Epidemiological survey of calf diarrhea related viruses in several areas of Guangdong Province.

Introduction: Bovine torovirus (BToV), Bovine enterovirus (BEV), Bovine norovirus (BNoV), Bovine coronavirus (BCoV), Bovine rotavirus (BRV), and Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are significant pathogens causing diarrhea in calves, characterized by their high prevalence and challenging prevention and control measures. Methods: We analyzed 295 calf diarrhea samples, amplifying the M gene from BToV-positive samples, the 5'UTR gene from BEV-positive samples, the RdRp gene from BNoV-positive samples, the VP7 gene from BRV-positive samples, the S gene from BCoV-positive samples, and the 5'UTR gene from BVDV-positive samples. Subsequent homology analysis and phylogenetic tree construction were performed. Results: The overall viral positive rate in Guangdong Province was 21.36%. Specific detection rates were as follows: Foshan City at 50.00% (18/36), Guangzhou City at 43.90% (36/82), Huizhou City at 21.21% (7/33), Yangjiang City at 2.08% (1/48), Meizhou City at 1.39% (1/72), and Heyuan City at 0.00% (0/24). The detection rates for BToV, BEV, BNoV, BCoV, BRV, and BVDV were 0.34% (1/295), 6.10% (18/295), 0.68% (2/295), 1.36% (4/295), 10.85% (32/295), and 2.03% (6/295), respectively. Notably, the highest overall virus detection rate was observed in the Guangzhou-Foshan region, with BRV and BEV showing the highest detection rates among the six viruses. This study marks the first report of BToV and BNoV in Guangdong Province. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the BToV strain belonged to type II, sharing genetic similarities with epidemic strains from various provinces in China. The BEV strains were categorized into E and F types, with the F type being the predominant strain in Guangdong Province and exhibiting the closest genetic relationship to strains from Heilongjiang and Guangxi. The BNoV strains, along with Hebei strains, were identified as GIII.2 subgenotype. BCoV strains showed the highest genetic similarity to strains from Sichuan. All BRV strains were classified under the G6 subtype and had the closest genetic relationship with human rotavirus strains. BVDV strains were identified as subtype 1b, closely related to the Beijing strain. In conclusion, this study investigated the prevalence and evolutionary characteristics of diarrhea-associated viruses in calves in specific areas of Guangdong Province, providing a valuable reference for establishing effective prevention and control measures in cattle farms.

Multiparameter Method for Developer Screening of Molecular Glass Resists via Molecular Simulations.

Efficient and accurate developer screening is critical for high-resolution lithography. In this study, a multiparameter (MP) method simultaneously based on the Hansen solubility parameters (HSP), two-component solubility parameters (TSP), and order parameter (OP) is proposed for the developer screening of molecular glass resists via molecular dynamics simulation. A customized solvent database, including 80 organic solvents, is created for the subsequent developer screening. Two diagram forms of HSP (δD-δP-δH diagram and δV-δH diagram) were investigated, and the δV-δH diagram is utilized due to its higher solubility prediction consistency with OP. Then, two solubility prediction diagrams, i.e., HSP&OP and TSP&OP diagrams, were formed using the MP method. The developer screening scheme using the MP method is illustrated for a decomposable resist, AD10BOC, and a cross-linkable resist, AD4C. Meanwhile, the feasibility of the developer screening scheme is verified by practical lithography experiments. In addition, relative solvation free energy (RSFE) calculations and dissolution experiments of six resists are implemented to further confirm the accuracy of OP in reflecting the relative solubility of the resist in various solvents. This study presents a viable approach for developer screening, which will facilitate the development of resist materials.

Novel Etch-Resistant Molecular Glass Photoresist Based on Pyrene Derivatives for Electron Beam Lithography.

Novel t-butyloxycarbonyl-protected molecular glass photoresists with pyrene as the core (Pyr-8Boc and Pyr-4Boc) were designed and synthesized. The thermal stability and film-forming ability were measured to assess their applicability for lithography. Pyr-Boc (Pyr-8Boc and Pyr-4Boc) photoresists were evaluated by high-resolution electron beam lithography (EBL), acting as chemically amplified resists. Pyr-4Boc showed a better lithography performance, achieving 25 nm line/space patterns at the dose of 50 µC/cm2. Under SF6/O2 plasma, the etch selectivity of the Pyr-4Boc photoresist to silicon was 12.3, which is twice that of the commercially available poly(methyl methacrylate) photoresist (950 k). The lithography mechanism of EBL was further investigated. Theoretical calculations of HOMO/LUMO orbital energies, cyclic voltammetry, and fluorescence quenching experiments were conducted to confirm the electron-transfer reactions between the Pyr-Boc and photoacid generator. The study provides an option of high sensitivity and etch-resistant photoresist for EBL.

Proteomics and Microbiota Conjoint Analysis in the Nasal Mucus: Revelation of Differences in Immunological Function in Manis javanica and Manis pentadactyla.

All eight pangolin species, especially captive Manis pentadactyla, are critically endangered and susceptible to various pathogenic microorganisms, causing mass mortality. They are involved in the complement system, iron transport system, and inflammatory factors. M. pentadactyla exhibited a higher abundance of opportunistic pathogens, Moraxella, which potentially evaded complement-mediated immune response by reducing C5 levels and counteracting detrimental effects through transferrin neutralization. In addition, we found that the major structure of C5a, an important inflammatory factor, was lacking in M. javanica. In brief, this study revealed the differences in immune factors and microbiome between M. javanica and M. pentadactyla, thus providing a theoretical basis for subsequent immunotherapy.

Single-cell analysis of the amphioxus hepatic caecum and vertebrate liver reveals genetic mechanisms of vertebrate liver evolution.

The evolution of the vertebrate liver is a prime example of the evolution of complex organs, yet the driving genetic factors behind it remain unknown. Here we study the evolutionary genetics of liver by comparing the amphioxus hepatic caecum and the vertebrate liver, as well as examining the functional transition within vertebrates. Using in vivo and in vitro experiments, single-cell/nucleus RNA-seq data and gene knockout experiments, we confirm that the amphioxus hepatic caecum and vertebrate liver are homologous organs and show that the emergence of ohnologues from two rounds of whole-genome duplications greatly contributed to the functional complexity of the vertebrate liver. Two ohnologues, kdr and flt4, play an important role in the development of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. In addition, we found that liver-related functions such as coagulation and bile production evolved in a step-by-step manner, with gene duplicates playing a crucial role. We reconstructed the genetic footprint of the transfer of haem detoxification from the liver to the spleen during vertebrate evolution. Together, these findings challenge the previous hypothesis that organ evolution is primarily driven by regulatory elements, underscoring the importance of gene duplicates in the emergence and diversification of a complex organ.

Exploring the Analgesic Initiation Mechanism of Tuina in the Dorsal Root Ganglion of Minor CCI Rats via the TRPV1/TRPA1-cGMP Pathway.

Tuina is a treatment method in traditional Chinese medicine which has analgesic effects and effectively alleviates the symptoms of neuropathic pain (NP). Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and transient receptor potential ankyrin type 1 (TRPA1) play major roles in transmitting nociceptive sensory signals in the nociceptive primary sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nerve. The nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate(cGMP) pathway exerts both nociceptive and antinociceptive effects in various chronic pain models. TRPV1 and TRPA1 mediate the influx of calcium, which stimulates the generation of NO. Subsequently, NO activates the NO/cGMP/protein kinase G (PKG) signaling pathway, thereby improving hyperalgesia. In the present study, oa rat model of NP with minor chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the right sciatic nerve of NP was established. The results of behavioral testing showed that, after a one-time tuina intervention, the mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) were prolonged to varying degrees in the tuina group compared with the model group. Similarly, the expression of TRPV1, TRPA1, NO, soluble guanylate cyclase ß (sGCß), cGMP, and PKG1 was significantly decreased in the DRG of the tuina and tuina + TRPV1/TRPA1 antagonist group was significantly decreased. These findings suggest that the tuina intervention can effectively improve the symptoms of thermal and mechanical allodynia caused by peripheral nerve injuries. Tuina exerts immediate analgesic effects through the TRPV1/TRPA1-NO-cGMP-PKG signaling pathway.

The effect of constant electric field on the crack growth process of aluminum nanosheet using molecular dynamics simulation.

Aluminum nanosheets are a form of Al nanoparticle that have been recently manufactured on an industrial scale and have a variety of uses. Al nanoparticles are extensively used in a variety of sectors, including aerospace, construction, medical, chemistry, and marine industries. Crack propagation in various constructions must be investigated thoroughly for structural design purposes. Cracks in nanoparticles may occur during the production of nanosheets (NSs) or when different mechanical or thermal pressures were applied. In this work, the effect of a continuous electric field on the fracture formation process of aluminum nanosheets was investigated. For this study, molecular dynamics simulation and LAMMPS software were used. The effects of various electric fields on several parameters, including as stress, velocity (Velo), and fracture length, were explored, and numerical data were retrieved using software. The results show that the amplitude of the electric field parameter affected the atomic development of modeled Al nanosheets throughout the fracture operation. This effect resulted in atomic resonance (amplitude) fluctuations, which affected the mean interatomic forces and led the temporal evolution of atoms to converge to certain specified initial conditions. The crack length in our modeled samples ranged from 22.88 to 32.63 Å, depending on the electric field parameter (0.1-1 V/Å). Finally, it was determined that the crack growth of modeled Al nanosheets may be controlled using CEF parameters in real-world situations.

Performance and mechanism of antibiotic resistance removal by biochar-enhanced sediment microbial fuel cell.

This study is the first to explore the performance and mechanism of biochar-impacted sediment microbial fuel cell for removing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and examines the effects of different biochar contents. The addition of 5% biochar produced the highest output voltage and power density, which increased by 100% and 219%, respectively, while simultaneously reducing the abundance and risk of ARGs. Comparatively, the addition of moderate amount of biochar (1-5%) promoted the removal of ARGs, while the opposite was true for excessive (10%) biochar. Biochar affected ARGs through prophages, insertion sequence, and transposons. Biological factors and voltage jointly influenced ARGs variation, with the former accounting for 56%. Further analysis of functional genes indicated that biochar controlled ARGs by regulating the synthesis of genetic material and amino acids to influence metabolism. Overall, findings of this study shed light on the potential removal of ARGs in microbial electrochemical systems.

Effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on glycolipid metabolism among type 2 diabetes patients. Methods: HIIT is consistent with an exercise program (65%-90%VO2max or 75%-95% HRmax; exercise cycle≥2 weeks; frequency ≥ 2 times/week). A meta-analysis was conducted utilizing the random effects model to synthesize the data. Results: A total of 22 RCT studies with 1034 diabetic patients were included. Compared to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or conventional controls, HIIT yields noteworthy effects on FBG (MD: -0.55; 95% CI: -0.85- -0.25, Hedges' g =0.98), 2h-PG (MD: -0.36; 95% CI: -0.57- -0.14, Hedges' g =1.05), FINS (MD: -0.41; 95% CI: -0.79- -0.03, Hedges' g =1.07), HbA1c (MD: -0.60; 95% CI: -0.84- -0.36, Hedges' g =2.69), TC (MD: -0.58; 95% CI: -0.80- -0.36, Hedges' g =2.36), TG (MD: -0.50; 95% CI: -0.86- -0.14, Hedges' g =1.50), HDL (MD: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.29-0.95, Hedges' g =1.19) and LDL (MD: -0.31; 95% CI: -0.56- -0.08, Hedges' g =0.91), all of the above p<0.01. Conclusions: HIIT has been shown to improve glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes, especially in HbA1c, TC, TG, and HDL. For patients between the ages of 40 and 60 with less than 5 years of disease, exercise programs of moderate to longer duration or moderate to high intensity will produce more favorable results.

Metagenomic insights into microbial variation and carbon cycling function in crop rotation systems.

The decomposition and utilization of plant-derived carbon by microorganisms and carbon fixation are crucial pathways for enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. However, a gap remains in our understanding of the impact of microorganisms on the decomposition of plant-derived carbon and their capacity for carbon fixation in crop rotation systems. Based on a 12-year experiment with wheat-maize (WM), wheat-cotton (WC), and wheat-soybean (WS) rotations, the microbial communities and carbon cycle function were investigated. The results indicated that WS rotation significantly increased SOC content compared to WM and WC. In addition, a significant increase was observed in microbially available carbon and microbial biomass carbon in the WS soil compared with those in the others. Further analysis of the microbial community factors that influenced SOC content revealed that WS rotation, in contrast to WM rotation, enhanced the diversity and richness of bacteria and fungi. Analysis of microbial carbon decomposition functions revealed an increase in starch, lignin, and hemicellulose decomposition genes in the WS soil compared to the others. The changes in carbon decomposition genes were primarily attributed to six bacterial genera, namely Nocardioides, Agromyces, Microvirga, Skermanella, Anaeromyxobacter, and Arthrobacter, as well as four fungal genera, namely Dendryphion, Staphylotrichum, Apiotrichum, and Abortiporus, which were significantly influenced by the crop rotation systems. In addition, microbial carbon fixation-related genes such as ACAT, IDH1, GAPDH, rpiA, and rbcS were significantly enriched in WS. Species annotation of differential carbon fixation genes identified 18 genera that play a role in soil carbon fixation variation within the crop rotation systems. This study highlights the impact of crop rotation systems on SOC content and alterations in specific microbial communities on carbon cycle function.

The Short-Term and Long-Term Outcomes of Laparoscopy-Assisted Proximal Gastrectomy with Double-Tract Reconstruction versus Laparoscopy-Assisted Total Gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y Reconstruction for Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagogastric Junction: A Multicenter Study Based on Propensity Score Matching Analysis.

Purpose: To compare the antireflux effect, long-term nutritional levels, and quality of life (QoL) between laparoscopy-assisted proximal gastrectomy with double-tract reconstruction (LPG-DTR) and laparoscopy-assisted total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction (LTG-RY) for adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG). Methods: This multicenter retrospective cohort study collected clinicopathological and follow-up data of AEG patients from January 2016 to January 2021 at five high-volume surgery centers. The study included patients who underwent digestive tract reconstruction with LPG-DTR or LTG-RY after tumor resection. Propensity score matching (PSM) was utilized to minimize confounding factors. The comparison after PSM included postoperative complications, reflux esophagitis, long-term nutritional levels, and QoL. Results: A total of 151 consecutive patients underwent either LPG-DTR or LTG-RY. After PSM, 50 patients from each group were included in the analysis. The frequency of reflux esophagitis and Clavien-Dindo classification did not significantly differ between the two groups (P > 0.05). At 1 year after surgery, the LPG-DTR group showed significantly higher weight and hemoglobin levels than the LTG-RY group (P < 0.05). The overall postoperative Visick grade differed significantly between the groups (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the proportion of patients with Visick≥III (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Both LPG-DTR and LTG-RY are safe and feasible methods for digestive tract reconstruction in patients with AEG. Both methods have similar antireflux effects and postoperative QoL. However, LPG-DTR resulted in superior nutritional levels compared to LTG-RY. Therefore, LPG-DTR is considered a relatively effective method for digestive tract reconstruction in AEG patients.

New insights of bacterial and eukaryotic phenotypes on the plastics collected from the typical natural habitat of the endangered crocodile lizard.

Although accumulating evidence indicates that endangered animals suffer from plastic pollution, this has been largely overlooked. Here, we explored the bacteria and eukaryotes living in the plastics gathered from the natural habitat of the highly endangered crocodile lizard. The results demonstrated that the bacterial and eukaryotic communities on plastics formed a unique ecosystem that exhibited lower diversity than those in the surrounding water and soil. However, microbes displayed a more complex and stable network on plastic than that in water or soil, implying unique mechanisms of stabilization. These mechanisms enhanced their resilience and contributed to the provision of stable ecological services. Eukaryotes formed a simpler and smaller network than bacteria, indicating different survival strategies. The bacteria residing on the plastics played a significant role in carbon transformation and sequestration, which likely impacted carbon cycling in the habitat. Furthermore, microbial exchange between plastics and the crocodile lizard was observed, suggesting that plastisphere serves as a mobile gene bank for the exchange of information, including potentially harmful substances. Overall, microbes on plastic appear to significantly impact the crocodile lizard and its natural habitat via various pathways. These results provided novel insights into risks evaluation of plastic pollution and valuable guidance for government efforts in plastic pollutant control in nature reserves.

Development of a time-resolved immunochromatographic test strip for rapid and quantitative determination of retinol-binding protein 4 in urine.

Urine retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) has recently been reported as a novel earlier biomarker of chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is a global public health problem with high morbidity and mortality. Accurate and rapid detection of urine RBP4 is essential for early monitor of impaired kidney function and prevention of CKD progression. In the present study, we developed a time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatographic test strip (TRFIS) for the quantitative and rapid detection of urine RBP4. This TRFIS possessed excellent linearity ranging from 0.024 to 12.50 ng/mL for the detection of urine RBP4, and displayed a good linearity (Y = 239,581 × X + 617,238, R2 = 0.9902), with the lowest visual detection limit of 0.049 ng/mL. This TRFIS allows for quantitative detection of urine RBP4 within 15 min and shows high specificity. The intra-batch coefficient of variation (CV) and the inter-batch CV were both < 8%, respectively. Additionally, this TRFIS was applied to detect RBP4 in the urine samples from healthy donors and patients with CKD, and the results of TRFIS could efficiently discern the patients with CKD from the healthy donors. The developed TRFIS has the characteristics of high sensitivity, high accuracy, and a wide linear range, and is suitable for rapid and quantitative determination of urine RBP4.

A novel non-chemically amplified resist based on polystyrene-iodonium derivatives for electron beam lithography.

To break the resolution limitation of traditional resists, more work is needed on non-chemically amplified resists (non-CARs). Non-CARs based on iodonium salt modified polystyrene (PS-I) were prepared with controllable molecular weight and structure. The properties of the resist can be adjusted by the uploading of iodonium salts on the polymer chain, the materials with a higher proportion of iodonium salts show better lithography performance. By comparing contrast curves and quality of the lithographic patterns, the optimum developing condition of 4-methyl-2-pentanone and ethyl alcohol (v:v = 1:7) was selected. The high-resolution stripes of 15 nm half-pitch (HP) can be achieved by PS-I0.58in e-beam lithography (EBL). PS-I0.58shows the advanced lithography performance in the patterns of 16 nm HP and 18 nm HP stripes with low line edge roughness (3.0 nm and 2.4 nm). The resist shows excellent potential for further pattern transfer, the etch selectivity of resist PS-I0.58to the silicon was close to 12:1. The lithographic mechanism of PS-I was investigated by experimental and theoretical calculation, which indicates the polarity of materials changes results in the solubility switch. This work provides a new option and useful guidelines for the development of high-resolution resist.

Semiautomated design and soluble expression of a chimeric antigen TbpAB01 from Glaesserella parasuis.

Pathogenic bacterial membrane proteins (MPs) are a class of vaccine and antibiotic development targets with widespread clinical application. However, the inherent hydrophobicity of MPs poses a challenge to fold correctly in living cells. Herein, we present a comprehensive method to improve the soluble form of MP antigen by rationally designing multi-epitope chimeric antigen (ChA) and screening two classes of protein-assisting folding element. The study uses a homologous protein antigen as a functional scaffold to generate a ChA possessing four epitopes from transferrin-binding protein A of Glaesserella parasuis. Our engineered strain, which co-expresses P17 tagged-ChA and endogenous chaperones groEL-ES, yields a 0.346 g/L highly soluble ChA with the property of HPS-positive serum reaction. Moreover, the protein titer of ChA reaches 4.27 g/L with >90% soluble proportion in 5-L bioreactor, which is the highest titer reported so far. The results highlight a timely approach to design and improve the soluble expression of MP antigen in industrially viable applications.

Generation and applications of synthetic computed tomography images for neurosurgical planning.

OBJECTIVE: CT and MRI are synergistic in the information provided for neurosurgical planning. While obtaining both types of images lends unique data from each, doing so adds to cost and exposes patients to additional ionizing radiation after MRI has been performed. Cross-modal synthesis of high-resolution CT images from MRI sequences offers an appealing solution. The authors therefore sought to develop a deep learning conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) which performs this synthesis. METHODS: Preoperative paired CT and contrast-enhanced MR images were collected for patients with meningioma, pituitary tumor, vestibular schwannoma, and cerebrovascular disease. CT and MR images were denoised, field corrected, and coregistered. MR images were fed to a cGAN that exported a "synthetic" CT scan. The accuracy of synthetic CT images was assessed objectively using the quantitative similarity metrics as well as by clinical features such as sella and internal auditory canal (IAC) dimensions and mastoid/clinoid/sphenoid aeration. RESULTS: A total of 92,981 paired CT/MR images obtained in 80 patients were used for training/testing, and 10,068 paired images from 10 patients were used for external validation. Synthetic CT images reconstructed the bony skull base and convexity with relatively high accuracy. Measurements of the sella and IAC showed a median relative error between synthetic CT scans and ground truth images of 6%, with greater variability in IAC reconstruction compared with the sella. Aerations in the mastoid, clinoid, and sphenoid regions were generally captured, although there was heterogeneity in finer air cell septations. Performance varied based on pathology studied, with the highest limitation observed in evaluating meningiomas with intratumoral calcifications or calvarial invasion. CONCLUSIONS: The generation of high-resolution CT scans from MR images through cGAN offers promise for a wide range of applications in cranial and spinal neurosurgery, especially as an adjunct for preoperative evaluation. Optimizing cGAN performance on specific anatomical regions may increase its clinical viability.

Crystalline hydrogen-bonded organic framework for air-tolerant triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion.

A hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) consisting of a 9,10-diphenylanthracene carboxylic derivative, DPACOOH, was developed for solid state triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC). The HOF sample shows a 70% increase in upconversion quantum yield and a lower threshold value of 126.0 mW cm-2 compared to those of the disordered powder sample, due to a 43% longer triplet diffusion length in HOF than that in the powder sample.

Clinical application of combination [11C]C-methionine and [13N]N-ammonia PET/CT in recurrent functional pituitary adenomas with negative MRI or [18F]F-FDG PET/CT.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the value of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with [13N]N-ammonia ([13N]N-NH3) and [11C]C-methionine ([11C]C-MET) for the evaluation and management of recurrent secreting pituitary adenoma, which could not be detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]F-FDG) PET. METHODS: Nine consecutive patients with biochemical and clinical evidence of active recurrent tumor not detected by MRI and [18F]F-FDG PET were enrolled in this study. All of the patients underwent [13N]N-NH3 and [11C]C-MET PET/CT, after which the pattern of tracer uptake was studied, the tumor position was located, and a clinical decision was made. RESULTS: In general, [11C]C-MET had a higher uptake in pituitary adenomas (PAs) than that in pituitary tissues, while [13N]N-NH3 had a higher uptake in pituitary tissue than in pituitary adenomas. Increased [11C]C-MET uptake was observed in all nine PAs and three pituitary tissues, while all pituitary tissues and only one pituitary adenoma showed increased [13N]N-NH3 uptake. Four patients had concordant imaging and surgical findings indicative of biochemical remission without hypopituitarism after treatment. Radiotherapy was adopted in two patients, medication in another two, and follow-up observation in one case. CONCLUSION: Combined [11C]C-MET and [13N]N-NH3 PET/CT is effective in the differentiation of PAs from pituitary tissue in recurrent functional PAs with negative MRI or [18F]F-FDG PET. These results provide a valuable reference for further disease management.

Characteristics of Pain Changes in Rats with Nerve Injury within 24 Hours after One-Time Tuina Intervention.

Tuina, as an external treatment method of traditional Chinese medicine, has been proven to have an analgesic effect on peripheral neuropathic pain (pNP) in clinical and basic research. However, the optimal time point for the analgesic effect of tuina may vary according to different injury sensations, affecting the exploration of the initiation mechanism of tuina analgesia. The research used minor chronic constriction injury (minor CCI) model rats to simulate pNP and used the intelligent tuina manipulation simulator to simulate the three methods (point-pressing, plucking, and kneading) and three acupoints (Yinmen BL37, Chengshan BL57, and Yanglingquan GB34) for performing tuina therapy. The study evaluated the changes in pain within 24 h and the optimal time point for the efficacy of tuina analgesia in rats with minor CCI models by testing cold sensitivity threshold (CST), mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT), and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL). Furthermore, the study evaluated IL-10 and TNF-α expression changes through Elisa detection. The results show that tuina has both immediate and sustained analgesic effects. For the three different injury sensitivity thresholds of CST, MWT, TWL, and two cytokines of IL-10 and TNF-α, the analgesic efficacy of tuina within 24 h after intervention is significantly different at different time points.

Multiple Force-Triggered Downconverted and Upconverted Emission in Polymers Containing Diels-Alder Adducts.

Fluorescent mechanophores can indicate the deformation or damage in polymers. The development of mechanophores with multi-triggered response is of great interest. Herein, Diels-Alder (DA) adducts are incorporated into linear poly(methyl acrylate) PMA-BA and network poly(hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA) as mechanophores to detect the stress caused by ultrasound, freezing, and compression. The DA mechanophores undergo retro-DA reaction to release 9-styrylanthracene chromophore upon applying force, resulting in cyan fluorescence. The dissociation ratio of the DA mechanophore after pulsed ultrasonication of PMA-BA solution for 240 minutes is estimated to be 52 % by absorption spectra and 1H NMR. Additionally, the rate constant of mechanical cleavage is calculated to be 1.2×10-4 min-1⋅kDa-1 with the decrease in molecular weight from 69 to 22 kDa measured by gel permeation chromatography. Freezing of PHMA gels as well as compression of PHMA bulk samples turn-on the DA mechanophores, revealing the microscale fracture. Photon upconversion responses toward various force stimuli are also achieved in both polymer solutions and bulk samples by doping platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) or palladium meso-tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin (PdTPTBP) sensitizers with multiple excitation wavelengths.