Cell-based screen identifies porphyrins as FGFR3 activity inhibitors with therapeutic potential for achondroplasia and cancer.

Overactive fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) signaling drives pathogenesis in a variety of cancers and a spectrum of short-limbed bone dysplasias, including the most common form of human dwarfism, achondroplasia (ACH). Targeting FGFR3 activity holds great promise as a therapeutic approach for treatment of these diseases. Here, we established a receptor/adaptor translocation assay system that can specifically monitor FGFR3 activation, and we applied it to identify FGFR3 modulators from complex natural mixtures. An FGFR3-suppressing plant extract of Amaranthus viridis was identified from the screen, and 2 bioactive porphyrins, pheophorbide a (Pa) and pyropheophorbide a, were sequentially isolated from the extract and functionally characterized. Further analysis showed that Pa reduced excessive FGFR3 signaling by decreasing its half-life in FGFR3-overactivated multiple myeloma cells and chondrocytes. In an ex vivo culture system, Pa alleviated defective long bone growth in humanized ACH mice (FGFR3ACH mice). Overall, our study presents an approach to discovery and validation of plant extracts or drug candidates that target FGFR3 activation. The compounds identified by this approach may have applications as therapeutics for FGFR3-associated cancers and skeletal dysplasias.

Enrichment of Prevotella intermedia in human colorectal cancer and its additive effects with Fusobacterium nucleatum on the malignant transformation of colorectal adenomas.

BACKGROUND: Owing to the heterogeneity of microbiota among individuals and populations, only Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bacteroides fragilis have been reported to be enriched in colorectal cancer (CRC) in multiple studies. Thus, the discovery of additional bacteria contributing to CRC development in various populations can be expected. We aimed to identify bacteria associated with the progression of colorectal adenoma to carcinoma and determine the contribution of these bacteria to malignant transformation in patients of Han Chinese origin. METHODS: Microbiota composition was determined through 16S rRNA V3-V4 amplicon sequencing of autologous adenocarcinomas, adenomatous polyps, and non-neoplastic colon tissue samples (referred to as "tri-part samples") in patients with CRC. Enriched taxa in adenocarcinoma tissues were identified through pairwise comparison. The abundance of candidate bacteria was quantified through genomic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in tissue samples from 116 patients. Associations of candidate bacteria with clinicopathological features and genomic and genetic alterations were evaluated through odds ratio tests. Additionally, the effects of candidate bacteria on CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were evaluated through the co-culture of CRC cells with bacterial cells or with conditioned media from bacteria. RESULTS: Prevotella intermedia was overrepresented in adenocarcinomas compared with paired adenomatous polyps. Furthermore, co-abundance of P. intermedia and F. nucleatum was observed in tumor tissues. More notably, the coexistence of these two bacteria in adenocarcinomas was associated with lymph node involvement and distant metastasis. These two bacteria also exerted additive effects on the enhancement of the migration and invasion abilities of CRC cells. Finally, conditioned media from P. intermedia promoted the migration and invasion of CRC cells. CONCLUSION: This report is the first to demonstrate that P. intermedia is enriched in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues and enhances the migration and invasion abilities of CRC cells. Moreover, P. intermedia and F. nucleatum exert additive effects on the malignant transformation of colorectal adenomas into carcinomas. These findings can be used to identify patients at a high risk of malignant transformation of colorectal adenomas or metastasis of CRC, and they can accordingly be provided optimal clinical management.

Association of an IGHV3-66 gene variant with Kawasaki disease.

In a meta-analysis of three GWAS for susceptibility to Kawasaki disease (KD) conducted in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan and follow-up studies with a total of 11,265 subjects (3428 cases and 7837 controls), a significantly associated SNV in the immunoglobulin heavy variable gene (IGHV) cluster in 14q33.32 was identified (rs4774175; OR = 1.20, P = 6.0 × 10-9). Investigation of nonsynonymous SNVs of the IGHV cluster in 9335 Japanese subjects identified the C allele of rs6423677, located in IGHV3-66, as the most significant reproducible association (OR = 1.25, P = 6.8 × 10-10 in 3603 cases and 5731 controls). We observed highly skewed allelic usage of IGHV3-66, wherein the rs6423677 A allele was nearly abolished in the transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of both KD patients and healthy adults. Association of the high-expression allele with KD strongly indicates some active roles of B-cells or endogenous immunoglobulins in the disease pathogenesis. Considering that significant association of SNVs in the IGHV region with disease susceptibility was previously known only for rheumatic heart disease (RHD), a complication of acute rheumatic fever (ARF), these observations suggest that common B-cell related mechanisms may mediate the symptomology of KD and ARF as well as RHD.

Identification of type 2 diabetes loci in 433,540 East Asian individuals.

Meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 240 loci that are associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D)1,2; however, most of these loci have been identified in analyses of individuals with European ancestry. Here, to examine T2D risk in East Asian individuals, we carried out a meta-analysis of GWAS data from 77,418 individuals with T2D and 356,122 healthy control individuals. In the main analysis, we identified 301 distinct association signals at 183 loci, and across T2D association models with and without consideration of body mass index and sex, we identified 61 loci that are newly implicated in predisposition to T2D. Common variants associated with T2D in both East Asian and European populations exhibited strongly correlated effect sizes. Previously undescribed associations include signals in or near GDAP1, PTF1A, SIX3, ALDH2, a microRNA cluster, and genes that affect the differentiation of muscle and adipose cells3. At another locus, expression quantitative trait loci at two overlapping T2D signals affect two genes-NKX6-3 and ANK1-in different tissues4-6. Association studies in diverse populations identify additional loci and elucidate disease-associated genes, biology, and pathways.

Palmitoyl Acyltransferase Activity of ZDHHC13 Regulates Skin Barrier Development Partly by Controlling PADi3 and TGM1 Protein Stability.

Deficiency of the palmitoyl-acyl transferase ZDHHC13 compromises skin barrier permeability and renders mice susceptible to environmental bacterial infection and inflammatory dermatitis. It had been unclear how the lack of ZDHHC13 proteins resulted in cutaneous abnormalities. In this study, we first demonstrate that enzymatic palmitoylation activity, rather than protein scaffolding, by ZDHHC13 is essential for skin barrier integrity, showing that knock-in mice bearing an enzymatically dead DQ-to-AA ZDHHC13 mutation lost their hair after weaning cyclically, recapitulating knockout phenotypes of skin inflammation and dermatitis. To establish the ZDHHC13 substrates responsible for skin barrier development, we employed quantitative proteomic approaches to identify protein molecules whose palmitoylation is tightly controlled by ZDHHC13. We identified over 300 candidate proteins that could be classified into four biological categories: immunological disease, skin development and function, dermatological disease, and lipid metabolism. Palmitoylation of three of these candidates-loricrin, peptidyl arginine deiminase type III, and keratin fiber crosslinker transglutaminase 1-by ZDHHC13 was confirmed by biochemical assay. Palmitoylation was critical for in vivo protein stability of the latter two candidates. Our findings reveal the importance of protein palmitoylation in skin barrier development, partly by promoting envelope protein crosslinking and the filaggrin processing pathway.

Both IgM and IgG Antibodies Against Polyethylene Glycol Can Alter the Biological Activity of Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol-Epoetin Beta in Mice.

Pre-existing antibodies that bind polyethylene glycol are present in about 40% of healthy individuals. It is currently unknown if pre-existing anti-polyethylene glycol (PEG) antibodies can alter the bioactivity of pegylated drugs with a single long PEG chain, which represents the majority of newly developed pegylated medicines. Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (PEG-EPO) contains a single 30 kDa PEG chain and is used to treat patients suffering from anemia. We find that the pre-existing human anti-PEG IgM and IgG antibodies from normal donors can bind to PEG-EPO. The prevalence and concentrations of anti-PEG IgM and IgG antibodies were also higher in patients that responded poorly to PEG-EPO. Monoclonal anti-PEG IgM and IgG antibodies at concentrations found in normal donors blocked the biological activity of PEG-EPO to stimulate the production of new erythrocytes in mice and accelerated the clearance of 125I-PEG-EPO, resulting in PEG-EPO accumulation primarily in the liver and spleen. Accelerated clearance by the anti-PEG IgG antibody was mediated by the Fc portion of the antibody. Importantly, infusing higher doses of PEG-EPO could compensate for the inhibitory effects of anti-PEG antibodies, suggesting that pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies can be "dosed through." Our study indicates that the bioactivity and therapeutic activity of PEG-EPO may be reduced in patients with elevated levels of pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies. New pegylated medicines with a single long PEG chain may also be affected in patients with high levels of anti-PEG antibodies.

Genome-wide transcriptome analysis to further understand neutrophil activation and lncRNA transcript profiles in Kawasaki disease.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is the most common cause of acquired cardiac disease in children in developed countries. However, little is known regarding the role of transcriptomic targets of KD in the disease progression and development of complications, especially coronary artery aneurysms (CAA). The aim of our study was to identify transcripts affected by KD and their potential role in the disease. We enrolled 37 KD patients and collected blood samples along a comprehensive time-course. mRNA profiling demonstrated an abundance of CD177 transcript in acute KD, and in the intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)-resistant group compared to in the IVIG-sensitive group. lncRNA profiling identified XLOC_006277 as the most highly expressed molecule. XLOC_006277 expression in patients at acute stage was 3.3-fold higher relative to patients with convalescent KD. Moreover, XLOC_006277 abundance increased significantly in patients with CAA. XLOC_006277 knockdown suppressed MMP-8 and MMP-9 expression, both associated with heart lesions. Our result suggested that the increase of CD177pos neutrophils was associated with KD. Moreover, this study provided global long non-coding RNA transcripts in the blood of patients with KD, IVIG-resistant KD, or CAA. Notably, XLOC_006277 abundance was associated with CAA, which might contribute to further understanding of CAA pathogenesis in KD.

Immunoglobulin profiling identifies unique signatures in patients with Kawasaki disease during intravenous immunoglobulin treatment.

Identifying the causes of high fever syndromes such as Kawasaki disease (KD) remains challenging. To investigate pathogen exposure signatures in suspected pathogen-mediated diseases such as KD, we performed immunoglobulin (Ig) profiling using a next-generation sequencing method. After intravenous Ig (IVIG) treatment, we observed disappearance of clonally expanded IgM clonotypes, which were dominantly observed in acute-phase patients. The complementary-determining region 3 (CDR3) sequences of dominant IgM clonotypes in acute-phase patients were commonly observed in other Ig isotypes. In acute-phase KD patients, we identified 32 unique IgM CDR3 clonotypes shared in three or more cases. Furthermore, before the IVIG treatment, the sums of dominant IgM clonotypes in IVIG-resistant KD patients were significantly higher than those of IVIG-sensitive KD patients. Collectively, we demonstrate a novel approach for identifying certain Ig clonotypes for potentially interacting with pathogens involved in KD; this approach could be applied for a wide variety of fever-causing diseases of unknown origin.

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for HLA Genotype and Use of Carbamazepine and Oxcarbazepine: 2017 Update.

The variant allele HLA-B*15:02 is strongly associated with greater risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) in patients treated with carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine. The variant allele HLA-A*31:01 is associated with greater risk of maculopapular exanthema, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, and SJS/TEN in patients treated with carbamazepine. We summarize evidence from the published literature supporting these associations and provide recommendations for carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine use based on HLA genotypes.

Loss of GPNMB Causes Autosomal-Recessive Amyloidosis Cutis Dyschromica in Humans.

Amyloidosis cutis dyschromica (ACD) is a distinct form of primary cutaneous amyloidosis characterized by generalized hyperpigmentation mottled with small hypopigmented macules on the trunks and limbs. Affected families and sporadic case subjects have been reported predominantly in East and Southeast Asian ethnicities; however, the genetic cause has not been elucidated. We report here that the compound heterozygosity or homozygosity of GPNMB truncating alleles is the cause of autosomal-recessive ACD. Six nonsense or frameshift mutations were identified in nine individuals diagnosed with ACD. Immunofluorescence analysis of skin biopsies showed that GPNMB is expressed in all epidermal cells, with the highest staining observed in melanocytes. GPNMB staining is significantly reduced in the lesional skin of affected individuals. Hyperpigmented lesions exhibited significantly increased amounts of DNA/keratin-positive amyloid deposits in the papillary dermis and infiltrating macrophages compared with hypo- or depigmented macules. Depigmentation of the lesions was attributable to loss of melanocytes. Intracytoplasmic fibrillary aggregates were observed in keratinocytes scattered in the lesional epidermis. Thus, our analysis indicates that loss of GPNMB, which has been implicated in melanosome formation, autophagy, phagocytosis, tissue repair, and negative regulation of inflammation, underlies autosomal-recessive ACD and provides insights into the etiology of amyloidosis and pigment dyschromia.

Genome-wide association study identifies novel susceptibility loci for migraine in Han Chinese resided in Taiwan.

Background Susceptibility genes for migraine, despite it being a highly prevalent and disabling neurological disorder, have not been analyzed in Asians by genome-wide association study (GWAS). Methods We conducted a two-stage case-control GWAS to identify susceptibility genes for migraine without aura in Han Chinese residing in Taiwan. In the discovery stage, we genotyped 1005 clinic-based Taiwanese migraine patients and 1053 population-based sex-matched controls using Axiom Genome-Wide CHB Array. In the replication stage, we genotyped 27 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with p < 10-4 in 1120 clinic-based migraine patients and 604 sex-matched normal controls by using Sequenom. Variants at LRP1, TRPM8, and PRDM, which have been replicated in Caucasians, were also genotyped. Results We identified a novel susceptibility locus (rs655484 in DLG2) that reached GWAS significance level for migraine risk in Han Chinese ( p = 1.45 × 10-12, odds ratio [OR] = 2.42), and also another locus (rs3781545in GFRA1) with suggestive significance ( p = 1.27 × 10-7, OR = 1.38). In addition, we observed positive association signals with a similar trend to the associations identified in Caucasian GWASs for rs10166942 in TRPM8 (OR = 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14-1.54, Ppermutation = 9.99 × 10-5; risk allele: T) and rs1172113 in LRP1 (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.04-1.45, Ppermutation = 2.9 × 10-2; risk allele: T). Conclusion The present study is the first migraine GWAS conducted in Han-Chinese and Asians. The newly identified susceptibility genes have potential implications in migraine pathogenesis. DLG2 is involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission, and GFRA1 encodes GDNF receptors that are abundant in CGRP-containing trigeminal neurons. Furthermore, positive association signals for TRPM8 and LRP1 suggest the possibility for common genetic contributions across ethnicities.

Identification of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms in the branchpoint site.

BACKGROUND: The human genome contains millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); many of these SNPs are intronic and have unknown functional significance. SNPs occurring within intron branchpoint sites, especially at the adenine (A), would presumably affect splicing; however, this has not been systematically studied. We employed a splicing prediction tool to identify human intron branchpoint sites and screened dbSNP for identifying SNPs located in the predicted sites to generate a genome-wide branchpoint site SNP database. RESULTS: We identified 600 SNPs located within branchpoint sites; among which, 216 showed a change in A. After scoring the SNPs by counting the As in the ± 10 nucleotide region, only four SNPs were identified without additional As (rs13296170, rs12769205, rs75434223, and rs67785924). Using minigene constructs, we examined the effects of these SNPs on splicing. The three SNPs (rs13296170, rs12769205, and rs75434223) with nucleotide substitution at the A position resulted in abnormal splicing (exon skipping and/or intron inclusion). However, rs67785924, a 5-bp deletion that abolished the branchpoint A nucleotide, exhibited normal RNA splicing pattern, presumably using two of the downstream As as alternative branchpoints. The influence of additional As on splicing was further confirmed by studying rs2733532, which contains three additional As in the ± 10 nucleotide region. CONCLUSIONS: We generated a high-confidence genome-wide branchpoint site SNP database, experimentally verified the importance of A in the branchpoint, and suggested that other nearby As can protect branchpoint A substitution from abnormal splicing.

A genome-wide association study links small-vessel ischemic stroke to autophagy.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) can serve as strong evidence in correlating biological pathways with human diseases. Although ischemic stroke has been found to be associated with many biological pathways, the genetic mechanism of ischemic stroke is still unclear. Here, we performed GWAS for a major subtype of stroke-small-vessel occlusion (SVO)-to identify potential genetic factors contributing to ischemic stroke. GWAS were conducted on 342 individuals with SVO stroke and 1,731 controls from a Han Chinese population residing in Taiwan. The study was replicated in an independent Han Chinese population comprising an additional 188 SVO stroke cases and 1,265 controls. Three SNPs (rs2594966, rs2594973, rs4684776) clustered at 3p25.3 in ATG7 (encoding Autophagy Related 7), with P values between 2.52 × 10-6 and 3.59 × 10-6, were identified. Imputation analysis also supported the association between ATG7 and SVO stroke. To our knowledge, this is the first GWAS to link stroke and autophagy. ATG7, which has been implicated in autophagy, could provide novel insights into the genetic basis of ischemic stroke.

A genome-wide association study identifies a novel susceptibility locus for the immunogenicity of polyethylene glycol.

Conjugation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to therapeutic molecules can improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. However, some healthy individuals have pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies and certain patients develop anti-PEG antibody during treatment with PEGylated medicines, suggesting that genetics might play a role in PEG immunogenicity. Here we perform genome-wide association studies for anti-PEG IgM and IgG responses in Han Chinese with 177 and 140 individuals, defined as positive for anti-PEG IgM and IgG responses, respectively, and with 492 subjects without either anti-PEG IgM or IgG as controls. We validate the association results in the replication cohort, consisting of 211 and 192 subjects with anti-PEG IgM and anti-PEG IgG, respectively, and 596 controls. We identify the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) locus to be associated with anti-PEG IgM response at genome-wide significance (P = 2.23 × 10-22). Our findings may provide novel genetic markers for predicting the immunogenicity of PEG and efficacy of PEGylated therapeutics.Some individuals develop antibodies against the polyethylene glycol that is commonly used in therapeutic preparations. Here the authors conduct a GWAS in Han Chinese and find the IGH locus is associated with anti-PEG IgM.

Role of S-Palmitoylation by ZDHHC13 in Mitochondrial function and Metabolism in Liver.

Palmitoyltransferase (PAT) catalyses protein S-palmitoylation which adds 16-carbon palmitate to specific cysteines and contributes to various biological functions. We previously reported that in mice, deficiency of Zdhhc13, a member of the PAT family, causes severe phenotypes including amyloidosis, alopecia, and osteoporosis. Here, we show that Zdhhc13 deficiency results in abnormal liver function, lipid abnormalities, and hypermetabolism. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these disease phenotypes, we applied a site-specific quantitative approach integrating an alkylating resin-assisted capture and mass spectrometry-based label-free strategy for studying the liver S-palmitoylome. We identified 2,190 S-palmitoylated peptides corresponding to 883 S-palmitoylated proteins. After normalization using the membrane proteome with TMT10-plex labelling, 400 (31%) of S-palmitoylation sites on 254 proteins were down-regulated in Zdhhc13-deficient mice, representing potential ZDHHC13 substrates. Among these, lipid metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction proteins were overrepresented. MCAT and CTNND1 were confirmed to be specific ZDHHC13 substrates. Furthermore, we found impaired mitochondrial function in hepatocytes of Zdhhc13-deficient mice and Zdhhc13-knockdown Hep1-6 cells. These results indicate that ZDHHC13 is an important regulator of mitochondrial activity. Collectively, our study allows for a systematic view of S-palmitoylation for identification of ZDHHC13 substrates and demonstrates the role of ZDHHC13 in mitochondrial function and metabolism in liver.

Genetic epidemiological study doesn't support GLA IVS4+919G>A variant is a significant mutation in Fabry disease.

BACKGROUND: The GLA IVS4+919G>A which is linked to late-onset Fabry disease shows high frequency in Taiwan. METHODS: To determine whether IVS4+919G>A is a frequent cause of heart disease, we genotyped it in normal controls and other disease cohorts (type 2 diabetes, heart failure, ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease). Normal controls and diabetes patients carrying the variant were evaluated for their cardiac condition. Minigene constructs were used to study GLA splicing patterns in different cell lines. RESULTS: GLA IVS4+919A was found in 4/1634 males (0.245%) and 2/1634 females (0.123%) in normal controls and in 4/2133 males (0.188%) and 7/1816 females (0.385%) in the type 2 diabetes cohort. Of all the 17 IVS4+919A carriers in these two groups, only two males reported heart-related disease (myocardial infarction and hypertensive heart disease). Furthermore, in the heart disease cohort (n=649), only one male carried the variant. Minigene constructs showed that the AGS (stomach) cell line showed a distinct GLA splicing pattern. CONCLUSION: Most subjects carrying GLA IVS4+919A did not show abnormal cardiac phenotypes. The near-absence of GLA IVS4+919A in heart disease cohort suggested that this variant is not a frequent cause of overt heart diseases in Taiwan and that the genotype-phenotype correlation and natural course of the disease need further investigation. We also showed that the GLA IVS4+919G>A nucleotide change did influence alternative splicing in a tissue-specific manner. SYNOPSIS: The GLA IVS4+919G>A variant is not a frequent cause of overt heart disease in Taiwan.

Filamin B Loss-of-Function Mutation in Dimerization Domain Causes Autosomal-Recessive Spondylocarpotarsal Synostosis Syndrome with Rib Anomalies.

Spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome (SCT) is a distinct group of disorders characterized by short stature, disrupted vertebral segmentation with vertebral fusion, scoliosis, lordosis, carpal/tarsal synostosis, and lack of rib anomalies. Mutations in filamin B (FLNB) and MYH3 have been reported for autosomal-recessive and autosomal-dominant SCT, respectively. We present a family with two patients suffering from autosomal-recessive SCT with rib anomalies, including malalignment, crowding, and uneven size and shape of ribs. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a novel p.S2542Lfs* 82 (c.7621dup) frameshift mutation in FLNB. This frameshift mutation lies in the C-terminal-most domain involved in FLNB dimerization and resulted in a 20-residue elongation, with complete familial segregation and absence in 376 normal controls. The mutant p.S2542Lfs* 82 FLNB demonstrated a complete loss of ability to form a functional dimer in transiently transfected HEK293T cells. The p.S2542Lfs* 82 mutation also led to significantly reduced protein levels and accumulation of the mutant protein in the Golgi apparatus. This is the first identified mutation in the dimerization domain of FLNB. This loss-of-function frameshift mutation in FLNB causes autosomal-recessive SCT with rarely reported rib anomalies. This report demonstrates the involvement of rib anomaly in SCT and its causative mutation in the dimerization domain of FLNB.

Knock-in human FGFR3 achondroplasia mutation as a mouse model for human skeletal dysplasia.

Achondroplasia (ACH), the most common genetic dwarfism in human, is caused by a gain-of function mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3). Currently, there is no effective treatment for ACH. The development of an appropriate human-relevant model is important for testing potential therapeutic interventions before human clinical trials. Here, we have generated an ACH mouse model in which the endogenous mouse Fgfr3 gene was replaced with human FGFR3G380R (FGFR3ACH) cDNA, the most common mutation in human ACH. Heterozygous (FGFR3ACH/+) and homozygous (FGFR3ACH/ACH) mice expressing human FGFR3G380R recapitulate the phenotypes observed in ACH patients, including growth retardation, disproportionate shortening of the limbs, round head, mid-face hypoplasia at birth, and kyphosis progression during postnatal development. We also observed premature fusion of the cranial sutures and low bone density in newborn FGFR3G380R mice. The severity of the disease phenotypes corresponds to the copy number of activated FGFR3G380R, and the phenotypes become more pronounced during postnatal skeletal development. This mouse model offers a tool for assessing potential therapeutic approaches for skeletal dysplasias related to over-activation of human FGFR3, and for further studies of the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Pharmacogenetic dosing of warfarin in the Han-Chinese population: a randomized trial.

AIM: This study aimed to determine clinical utility of genotype-guided dosing for warfarin in Han-Chinese. METHODS: A total of 320 patients were randomly assigned International Warfarin Pharmacogenetic Consortium algorithm, Taiwan algorithm and optimal clinical care arms. The primary outcome of the study was the percentage of time in the therapeutic range during the first 90 days of treatment. RESULTS: The percentage of time in the therapeutic range of the clinical care group in the first 2 weeks was significantly higher than the algorithm groups. This difference was no longer observed after 4 weeks. No difference in excessive anticoagulation (international normalized ratio ≥4.0) and adverse events was observed. CONCLUSION: Genotype-guided dosing did not provide significant benefit. Loading dose with frequent international normalized ratio monitoring could provide sufficient control of anticoagulation.

Correlations between the enantio- and regio-selective metabolisms of warfarin.

AIM: To clarify whether the activities of multiple CYPs associated with warfarin metabolism would be correlated with each other. METHODS: Oral clearances (CLpo) of warfarin enantiomers were estimated in 378 Chinese, Caucasians and African-Americans. The partial metabolic clearances (CLm) for 7-hydroxywarfarin enantiomers were also measured. In addition, CLpo and CLm were determined in a patient on warfarin and rifampicin. RESULTS: Correlations between CLpo for warfarin enantiomers existed across the three populations. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the CLm for 7-hydroxylation of warfarin enantiomers. Under induced conditions by rifampicin, there were significant correlations between the enantio- and regio-selective metabolisms of warfarin. CONCLUSION: Metabolic activities of CYP2C9, CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 may be regulated by common transcriptional mechanism(s).