Nuclear Argonaute protein NRDE-3 switches small RNA binding partners during embryogenesis coincident with the formation of SIMR granules.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a conserved gene regulation mechanism that utilizes the Argonaute protein and their associated small RNAs to exert regulatory function on complementary transcripts. While the majority of germline-expressed RNAi pathway components reside in perinuclear germ granules, it is unknown whether and how RNAi pathways are spatially organized in other cell types. Here we find that the small RNA biogenesis machinery is spatially and temporally organized during embryogenesis. Specifically, the RNAi factor, SIMR-1, forms visible concentrates during mid-embryogenesis that contain an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a poly-UG polymerase, and the unloaded nuclear Argonaute protein, NRDE-3. Further, we observe that many other RNAi factors form foci in embryonic cells distinct from SIMR granules, including the Argonaute protein CSR-1, underscoring a potential role for cytoplasmic concentrates of RNAi factors to promote gene regulation in embryos. Curiously, coincident with the appearance of the "SIMR granules", the small RNAs bound to NRDE-3 switch from predominantly CSR-class 22G-RNAs to ERGO-dependent 22G-RNAs. Thus, our study defines two separable roles for NRDE-3, targeting germline-expressed genes during early embryogenesis and switching later in embryogenesis to repress recently duplicated genes and retrotransposons in somatic cells, highlighting the plasticity of Argonaute proteins and the need for more precise temporal characterization of Argonaute-small RNA interactions.

Comparative Cytological and Gene Expression Analysis Reveals That a Common Wild Rice Inbred Line Showed Stronger Drought Tolerance Compared with the Cultivar Rice.

Common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) is an important germplasm resource containing valuable genes. Our previous analysis reported a stable wild rice inbred line, Huaye3, which derives from the common wild rice of Guangdong Province. However, there was no information about its drought tolerance ability. Here, we assessed the germination characteristics and seedling growth between the Dawennuo and Huaye3 under five concentrations of PEG6000 treatment (0, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). Huaye3 showed a stronger drought tolerance ability, and its seed germination rate still reached more than 52.50% compared with Dawennuo, which was only 25.83% under the 20% PEG6000 treatment. Cytological observations between the Dawennuo and Huaye3 indicated the root tip elongation zone and buds of Huaye3 were less affected by the PEG6000 treatment, resulting in a lower percentage of abnormalities of cortical cells, stele, and shrinkage of epidermal cells. Using the re-sequencing analysis, we detected 13,909 genes that existed in the genetic variation compared with Dawennuo. Of these genes, 39 were annotated as drought stress-related genes and their variance existed in the CDS region. Our study proved the strong drought stress tolerance ability of Huaye3, which provides the theoretical basis for the drought resistance germplasm selection in rice.

Biosynthesis of CuTe Nanorods with Large Molar Extinction Coefficients for NIR-II Photoacoustic Imaging.

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) in the second near-infrared region (NIR-II), due to deeper tissue penetration and a lower background interference, has attracted widespread concern. However, the development of NIR-II nanoprobes with a large molar extinction coefficient and a high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) for PAI and photothermal therapy (PTT) is still a big challenge. In this work, the NIR-II CuTe nanorods (NRs) with large molar extinction coefficients ((1.31 ± 0.01) × 108 cm-1·M-1 at 808 nm, (7.00 ± 0.38) × 107 cm-1·M-1 at 1064 nm) and high PCEs (70% at 808 nm, 48% at 1064 nm) were synthesized by living Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) cells as biosynthesis factories. Due to the strong light-absorbing and high photothermal conversion ability, the in vitro PA signals of CuTe NRs were about 6 times that of indocyanine green (ICG) in both NIR-I and NIR-II. In addition, CuTe NRs could effectively inhibit tumor growth through PTT. This work provides a new strategy for developing NIR-II probes with large molar extinction coefficients and high PCEs for NIR-II PAI and PTT.

Biosynthesis of NIR-II Ag2Se Quantum Dots with Bacterial Catalase for Photoacoustic Imaging and Alleviating-Hypoxia Photothermal Therapy.

Developing the second near-infrared (NIR-II) photoacoustic (PA) agent is of great interest in bioimaging. Ag2Se quantum dots (QDs) are one kind of potential probe for applications in NIR-II photoacoustic imaging (PAI). However, the surfaces with excess anions of Ag2Se QDs, which increase the probability of nonradiative transitions of excitons benefiting PA imaging, are not conducive to binding electron donor ligands for potential biolabeling and imaging. In this study, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) cells are driven for the biosynthesis of Ag2Se QDs with catalase (CAT). Biosynthesized Ag2Se (bio-Ag2Se-CAT) QDs are produced in Se-enriched environment of S. aureus and have a high Se-rich surface. The photothermal conversion efficiency of bio-Ag2Se-CAT QDs at 808 and 1064 nm is calculated as 75.3% and 51.7%, respectively. Additionally, the PA signal responsiveness of bio-Ag2Se-CAT QDs is ≈10 times that of the commercial PA contrast agent indocyanine green. In particular, the bacterial CAT is naturally attached to bio-Ag2Se-CAT QDs surface, which can effectively relieve tumor hypoxia. The bio-Ag2Se-CAT QDs can relieve heat-initiated oxidative stress while undergoing effective photothermal therapy (PTT). Such biosynthesis method of NIR-II bio-Ag2Se-CAT QDs opens a new avenue for developing multifunctional nanomaterials, showing great promise for PAI, hypoxia alleviation, and PTT.

HRDE-2 drives small RNA specificity for the nuclear Argonaute protein HRDE-1.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a conserved gene silencing process that exists in diverse organisms to protect genome integrity and regulate gene expression. In C. elegans, the majority of RNAi pathway proteins localize to perinuclear, phase-separated germ granules, which are comprised of sub-domains referred to as P granules, Mutator foci, Z granules, and SIMR foci. However, the protein components and function of the newly discovered SIMR foci are unknown. Here we demonstrate that HRDE-2 localizes to SIMR foci and interacts with the germline nuclear Argonaute HRDE-1 in its small RNA unbound state. In the absence of HRDE-2, HRDE-1 exclusively loads CSR-class 22G-RNAs rather than WAGO-class 22G-RNAs, resulting in inappropriate H3K9me3 deposition on CSR-target genes. Thus, our study demonstrates that the recruitment of unloaded HRDE-1 to germ granules, mediated by HRDE-2, is critical to ensure that the correct small RNAs are used to guide nuclear RNA silencing in the C. elegans germline.

Coordinated development of green finance and green technology innovation in China: from the perspective of network characteristics and prediction.

Under the path of sustainable development, the key to achieving green and low-carbon transformation lies in green technology innovation (GTI), and how to effectively coordinate the relationship between green finance (GF) and GTI is an issue worth studying. This paper constructed an evaluation system of GF and GTI and combined them with the coupled coordination degree model to explore their coordination of Chinese provinces from 2012 to 2019. Then, the core network evolution and spatial structure characteristics of GTI and GF were studied using the modified gravity model. Finally, based on the link prediction, the general future network prediction is made to provide guidance and direction for the future GTI and GF development and construction. The results found that the coordination level between GF and GTI has been continuously improved from 0.356 to 0.436. The core network structure is keeping changing with their connection becoming more complex, and there is still room for optimization. Network centrality characteristics show that the spatial spillover effects are stronger in the more economically developed regions. The overall network possibility prediction shows the potential network connections in different urban agglomerations. This paper provides a certain reference role for China and developing countries to predict the GF and GTI cooperation network development in the future.

Highly accelerated multi-shot intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging in brain enabled by parametric POCS-based multiplexed sensitivity encoding.

Recently, intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has also been demonstrated as an imaging tool for applications in neurological and neurovascular diseases. However, the use of single-shot diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging for IVIM DWI acquisition leads to suboptimal data quality: for instance, geometric distortion and deteriorated image quality at high spatial resolution. Although the recently commercialized multi-shot acquisition methods, such as multiplexed sensitivity encoding (MUSE), can attain high-resolution and high-quality DWI with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance superior to that of the conventional parallel imaging method, the prolonged scan time associated with multi-shot acquisition is impractical for routine IVIM DWI. This study proposes an acquisition and reconstruction framework based on parametric-POCSMUSE to accelerate the four-shot IVIM DWI with 70% reduction of total scan time (13 min 8 s versus 4 min 8 s). First, the four-shot IVIM DWI scan with 17 b values was accelerated by acquiring only one segment per b value except for b values of 0 and 600 s/mm2 . Second, an IVIM-estimation scheme was integrated into the parametric-POCSMUSE to enable joint reconstruction of multi-b images from under-sampled four-shot IVIM DWI data. In vivo experiments on both healthy subjects and patients show that the proposed framework successfully produced multi-b DW images with significantly higher SNRs and lower reconstruction errors than did the conventional acceleration method based on parallel imaging. In addition, the IVIM quantitative maps estimated from the data produced by the proposed framework showed quality comparable to that of fully sampled MUSE-reconstructed images, suggesting that the proposed framework can enable highly accelerated multi-shot IVIM DWI without sacrificing data quality. In summary, the proposed framework can make multi-shot IVIM DWI feasible in a routine MRI examination, with reasonable scan time and improved geometric fidelity.

Comparative analysis of transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery versus laparoendoscopic single-site sacrocolpopexy for pelvic organ prolapse: A propensity score matching study.

Purpose: To compare the safety, feasibility, and effectiveness of transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic sacrocolpopexy (vNOTES-SC) and laparoendoscopic single-site sacrocolpopexy (LESS-SC) for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Method: Ninety-four patients with POP who underwent vNOTES-SC or LESS-SC from October 2016 to November 2018 were included. The propensity score matching method was used for 1:1 matching between the two surgery groups. After matching, the general perioperative indicators, surgical complications, and the subjective and objective therapeutic effects of the two groups 3 years post-surgery were analyzed. Results: After matching, 36 patients in each group were included, exhibiting balanced and comparable baseline data and an average follow-up of 48.6 ± 7.44 months. The operation time and postoperative hospitalization days were significantly reduced in the vNOTES-SC group (P < 0.05). However, perioperative complication incidence was not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). Additionally, no significant differences were detected in de novo stress urinary incontinence (16.7% vs. 13.9%), de novo overactive bladder (de novo OAB, 8.3% vs. 0.0%), urination disorder (2.8% vs. 0.0%), defecation disorder (0.0% vs. 2.8%), lumbosacral pain (0.0% vs. 2.8%), or mesh complication (2.8% vs. 5.6%) incidences between the vNOTES-SC and LESS-SC groups (P > 0.05). Prolapse recurrence was not reported in either group. The quantitative description of pelvic organ position (POP-Q), Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-7 (PFIQ-7), and Patient Global Impression of Improvement scale (PGI-I) scores showed improvement after the operation, but no significant differences were observed between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The 3-year follow-up revealed that vNOTES-SC and LESS-SC had similar complications and efficacy rates. Compared with LESS-SC, vNOTES-SC resulted in shorter operation time and fewer postoperative hospitalization days (corresponding to the enhanced recovery after surgery [ERAS] concept), along with better cosmetic results without a scar. Therefore, our study findings suggest that clinicians should choose the surgery method based on the specific situation, and we recommend choosing vNOTES-SC when both surgeries are suitable.

Low back pain and osteoarthritis pain: a perspective of estrogen.

Low back pain (LBP) is the world's leading cause of disability and is increasing in prevalence more rapidly than any other pain condition. Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and facet joint osteoarthritis (FJOA) are two common causes of LBP, and both occur more frequently in elderly women than in other populations. Moreover, osteoarthritis (OA) and OA pain, regardless of the joint, are experienced by up to twice as many women as men, and this difference is amplified during menopause. Changes in estrogen may be an important contributor to these pain states. Receptors for estrogen have been found within IVD tissue and nearby joints, highlighting the potential roles of estrogen within and surrounding the IVDs and joints. In addition, estrogen supplementation has been shown to be effective at ameliorating IVD degeneration and OA progression, indicating its potential use as a therapeutic agent for people with LBP and OA pain. This review comprehensively examines the relationship between estrogen and these pain conditions by summarizing recent preclinical and clinical findings. The potential molecular mechanisms by which estrogen may relieve LBP associated with IVD degeneration and FJOA and OA pain are discussed.

Green finance network evolution and prediction: fresh evidence from China.

Green finance has become an important reform force to promote the sustainable development of China's economy. Therefore, it has a great significance for in-depth analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of regional green finance development, to further promote it by clarifying and predicting the regional differences and dynamic evolution trends. Based on this, this paper will select the relevant index from 2001 to 2020 to construct China Green Finance Core Network (CGFCN) in different years by using Space-L method at the first, then analyze its network characteristics and spatial evolution pattern in depth, and finally predict the future development trend of CGFCN by link prediction. The research results show that: firstly, the evolution of CGFCN is mainly divided into three stages: rapid development, stable development and optimal development, and the closeness of CGFCN is constantly improving. Besides, two strong relationship networks are gradually forming, that is Beijing-Tianjin region and the Yangtze River Detla region. Secondly, with the development of green finance, the community division has changed. It is mainly divided into four communities, named the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei leading community, the eastern provincial community, the Yangtze River Delta community and the central and southern joint community. Different communities will have different integration in different periods. Thirdly, the future development direction of green finance network is mainly Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and Yangtze River Delta regions, and their outward radiation are mainly shown in the eastern coastal and central regions, which also have strong development potential. In this regard, it is proposed to coordinate development across provinces to speed up the "urban integration" of green finance services; Establish an efficient community development mechanism and promote the interconnection of green finance markets and infrastructure between different regions; Strengthen the resource flow among regions and coordinate the resource competition of green finance.

Near-infrared-IIb emitting single-atom catalyst for imaging-guided therapy of blood-brain barrier breakdown after traumatic brain injury.

The blood-brain barrier breakdown, as a prominent feature after traumatic brain injury, always triggers a cascade of biochemical events like inflammatory response and free radical-mediated oxidative damage, leading to neurological dysfunction. The dynamic monitoring the status of blood-brain barrier will provide potent guidance for adopting appropriate clinical intervention. Here, we engineer a near-infrared-IIb Ag2Te quantum dot-based Mn single-atom catalyst for imaging-guided therapy of blood-brain barrier breakdown of mice after traumatic brain injury. The dynamic change of blood-brain barrier, including the transient cerebral hypoperfusion and cerebrovascular damage, could be resolved with high spatiotemporal resolution (150 ms and ~ 9.6 µm). Notably, the isolated single Mn atoms on the surface of Ag2Te exhibited excellent catalytic activity for scavenging reactive oxygen species to alleviate neuroinflammation in brains. The timely injection of Mn single-atom catalyst guided by imaging significantly promoted the reconstruction of blood-brain barrier and recovery of neurological function after traumatic brain injury.

Does the Urban Agglomeration Policy Reduce Energy Intensity? Evidence from China.

With the expansion of the scale of China's economy and the acceleration of urbanization, energy consumption is increasing, and environmental degradation and other problems have arisen. In order to solve such prominent problems, China proposed the "carbon peak" and "carbon neutral" targets in 2020. Although there are research conclusions about the impact of urbanization on energy intensity (EI), conclusions about the impact of the urban agglomeration policy (UAP) on EI are still unclear. Therefore, the article studies the impact of the urban agglomeration policy on EI in 279 prefecture-level cities by constructing a Difference-In-Differences (DID) model and mediating effect model. The results show that UAP has a significant effect on reducing EI, but their effects are different with the impact of urban heterogeneity, and the urban agglomeration policy of "Core" cities is less effective than those of "Edge" cities. From the perspective of the influencing mechanism, UAP takes green innovation capability as the intermediary variable to influence EI. The placebo test, PSM-DID regression, counterfactual test, and instrumental variable method all reflect the robustness of the research conclusions. Based on this, the paper puts forward some suggestions for urban agglomeration planning and green technology innovation.

Effects of Therapeutic Horseback-Riding Program on Social and Communication Skills in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Animal-assisted therapy has become a fast-growing and effective approach for remediating core impairments of children with ASD; however, recent systematic review studies on the effects of AAT in children with ASD have some limitations, including referral to a variety of animal-assisted interventions rather than to horseback-riding therapy alone and the absence of any meta-analysis in systematic reviews. A complete systematic review of the studies that describe the use of THR as an intervention is needed to specifically target the core impairments of children with ASD. The purpose of this study was to employ the systematic review method to synthesize research findings regarding the effects of THR programs on the social interaction and communication skills of children with ASD. We conducted a structured search in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched for potentially relevant studies in five databases (Web of Science, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus) from inception until February 2022. In addition, we manually searched the bibliographies of the included studies to find articles that might otherwise have been missed. We considered articles eligible or ineligible if they satisfied specific inclusion or exclusion criteria. Our results showed that the THR program is an effective direct and alternative therapeutic program that can considerably improve the social behaviors and communication skills of children with ASD and can effectively impact autistic impairments in areas such as social awareness, social cognition, social motivation, and social communication. These findings are in line with those of previous studies; however, we did not find statistical evidence of any effect of THR on the autistic behaviors of irritability, stereotypy, and inappropriate speech. In conclusion, the findings produced by this meta-analysis study provide evidence that THR programs can considerably improve the social behaviors and communication skills of children with ASD.

Ultrasmall MnSe Nanoparticles as T1-MRI Contrast Agents for In Vivo Tumor Imaging.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has excellent potential in the clinical monitoring of tumors because it can provide high-resolution soft tissue imaging. However, commercial contrast agents (CAs) used in MRI still have some problems such as potential toxicity to the human body, low relaxivity, and a short MRI acquisition window. In this study, ultrasmall MnSe nanoparticles are synthesized by living Staphylococcus aureus cells. The as-prepared MnSe nanoparticles are monodispersed with a uniform particle size (3.50 ± 0.52 nm). Due to the ultrasmall particle size and good water solubility, the MnSe nanoparticles exhibit in vitro high longitudinal relaxivity properties (14.12 ± 1.85 mM-1·s-1). The CCK-8 colorimetric assay, histological analysis, and body weight results show that the MnSe nanoparticles do not have appreciable toxicity on cells and organisms. Besides, the MnSe nanoparticles as T1-MRI CAs offer a long MRI acquisition window to tumor imaging (∼7 h). This work provides a promising T1-MRI CA for clinical tumor imaging and a good reference for the application of functional MnSe nanoparticles in the biomedicine field.

Prognostic indicators of arthroscopic discopexy for management of temporomandibular joint closed lock.

In order to optimize patient selection for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthroscopic discopexy to achieve favorable outcomes, prognostic indicators impacting the results are important to analyze. This longitudinal retrospective study aimed to analyze various prognostic factors impacting surgical outcomes following arthroscopic discopexy for management of TMJ closed lock using success criteria based on pain, maximal interincisal opening, diet, and quality of life. Furthermore, a quantitative MRI assessment was performed pre- and post-operatively. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate various prognostic variables including gender, age, side, duration of illness, Wilkes staging, parafunctional habits, splint therapy and orthodontic treatment. A total of 147 patients (201 joints) were included. The outcome was categorized as excellent (n = 154/76.61%), good (n = 34/16.91%), or poor (n = 13/6.46%) with a success rate of 93.54%. Patients aged > 30 years old (p = 0.048), longer duration of illness (12-24 months: p = 0.034) and (> 24 months: p = 0.022), and patients with Wilkes stage IV (p = 0.002) were all significantly more likely to be in the poor outcome group. Finally, orthodontic treatment showed a significant association with excellent outcomes (p = 0.015). Age, duration of illness, Wilkes staging, and orthodontic treatment are considered significant prognostic factors that can predict the outcomes following the arthroscopic discopexy for management of TMJ closed lock.

Preparation of lightweight daisy-like magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers via etching synergized template immobilization for enhanced rapid detection of trace 17ß-estradiol.

17ß-estradiol (E2), as one of the pharmaceutical and personal care product, frequently contaminates environmental water as estrogen pollutant and possesses great risk to human survival as well as the sustainable development of the ecosystem. Herein, to achieve an effective adsorbent system for the selective removal of E2 from the environmental water, Fe3O4 nanoparticles are subjected to chemical etching to reduce the overall mass and then employed as carriers to prepare a novel type of lightweight daisy-like magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (LD-MMIPs) adopting template immobilization strategy. The LD-MMIPs based etched magnetic nanoparticles not only exhibit light mass but also have plentiful imprinted sites in the etched channels, which significantly increases the adsorption capacity for E2. The daisy-like LD-MMIPs own strong magnetic responsiveness, well crystallinity, fast binding kinetics, high adsorption amount, and excellent selectivity. Moreover, combining with HPLC, the LD-MMIPs as adsorbents have been successfully used to specifically recognize and detect trace E2 in environmental water. Thus, the proposed LD-MMIPs with high adsorption capacity hold great potential in monitoring water pollution. Additionally, this work also provides an alternative strategy for improving the adsorption capacity of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers through a convenient chemical etching technology.

Effects of a Web-Based Parent-Child Physical Activity Program on Mental Health in Parents of Children with ASD.

Parents of children with ASD experience a higher incidence of mental health difficulties, including stress, depression, and anxiety, than parents of children without ASD. According to studies related to ASD, parent-child physical activity programs are an effective approach to encourage both parents and their children with ASD to exercise together, thus improving the mental health of parents due to this interactive family activity. The purpose of the present study was to explore the effects of this web-based parent-child physical activity program on the mental health of parents of children with ASD. A total of 94 parent-child pairs consented to participate in this study, and 75 parent-child pairs completed the study. Three instruments-DASS-21, PSI-4-SF, and WHOQOL-26-were used to measure mental health, parental stress, and quality of life, respectively. A randomized controlled trial design was implemented to examine the effectiveness of the 10-week web-based parent-child physical activity program on improving the mental health of parents of children with ASD. The results showed that after the 10-week parent-child physical activity program, there were significant differences in overall DASS-21 and PSI-4-SF for the experimental group, compared with control group (p < 0.05), which indicated that the parent-child physical activity program has a positive influence on mental health in parents of children with ASD. One sub-area of WHOQOL-26 between the experimental and control groups across pre-/post-testing intervals also showed greater reductions in the item of psychological health (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the findings demonstrated the efficacy of the web-based parent-child physical activity program for improving mental health in parents of children with ASD.

Effects of a Therapeutic Horseback Riding Program on Social Interaction and Communication in Children with Autism.

Various therapeutic interventions have been studied and found to be effective in reducing the stereotypical behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There has been increasing interest in using animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) as an alternative approach to therapeutic rehabilitation for children with ASD, and many studies have reported that AAI has significant benefits for the cognitive, psychological, and social behavior of children with ASD. The present study was designed to examine the effects of a 16 weeks therapeutic horseback riding program on social interaction and communication skills in children with autism. Eighty-four children diagnosed with ASD, aged between 6 and 12 years old, were recruited for this study. All selected participants met the DSM-V criteria, and a total of sixty-one participants (N = 61) completed the study. A quasi-experimental design with an experimental group and control group was implemented for this study, taking measurements at pre-test, interim-test, and post-test to monitor the behavior changes in social and communication throughout the 16-week intervention. Repeated measures ANOVA and the independent sample t-test were used for data analysis, to assess the difference between the experimental group and control group. The results indicated that the THR program had positive influences on overall social skills and communication, based on the SSIS and the ABLLS-R scores, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). A notable improvement in the overall social interaction score was observed from the interim-testing point to post-test. In addition, participants in the therapeutic horseback riding (THR) group achieved significant improvements on six out of seven items in their communication evaluations. In conclusion, after 16 weeks of intervention, the THR program significantly enhanced the subdomains of social and communication skills in the areas of social interaction, communication, responsibility, and self-control, compared to the control group.

Oxidative stress induced in rice suspension cells exposed to microcystin-LR at environmentally relevant concentrations.

Microcystins (MCs) are cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins that are highly soluble in water and can be transferred to farmland through irrigation with potentially substantial effects on crops, especially rice. In order to investigate the possible negative effects of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on rice, the oxidative stress induced in rice suspension cells exposed to MC-LR at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.05, 0.5, 5.0, and 50.0 µg·L-1) was investigated. Results showed that the exposure to MC-LR at 0.5-50.0 µg·L-1 resulted in a significant decline in viability of rice suspension cells and an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. In the 50.0-µg·L-1 MC-LR treatment group, the content of MDA was as much as 5.39 times that of the control group after 6 days of exposure. The excess MDA production indicated that MC-LR exposure has caused lipid peroxidation damage in rice cells, whereas these negative effects could be recovered over time when suspension cells were exposed to low concentration of MC-LR (0.05 µg·L-1). When exposed to MC-LR for 3 days, the O2- content in all treatment groups increased significantly compared with the control group. Additionally, the antioxidant system of rice suspension cells initiated a positive stress response to MC-LR exposure. Indeed, peroxidase (POD) played an active role in the removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rice suspension cells during the early period of exposure, while total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) was induced after 6 days. Similarly, after 6 days of exposure, the anti-superoxide anion free radical activity (ASAFR), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione-S transferase (GST) in rice suspension cells were higher than that in the control group. These results provided a comprehensive understanding of the exposure time- and dose-dependent oxidative stress induced by the environmentally relevant concentrations of MC-LR in rice suspension cells.

Components characterisation of Berchemia lineata (L.) DC. by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and its metabolism with human liver microsomes.

Investigations were performed on the determination of the main components in Berchemia lineata (L.) DC. (BL) and its metabolism with human liver microsomes (HLM). A total of 35 compounds were detected in BL extracts and 25 of them including 6 naphthopyrones, 10 flavonoids, 2 phenolic acids, 2 phenols, 4 fatty acids and 1 quinone were unambiguously or tentatively identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Among them, naphthopyrones were first identified in BL extracts and labelled in chromatography. In addition, the weak inhibitory effects of BL extracts (IC50＝149.25 µg/mL) and rubrofusarin-6-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1-6)-O-ß-D-glu-copyranside (the main component of BL extracts, M0; IC50＝82.14 µM) on CYP3A4 were also proved using testosterone as specific probe drug. The main metabolic pathway of M0 by HLM was hydroxylation in its aglycone, the metabolite was tentatively identified as 10-hydroxy-rubrofusarin-6-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1-6)-O-ß-D-glucopyranside. Components characterisation and the metabolism with HLM could help the further development and application of BL.