiting CHOP and GRP78 expression and then reduce apoptosis and protect neurons through the Caspase3/Bax/Bcl-2 pathway. In conclusion, we demonstrated that CAT can treat SCI by inhibiting ER stress-mediated neuronal apoptosis and has the potential to be a clinical drug for the treatment of SCI.

Identifying Quantitative Trait Loci for Thousand Grain Weight in Eggplant by Genome Re-Sequencing Analysis.

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.; 2n = 24) is one of the most important Solanaceae vegetables and is primarily cultivated in China (approximately 42% of world production) and India (approximately 39%). Thousand-grain weight (TGW) is an important trait that affects eggplant breeding cost and variety promotion. This trait is controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs); however, no quantitative trait loci (QTL) has been reported for TGW in eggplant so far, and its potential genetic basis remain unclear. In this study, two eggplant lines, 17C01 (P1, wild resource, small seed) and 17C02 (P2, cultivar, large seed), were crossed to develop F1, F2 (308 lines), BC1P1 (44 lines), and BC1P2 (44 lines) populations for quantitative trait association analysis. The TGWs of P1, P2 and F1 were determined as 3.00, 3.98 and 3.77 g, respectively. The PG-ADI (polygene-controlled additive-dominance-epistasis) genetic model was identified as the optimal model for TGW and the polygene heritability value in the F2 generation was as high as 80.87%. A high-quality genetic linkage bin map was constructed with resequencing analysis. The map contained 3,918 recombination bins on 12 chromosomes, and the total length was 1,384.62 cM. A major QTL (named as TGW9.1) located on chromosome 9 was identified to be strongly associated with eggplant TGW, with a phenotypic variance explanation of 20.51%. A total of 45 annotated genes were identified in the genetic region of TGW9.1. Based on the annotation of Eggplant genome V3 and orthologous genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, one candidate gene SMEL_009g329850 (SmGTS1, encoding a putative ubiquitin ligase) contains 4 SNPs and 2 Indels consecutive intron mutations in the flank of the same exon in P1. SmGTS1 displayed significantly higher expression in P1 and was selected as a potential candidate gene controlling TGW in eggplant. The present results contribute to shed light on the genetic basis of the traits exploitable in future eggplant marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding.

The Mediating Roles of Family Resilience and Social Support in the Relationship Between Illness Severity and Depressive Symptoms Among Primary Caregivers of Children With Epilepsy in China.

Purpose: This study was designed to assess the effects of epilepsy severity, family resilience, and social support on depression in primary caregivers of children with epilepsy (CWE), and to test the mediating roles of family resilience and social support in this relationship. Method: Two hundred fifty-two caregivers of children with epilepsy were recruited from October 2020 to May 2021. The questionnaire contained sociodemographic characteristics, Epilepsy Severity, Chinese-Family Resilience Assessment Scale (C-FRAS), Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Structural equation models were used to evaluate whether family resilience and social support as mediators between epilepsy severity and depression. Results: In this study, the prevalence of depressive symptoms among primary caregivers of CWE in China was 69.84%. Epilepsy severity was positively associated with depression. Family resilience and social support were negatively correlated with depressive symptoms (both p < 0.01). Furthermore, the fitness indices of structural models were satisfactory. The direct effect of epilepsy severity on depression was 0.266 (95% CI 0.064-0.458), this pathway explained 62.88% variance of depression. The indirect effect of family resilience and then social support was 0.069 (95% CI 0.025-0.176), indicating that the serial multiple mediation was significant. The serial mediation pathway explained 16.31% variance of depression. Conclusions: The high incidence of depression among primary carers of CWE deserves more attention. They should be screened routinely, especially those parents of children with severe epilepsy. Family resilience and social support could be protective factors for caregivers' mental adjustment. Therefore, future psychosocial interventions for enhancing family resilience and social support should be implemented, in order to reduce their depression.

Improving the effects of ketogenic diet therapy in children with drug-resistant epilepsy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the retention rate, efficacy, and safety of ketogenic diet therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy in children and compare the results with those of a previous cohort at our institution. METHODS: A total of 634 children with drug-resistant epilepsy were included in this retrospective study. Patients were categorized into two groups. The previous cohort was included as a control group and included 317 children assessed between 2004 and 2011, whereas the current group included 317 children assessed between 2015 and 2019. The control group was provided care as usual, and the current group additionally adopted the goal and long-term management strategy. Outcomes were measured with respect to retention rate, seizure reduction, and adverse reaction. RESULTS: Patient demographics were consistent between both cohorts. Compared to the past ten years, the retention rate significantly increased over time (3 months: 62.8% vs. 82.0%, p <0.001; 6 months: 42.0% vs. 60.6%, p <0.001; 12 months: 24.3% vs. 34.1%, p = 0.007), and the response rate was significantly improved (3 months: 35.0% vs. 55.5%, p <0.001; 6 months: 26.2% vs. 43.2%, p <0.001; 12 months: 18.6% vs. 31.5%, p <0.001). Constipation (n = 79, 24.9%) was the most common side effect in the current cohort. Food refusal and hypoproteinaemia reduced to 3.5% and 0.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Goal and long-term management is effective for ketogenic diet therapy, which significantly improved the ketogenic diet retention rate, efficacy, and incidence of adverse reactions. This strategy has promising applicability in ketogenic diet therapy. CLINICAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR-IIR-16,008,342.

Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling the Development of Prickles in Eggplant by Genome Re-sequencing Analysis.

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is the third most important crop in the family of Solanaceae. Prickles are considered as the undesirable traits during the plantation of eggplant and the transportation of fruits. In this study, we constructed a high-quality genetic linkage Bin map derived from the re-sequencing analysis on a cross of a prickly wild landrace, 17C01, and a cultivated variety, 17C02. The major quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling the development of prickles on the calyx (explained 30.42% of the phenotypic variation), named as qPC.12, was identified on a ~7 kb region on chromosome 12. A gene within qPC.12, which encodes a WUSCHEL-related homeobox-like protein, with higher expression levels in 17C01 calyx and 22-bp deletion in 17C02 was probably the functional gene for prickle formation. Results from this study would ultimately facilitate uncovering the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the development of a prickle in eggplant.

Ischemic stroke induces cardiac dysfunction and alters transcriptome profile in mice.

BACKGROUND: Stroke can induce cardiac dysfunction in the absence of primary cardiac disease; however, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between the neurological deficits and the heart are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of stroke on cardiac function and to identify the transcriptome characteristics of the heart. RESULTS: Stroke significantly decreased heart weight/tibia length ratio and cardiomyocyte cross-sectional areas and increased atrogin-1 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase MuRF-1, indicating myocardial atrophy in MCAO-induced mouse hearts. RNA sequencing of mRNA revealed 383 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MCAO myocardium, of which 221 were downregulated and 162 upregulated. Grouping of DEGs based on biological function and quantitative PCR validation indicated that suppressed immune response and collagen synthesis and altered activity of oxidoreductase, peptidase, and endopeptidase may be involved in MCAO-induced cardiomyopathy. The DEGs were mainly distributed in the membrane or extracellular region of cardiomyocytes and acted as potential mediators of stroke-induced cardiac dysregulation involved in cardiac atrophy. CONCLUSION: Stroke induced a unique transcriptome response in the myocardium and resulted in immediate cardiac atrophy and dysfunction.

Risks and features of secondary infections in severe and critical ill COVID-19 patients.

Objectives Severe or critical COVID-19 is associated with intensive care unit admission, increased secondary infection rate, and would lead to significant worsened prognosis. Risks and characteristics relating to secondary infections in severe COVID-19 have not been described. Methods Severe and critical COVID-19 patients from Shanghai were included. We collected lower respiratory, urine, catheters, and blood samples according to clinical necessity and culture and mNGS were performed. Clinical and laboratory data were archived. Results We found 57.89% (22/38) patients developed secondary infections. The patient receiving invasive mechanical ventilation or in critical state has a higher chance of secondary infections (P<0.0001). The most common infections were respiratory, blood-stream and urinary infections, and in respiratory infections, the most detected pathogens were gram-negative bacteria (26, 50.00%), following by gram-positive bacteria (14, 26.92%), virus (6, 11.54%), fungi (4, 7.69%), and others (2, 3.85%). Respiratory Infection rate post high flow, tracheal intubation, and tracheotomy were 12.90% (4/31), 30.43% (7/23), and 92.31% (12/13) respectively. Secondary infections would lead to lower discharge rate and higher mortality rate. Conclusion Our study originally illustrated secondary infection proportion in severe and critical COVID-19 patients. Culture accompanied with metagenomics sequencing increased pathogen diagnostic rate. Secondary infections risks increased after receiving invasive respiratory ventilations and intravascular devices, and would lead to a lower discharge rate and a higher mortality rate.

(±)-Preisomide: A new alkaloid featuring a rare naturally occurring tetrahydro-2H-1,2-oxazin skeleton from an endophytic fungus Preussia isomera by using OSMAC strategy.

A new alkaloid, named (±)-preisomide (1), together with five known polyketides (2-6), were isolated from an endophytic fungus Preussia isomera in Panax notoginseng by using one strain-many compounds (OSMAC) strategy. Their structures were identified by extensive spectroscopic experiments and comparison with literature data. Structurally, compound 1 possessed a rare naturally occurring tetrahydro-2H-1,2-oxazin ring. Compound 6 displayed significant antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium, methicinllin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis with an MIC value of 25 µg/mL, as well as moderate antifungal activity against Gibberella saubinetii with an MIC value of 50 µg/mL.

Five new polyphenolic derivatives with antimicrobial activities from the root barks of Periploca sepium.

Five new polyphenolic derivatives, sepiumols A-E (1-5), were isolated from the root barks of Periploca sepium. Their structures were elucidated by interpretation of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. Compounds 1, 3 and 5 were found to exhibit significant antifungal activity, particularly for 3 with the remarkable activity against Gibberella saubinetii and Alternaria longipes with MIC values of 1.56 and 3.13 µg/mL (ketoconazole: 0.78 µg/mL), respectively. In addition, compounds 1, 3 and 5 also displayed significant antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureu with MIC values of 12.50-25 µg/mL (ciprofloxacin: 0.78 µg/mL).

(+)- and (-)-Preuisolactone A: A Pair of Caged Norsesquiterpenoidal Enantiomers with a Tricyclo[4.4.01,6.02,8]decane Carbon Skeleton from the Endophytic Fungus Preussia isomera.

A pair of enantiomeric norsesquiterpenoids, (+)- and (-)-preuisolactone A (1) [(+)-1 and (-)-1)] featuring an unprecedented tricyclo[4.4.01,6.02,8]decane carbon scaffold were isolated from Preussia isomera. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and computed methods and X-ray crystallography. Compounds (+)-1 and (-)-1 are two rare naturally occurring sesquiterpenoidal enantiomers. A plausible biosynthetic pathway for 1 is proposed. Additionally, (±)-1 exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus with an MIC value of 10.2 µM.

Three new hopane-type triterpenoids from the aerial part of Adiantum capillus-veneris and their antimicrobial activities.

Three new hopane-type triterpenoids (1-3), fern-7(8)-en-19α, 28-diol (1), pteron-14-ene-7α,19α,28-triol (2) and 3ß,4α,25-trihydroxyfilican (3), were isolated from the aerial parts of Adiantum capillus-veneris. Their structures were determined by NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited remarkable antifungal activity against Helminthosporium maydis and Alternaria alternata with MIC values of 12.5-3.125 µg/mL, and compound 3 also against Verticillium dahliae Kleb with an MIC value of 3.125 µg/mL. In addition, compounds 1-3 also displayed weak antibacterial activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Bacterium paratyphosum B and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an MIC value of 100 µg/mL.

Global Spread of Norovirus GII.17 Kawasaki 308, 2014-2016.

Analysis of complete capsid sequences of the emerging norovirus GII.17 Kawasaki 308 from 13 countries demonstrated that they originated from a single haplotype since the initial emergence in China in late 2014. Global spread of a sublineage SL2 was identified. A new sublineage SL3 emerged in China in 2016.

Pex14/17, a filamentous fungus-specific peroxin, is required for the import of peroxisomal matrix proteins and full virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae.

Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotic cells that fulfil a variety of biochemical functions. The biogenesis of peroxisomes requires a variety of proteins, named peroxins, which are encoded by PEX genes. Pex14/17 is a putative recently identified peroxin, specifically present in filamentous fungal species. Its function in peroxisomal biogenesis is still obscure and its roles in fungal pathogenicity have not yet been documented. Here, we demonstrate the contributions of Pex14/17 in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (Mopex14/17) to peroxisomal biogenesis and fungal pathogenicity by targeting gene replacement strategies. Mopex14/17 has properties of both Pex14 and Pex17 with regard to its protein sequence. Mopex14/17 is distributed at the peroxisomal membrane and is essential for efficient peroxisomal targeting of proteins containing peroxisomal targeting signal 1. MoPEX19 deletion leads to the cytoplasmic distribution of Mopex14/17, indicating that the peroxisomal import of Pex14/17 is dependent on Pex19. The knockout mutants of MoPEX14/17 show reduced fatty acid utilization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) degradation and cell wall integrity. Moreover, Δmopex14/17 mutants show delayed conidial generation and appressorial formation, and a reduction in appressorial turgor accumulation and penetration ability in host plants. These defects result in a significant reduction in the virulence of the mutant. These data indicate that MoPEX14/17 plays a crucial role in peroxisome biogenesis and contributes to fungal development and pathogenicity.

[Effect of peroxisome proliferators to growth and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae].

Objective: To study the effect of peroxisome proliferations (PPs) on the development and pathogenicity of rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Methods: The peroxisomal proliferation and the expression of peroxisomal biogenesis related genes were detected in M. oryzae strain Guy11 under the induction of 6 PPs. Vegetative growth, conidial germination, appressoria formation and pathogenicity of the strain treated with PPs were compared with those of the control. Results: Induced by 6 PPs, the quantity of peroxisome and the expression of PEX14, PEX8 and PEX11 were significantly increased. Vegetative growth, conidial germination, appressorial formation and pathogenicity were inhibited by the majority of the PPs. Of them, 2, 4-D and aspirin (ASA) exhibited higher inhibition rates than others. Further, the inhibition of 2, 4-D and Aspirin to the vegetative growth of Δpex5 and Δpex7 mutants of M. oryzae was found significantly increased than that of the wild type strain. Conclusion: PPs could induce peroxisome proliferation in M. oryzae, inhibit the growth and development and reduce the pathogenicity of the fungus. This is the first investigation on the effects of PPs to filamentous fungi.

Genotype distribution of norovirus around the emergence of Sydney_2012 and the antigenic drift of contemporary GII.4 epidemic strains.

BACKGROUND: The pattern of epochal evolution of NoV is ongoing, while novel GII.4 variants emerge and cause new pandemics. Since, the emergence in March 2012, Sydney_2012 had replaced GII.4-2009 as the primary NoV strain in most countries in the northern hemisphere by November 2012. OBJECTIVES: To determine the genotype distribution around the emergence of Sydney_2012 and to investigate the underlying evolution mechanisms of the contemporary GII.4 strains. STUDY DESIGN: From January 2012 to December 2013, molecular epidemiology of norovirus in 846 adults (≥16 years) in Shanghai were conducted. The VP1 proteins of the contemporary GII.4 strains (Den_Haag_2006b, New_Orleans_2009 and Sydney_2012) were expressed in vitro and purified. Receptor binding patterns of these three epidemic strains were determined through histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) binding assays. Convalescent serum from patients infected with GII.4 epidemic strains were employed to investigate the role of antigenic drift in the persistence of GII.4 epidemic strains through receptor-binding blockade assays. RESULTS: Epidemiological studies revealed that Sydeny_2012 has completely replaced Den_Haag_2006b and New_Orleans_2009 and has been the dominant circulating strain in Shanghai since its emergence in October 2012. Interestingly, Den_Haag_2006b and New_Orleans_2009 have been co-circulating in Shanghai before the emergence of Sydeny_2012. The contemporary GII.4 epidemic norovirus strains displayed commonly high tropism to the histo-blood group antigen receptors, whereas Sydeny_2012 was antigenically different from Den_Haag_2006b and New_Orleans_2009. CONCLUSIONS: Antigenic drift, rather than receptor switch, played a key role in the emergence and spreading of Sydney_2012. The contemporary GII.4 strains were evolving via epochal evolution without altered ligand binding profiles.

Evaluation of Anti-TBGL Antibody in the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Patients in China.

Tuberculous glycolipid (TBGL) is a component of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall, and anti-TBGL antibodies are used for serodiagnosis of tuberculosis. Anti-TBGL IgG and IgA levels were measured in 45 pulmonary TB patients (PTB), 26 extra-pulmonary TB patients (ETB), 16 AIDS-TB patients, and 58 healthy controls (HC) including 39 health care workers (HW) and 19 newly enrolled students (ST). Anti-TBGL IgG measurements yielded 68.9% and 46.2% sensitivity in PTB and ETB, respectively, and 81.0% specificity. However, anti-TBGL IgA measurements were significantly less sensitive in detecting ETB than PTB (15.4% versus 46.7% sensitivity) but showed up to 89.7% specificity. Samples from AIDS-TB patients exhibited low reaction of anti-TBGL IgG and IgA with 6.3% and 12.5% sensitivity, respectively. Unlike anti-lipoarabinomannan (LAM) IgG that was found to elevate in sputum smearpositive subjects, anti-TBGL IgG and IgA elevated in those with cavitation and bronchiectasis, respectively. Anti-TBGL IgG in cavitary TB yielded 78.2% sensitivity compared to 57.1% in those otherwise. Meanwhile, higher anti-TBGL IgA titers were observed in HW than in ST, and increasing anti-TBGL IgG titers were observed in HW on follow-up. Therefore, higher anti-TBGL antibody titers are present in patients presenting cavities and bronchiectasis and subjects under TB exposure risk.

[The infection and molecular characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from intestinal outpatient in two sentinel hospitals in Shanghai, 2010-2012].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze virulence genes and molecular characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from sporadic cases with diarrhea in tow sentinel hospitals of Shanghai, 2010-2012. METHODS: A total of 2 729 stool samples were collected from two surveillance sentinel hospitals in Shanghai 2010-2012. Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were isolated and identified from diarrhea out patients using TCBS agar plates and biochemical reactions. Thermostable direct hemolysingene (tdh), thermostable-related hemolysin gene (trh), hemolysin gene (tlh) were detected by multiplex PCR method. Isolates were analyzed by PFGE and MLST. The PFGE profiles were analyzed using BioNumerics software. RESULTS: A total of 30 clinical Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from 2 729 stool samples. The anually Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolation rate during 2010 to 2012 were 1.1%(11/973), 1.0%(11/1 120) and 1.3%(8/636) respectively. The PCR positive rates of virulence genes tlh, tdh and trh were 100%, 97% and 0 respectively. The Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were divided into 13 PFGE types (P1-P13)and 3 ST types (ST-189, ST-799, ST-3). Among 13 PFGE types, P4 was the main PFGE type, accounting for 30%(9/30). P9, P10 were accounting for 12% (4/30) respectively, P1, P2, P12, P13 were accounting for 7%(2/30) respectively, the others types were 3%(1/30) respectively. MLST analysis results showed there are three ST types, ST3 was 84%(25/30), ST189 and ST799 were accounting for 13% (4/30) and 3% (1/30) respectively. CONCLUSION: The infection rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was not very high from 2010-2012 in Shanghai, all strains were positive for tlh and negative for trh. ST3 was the major type of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.