Arterial Spin-Labeling MR Imaging for the Differential Diagnosis of Venous-Predominant AVMs and Developmental Venous Anomalies.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Venous-predominant AVMs are almost identical in appearance to developmental venous anomalies on conventional MR imaging. Herein, we compared and analyzed arterial spin-labeling findings in patients with developmental venous anomalies or venous-predominant AVMs, using DSA as the criterion standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively collected patients with either DVAs or venous-predominant AVMs, each available on both DSA and arterial spin-labeling images. Arterial spin-labeling imaging was visually assessed for the presence of hyperintense signal. CBF measured at the most representative section was normalized to the contralateral gray matter. The temporal phase of developmental venous anomalies or venous-predominant AVMs was measured on DSA as a delay between the first appearance of the intracranial artery and the lesion. Correlation between the normalized CBF and the temporal phase was evaluated. RESULTS: Analysis of 15 lesions (13 patients) resulted in categorization into 3 groups: typical venous-predominant AVMs (temporal phase, <2 seconds), intermediate group (temporal phase between 2.5 and 5 seconds), and classic developmental venous anomalies (temporal phase, >10 seconds). Arterial spin-labeling signal was markedly increased in the typical venous-predominant AVM group, while there was no discernible signal in the classic developmental venous anomaly group. In the intermediate group, however, 3 of 6 lesions showed mildly increased arterial spin-labeling signal. The normalized CBF on arterial spin-labeling and the temporal phase on DSA were moderately negatively correlated: r(13) = 0.66, P = .008. CONCLUSIONS: Arterial spin-labeling may predict the presence and amount of arteriovenous shunting in venous-predominant AVMs, and using arterial spin-labeling enables confirmation of typical venous-predominant AVMs without DSA. However, lesions with an intermediate amount of shunting suggest a spectrum of vascular malformations ranging from purely vein-draining developmental venous anomalies to venous-predominant AVMs with overt arteriovenous shunting.

Nicotinamide Improves Delayed Tooth Eruption in Runx2+/- Mice.

Patients with cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) caused by mutations in RUNX2 have severe dental anomalies, including delayed or absent eruption of permanent teeth. This requires painful and expensive surgical/orthodontic intervention because of the absence of medicine for this condition. Here, we demonstrate that nicotinamide, a vitamin B3 and class III histone deacetylase inhibitor, significantly improves delayed tooth eruption in Runx2+/- mice, a well-known CCD animal model, through the restoration of decreased osteoclastogenesis. We also found that Csf1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly reduced in Runx2+/- osteoblasts as compared with wild type whereas RANKL and OPG levels had no significant difference between wild type and Runx2+/- osteoblasts. The nicotinamide-induced restoration of osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow-derived macrophages in Runx2+/- mice was due to the increased expression of RUNX2 and CSF1 and increased RANKL/OPG ratio. RUNX2 directly regulated Csf1 mRNA expression via binding to the promoter region of the Csf1 gene. In addition, nicotinamide enhanced the RUNX2 protein level and transacting activity posttranslationally with Sirt2 inhibition. Taken together, our study shows the potential and underlying molecular mechanism of nicotinamide for the treatment of delayed tooth eruption by using the Runx2+/- murine model, suggesting nicotinamide as a candidate therapeutic drug for dental abnormalities in patients with CCD.

Suspected Metallic Embolization Distal to Coiled Intracranial Aneurysms Detectable by Susceptibility-Weighted MR Imaging.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: After endovascular coiling of intracranial aneurysms, round dark parenchymal lesions believed to be particulate metal are sometimes encountered in MR imaging studies of the brain. We used SWI to assess the frequency of such occurrences, in addition to exploring likely causes and clinical implications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 700 MR imaging studies performed between September 2018 and March 2019 at our institution as follow-up monitoring of coiled intracranial aneurysms. Any sizeable (>5 mm) rounded dark-signal lesions encountered were presumed to be metallic. The magnitudes and locations of such lesions were recorded. In patients with these lesions, pertinent procedural documentation was screened for devices used, including coils, microcatheters, microguidewires, and stents. Medical records were also examined to determine whether any related symptoms ensued. RESULTS: Twenty patients (2.8%) exhibited a total of 25 lesions on SWI. Diameters ranged from 5 to 11 mm (median, 8 mm). All except 2 lesions were located in brain regions downstream from aneurysms, but all lesions occupied vascular territories of vessels used to place guiding catheters. Other than the Synchro 14, which was routinely deployed, no device was regularly used in patients with SWI-detectable lesions; and none of the affected patients developed focal neurologic symptoms as a consequence. CONCLUSIONS: Although the origins remain unclear, distal embolization of particulate metal distal to coiled cerebral aneurysms is occasionally observed on follow-up MR imaging studies. Such lesions, however, seem to have no apparent clinical impact.

Contralateral Approach to Coil Embolization of Proximal A1 Aneurysms Using the Anterior Communicating Artery.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Aneurysms arising from the proximal A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery are rare, and their distinctive configurations often pose technical challenges during endovascular embolization. Herein, we present 11 patients with proximal A1 aneurysms requiring a contralateral approach (via the anterior communicating artery) to coil embolization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From a prospectively collected data repository, we retrieved records of 11 patients consecutively treated for proximal A1 aneurysms between January 2011 and March 2018. In each instance, coil embolization was performed by the contralateral route. Outcomes were analyzed in terms of morphologic features and clinical status. RESULTS: Aneurysms in all 11 patients were directed posteriorly and were small (<5 mm). A contralateral approach (via the anterior communicating artery) was used after ipsilateral attempts at aneurysm selection failed in each instance, despite using a variety of microcatheters. Single punctures and single guiding catheters sufficed in 9 patients, but 2 patients required dual punctures and 2 guiding catheters. All endovascular treatments ultimately yielded excellent outcomes. Although 1 symptomatic infarct was manifested in the course of ipsilateral treatment, no morbidity or mortality resulted from the contralateral access. CONCLUSIONS: Due to angio-anatomic constraints, a contralateral strategy for coil embolization of proximal A1 aneurysms is acceptable if ipsilateral access is technically prohibitive and the vessels (contralateral A1 and anterior communicating artery) are amenable to the passage of microdevices.

PIN1 is a new therapeutic target of craniosynostosis.

Gain-of-function mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) cause congenital skeletal anomalies, including craniosynostosis (CS), which is characterized by the premature closure of craniofacial sutures. Apert syndrome (AS) is one of the severest forms of CS, and the only treatment is surgical expansion of prematurely fused sutures in infants. Previously, we demonstrated that the prolyl isomerase peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase interacting 1 (PIN1) plays a critical role in mediating FGFR signaling and that Pin1+/- mice exhibit delayed closure of cranial sutures. In this study, using both genetic and pharmacological approaches, we tested whether PIN1 modulation could be used as a therapeutic regimen against AS. In the genetic approach, we crossbred Fgfr2S252W/+, a mouse model of AS, and Pin1+/- mice. Downregulation of Pin1 gene dosage attenuated premature cranial suture closure and other phenotypes of AS in Fgfr2S252W/+ mutant mice. In the pharmacological approach, we intraperitoneally administered juglone, a PIN1 enzyme inhibitor, to pregnant Fgfr2S252W/+ mutant mice and found that this treatment successfully interrupted fetal development of AS phenotypes. Primary cultured osteoblasts from Fgfr2S252W/+ mutant mice expressed high levels of FGFR2 downstream target genes, but this phenotype was attenuated by PIN1 inhibition. Post-translational stabilization and activation of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) in Fgfr2S252W/+ osteoblasts were also attenuated by PIN1 inhibition. Based on these observations, we conclude that PIN1 enzyme activity is important for FGFR2-induced RUNX2 activation and craniofacial suture morphogenesis. Moreover, these findings highlight that juglone or other PIN1 inhibitors represent viable alternatives to surgical intervention for treatment of CS and other hyperostotic diseases.

Comparison of Clinical Outcomes of Intracranial Aneurysms: Procedural Rupture versus Spontaneous Rupture.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Procedural rupture of an intracranial aneurysm is a devastating complication in endovascular treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients with procedural rupture of unruptured saccular intracranial aneurysms compared with those with spontaneously ruptured aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed for 1340 patients with 1595 unruptured saccular intracranial aneurysms that underwent endovascular coil embolization between February 2010 and December 2014. The clinical outcomes of patients with procedural rupture of unruptured saccular intracranial aneurysms were compared with those of 198 patients presenting with spontaneously ruptured aneurysms. RESULTS: In this series, procedural rupture developed in 19 patients (1.4% per patient and 1.2% per aneurysm), and the morbidity related to procedural rupture was 26.3% (95% confidence interval, 8.5%-61.4%) with no mortality. Hunt and Hess scale grades and hospitalization days of patients with procedural rupture were equivalent to those of patients presenting with spontaneous aneurysm rupture. Subsequent treatment procedures after hemorrhage (including lumbar drainage, extraventricular drainage, decompressive craniectomy, and permanent shunt) showed no difference between the 2 groups. The hemorrhage volumes were smaller in the procedural-rupture group (P = .03), and the endovascular vasospasm therapies tended to be more frequently required in the spontaneous aneurysm-rupture group (P = .08). At postictus 6 months, the proportion of modified Rankin Scale scores of ≥2 were lower in the procedural-rupture group (5.3% versus 26.8%, P = .049). In multivariate analysis, spontaneous aneurysm rupture was a significant risk factor for worse clinical outcome (OR = 14.9; 95% CI, 1.2-193.1; P = .039). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed better clinical outcomes in the procedural-rupture group. Even though there is a potential chance of aneurysm rupture during treatment, the clinical outcomes after procedural bleeds seem to be more favorable than those of spontaneous rupture.

Risk Factor Analysis of Recanalization Timing in Coiled Aneurysms: Early versus Late Recanalization.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Long-term documentation of anatomic and angiographic characteristics pertaining to the timing of recanalization in coiled aneurysms has been insufficient. Our intent was to analyze and compare early and late-phase recanalization after coiling, identifying respective risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 870 coiled saccular aneurysms were monitored for extended periods (mean, 30.8 ± 8.3 months). Medical records and radiologic data were also reviewed, stratifying patients as either early (n = 128) or late (n = 52) recanalization or as complete occlusion (n = 690). Early recanalization was equated with confirmed recanalization within 6 months after the procedure, whereas late recanalization was defined as verifiable recanalization after imaging confirmation of complete occlusion at 6 months. A multinomial regression model served to assess potential risk factors, the reference point being early recanalization. RESULTS: Posterior circulation (P = .009), subarachnoid hemorrhage at presentation (P = .011), second attempt for recanalized aneurysm (P < .001), and aneurysm size >7 mm (P < .001) emerged as variables significantly linked with early recanalization (versus complete occlusion). Late (versus early) recanalization corresponded with aneurysms ≤7 mm (P = .013), and in a separate subanalysis of lesions ≤7 mm, aneurysms 4-7 mm showed a significant predilection for late recanalization (P = .008). However, the propensity for complete occlusion in smaller lesions (≤7 mm) increased as the size diminished. CONCLUSIONS: Although long-term complete occlusion after coiling was more likely in aneurysms ≤7 mm, such lesions were more prone to late (versus early) recanalization, particularly those of 4-7 mm in size. Long-term follow-up imaging is thus appropriate in aneurysms >4 mm to detect late recanalization of those formerly demonstrating complete occlusion.

Do Contrast-Fill Patterns Immediately After Coil Embolization of Small Saccular Aneurysms Impact Long-Term Results?

PURPOSE: It is generally accepted that filling of a saccular aneurysm with contrast immediately after coil embolization predisposes to later recanalization. However, not all such scenarios evolve similarly over time. We investigated outcomes of small (≤ 7 mm) aneurysms with contrast-filled sacs immediately after coil embolization, evaluating the impact of pattern and degree of filling on subsequent recanalization. METHODS: Between January, 2008 and December, 2010, 186 small (≤ 7 mm) saccular aneurysms that retained contrast after coil embolization accrued for this study. Lesions were categorized by pattern (eccentric vs. concentric) and degree of filling on working projections. Clinical and morphologic factors were also analyzed to assess impact on subsequent recanalization. Morphologic outcomes at 6 months or more were assessed. RESULTS: In 93.5 % (174/186) of aneurysms with visible contrast retention, complete occlusion was evident on follow-up imaging studies at 6 months. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that eccentric (vs. concentric) contrast filling carried greater risk of subsequent recanalization (p = 0.020). Stent placement and progressive occlusion were also linked, falling short of statistical significance (p = 0.089). Of 166 progressively occluded aneurysms followed for more than 12 months (mean, 30.8 ± 7.3 months), 158 (95.2 %) exhibited stable occlusion. CONCLUSION: Small (≤ 7 mm) aneurysms that retain contrast immediately after coil embolization are more likely to become completely occluded over time through progressive thrombosis. However, an eccentric fill pattern may predispose to recanalization.

Prophylactic Antiplatelet Medication in Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms: Low-Dose Prasugrel versus Clopidogrel.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Prophylactic antiplatelet medication is beneficial in decreasing thromboembolic complications during endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. The efficacy may be limited by variability of individual response to antiplatelet medication, especially clopidogrel. We compared the efficacy of 2 antiplatelet medications, low-dose prasugrel and clopidogrel, in patients undergoing endovascular treatment of unruptured aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From November 2014 to July 2015, 194 patients with a total of 222 unruptured aneurysms underwent endovascular treatment at a single institution. Laboratory and clinical data from the prospectively maintained registry were used in this study. Antiplatelet medication was given the day before endovascular treatment (prasugrel 20 mg or 30 mg or clopidogrel 300 mg). Response to the antiplatelet medication was measured by the VerifyNow system. Periprocedural adverse event rates between the 2 groups were compared. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics of patients and aneurysms between the 2 groups. The P2Y12 reaction unit values were lower (clopidogrel group versus prasugrel group, 242.7 ± 69.8 vs 125.7 ± 79.4; P < .0001) and percentage inhibition values were higher (22.1% ± 19.7% vs 60.2 ± 24.7%; P < .0001) in the prasugrel group. There were no thromboembolic events, but there was 1 procedural bleed in each group, without any clinical consequences. CONCLUSIONS: The prasugrel group showed more effective and consistent platelet inhibition. We may omit the antiplatelet response assay with the low-dose prasugrel premedication before the endovascular treatment of patients with unruptured aneurysms. Further study is required to determine whether there is benefit of this strategy regarding clinical outcome.

Fate of Coiled Aneurysms with Minor Recanalization at 6 Months: Rate of Progression to Further Recanalization and Related Risk Factors.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Minor recanalization in coiled aneurysms may remain stable with time or may progress to major recanalization. Our aim was to monitor the aneurysms displaying minor recanalization in imaging studies at 6 months, gauging major recanalization rates and related risk factors through extended follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-five aneurysms (in 65 patients) showing minor recanalization in follow-up imaging at 6 months were reviewed retrospectively. Medical records and radiologic data accruing during extended monitoring (mean, 24.8 ± 8.2 months) were assessed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for progression from minor-to-major recanalization. RESULTS: Progression to major recanalization was observed in 24 (36.9%) of the initially qualifying aneurysms during a follow-up of 112.5 aneurysm-years, for an annual rate of 17.84% per aneurysm-year. Progression was determined chronologically as follows: 14 (58.3%) at 6 months, 8 (33.3%) at 18 months, and 2 (8.4%) at 30 months. Stent deployment significantly decreased the occurrence of major recanalization (OR = 0.22, P = .03), whereas antiplatelet therapy (OR = 0.82, P = .75), posterior location (OR = 0.24, P = .20), and second coiling for recanalized aneurysms (OR = 0.96, P = .96) were unrelated. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis determined a 36.9% rate of major recanalization during a follow-up of 112.5 aneurysm-years in coiled aneurysms showing minor recanalization at 6 months. Stent deployment alone conferred a protective effect, preventing further recanalization without additional treatment. Given the fair probability of late major recanalization, aneurysms showing minor recanalization at 6 months should be monitored diligently, particularly in the absence of stent placement.

Single-Stage Coil Embolization of Multiple Intracranial Aneurysms: Technical Feasibility and Clinical Outcomes.

PURPOSE: Not infrequently, intracranial aneurysms may be multifocal. However, strategies conferring open surgical access to opposite sides of the brain are limited. Given the recent advances in protection devices and coiling technique, a study of single-stage coil embolization in patients with multiple intracranial aneurysms was undertaken, assessing procedural safety and efficacy. METHODS: Data prospectively accrued between January 2010 and September 2013 were systematically reviewed, assessing clinical and morphologic outcomes of single-stage coil embolization in 172 patients with multiple aneurysms (≥ 2 aneurysms each; total, 371 aneurysms). RESULTS: Internal carotid artery (n = 132) was the most common site, with progressively fewer aneurysms found elsewhere (middle cerebral artery, 103; anterior communicating artery, 41; posterior communicating artery, 38). In 26 patients, one-stage embolization of three or more aneurysms took place (25 patients with three each; 1 patient with four). Stents were applied in 109 aneurysms, and in 33 lesions, balloons were used. Occlusion was achieved in 326 aneurysms (87.9 %) through coil embolization, and attempted coiling rarely failed (3 of 371, 0.8 %). Mean procedural time was 111.5 ± 37.8 min. Although procedure-related adverse events included three instances of treatment failure, asymptomatic thrombi in four patients, and aneurysmal leakage in one patient, procedural morbidity was low (1 of 172, 0.6 %), and no procedure-related deaths occurred. Postembolization follow-up of 303 aneurysms at > 6 months (mean, 15.4 ± 9.8 months) showed complete occlusion in the vast majority (275 of 303, 90.8 %), with comparatively fewer instances of minor (19 of 303, 6.3 %) and major (9 of 303, 3.0 %) recanalization. Four patients experienced delayed cerebral infarction, but only one suffered permanent neurologic deficit (Glasgow outcome scale 4). CONCLUSION: Single-stage coil embolization of multiple unruptured intracranial aneurysms is technically feasible. The time required for such procedures and the rate of complications observed seem acceptable.

Aneurysm Recurrence Volumetry Is More Sensitive than Visual Evaluation of Aneurysm Recurrences.

PURPOSE: Considerable inter-observer variability in the visual assessment of aneurysm recurrences limits its use as an outcome parameter evaluating new coil generations. The purpose of this study was to compare visual assessment of aneurysm recurrences and aneurysm recurrence volumetry with an example dataset of HydroSoft coils (HSC) versus bare platinum coils (BPC). METHODS: For this retrospective study, 3-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography datasets acquired 6 and 12 months after endovascular therapy using BPC only or mainly HSC were analyzed. Aneurysm recurrence volumes were visually rated by two observersas well as quantified by subtraction of the datasets after intensity-based rigid registration. RESULTS: A total of 297 aneurysms were analyzed (BPC: 169, HSC: 128). Recurrences were detected by aneurysm recurrence volumetry in 9 of 128 (7.0 %) treated with HSC and in 24 of 169 (14.2 %) treated with BPC (odds ratio: 2.39, 95 % confidence interval: 1.05-5.48; P = 0.039). Aneurysm recurrence volumetry revealed an excellent correlation between observers (Cronbach's alpha = 0.93). In contrast, no significant difference in aneurysm recurrence was found for visual assessment (3.9 % in HSC cases and 4.7 % in BPC cases). Recurrences were observed in aneurysms smaller than the sample median in 10 of 33 (30.3 %) by aneurysm recurrence volumetry and in 1 of 13 (7.7 %) by visual assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Aneurysm recurrences were detected more frequently by aneurysm recurrence volumetry when compared with visual assessment. By using aneurysm recurrence volumetry, differences between treatment groups were detected with higher sensitivity and inter-observer validity probably because of the higher detection rate of recurrences in small aneurysms.

Posterior Communicating Artery Compromise in Coil Embolization of Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms.

PURPOSE: Whether the posterior communicating artery (PcomA) can be safely compromised during endovascular treatment of a PcomA aneurysm is a matter of debate. Here we present clinical and radiologic outcomes, given this scenario. METHODS: From data prospectively accrued between January 2004 and December 2012, records of 44 patients harboring 46 PcomA aneurysms were retrieved. All had suffered PcomA compromise in the course of endovascular coil embolization. Patients/aneurysms were stratified into those with complete (Group A) and incomplete (Group B) compromise depending on the degree of PcomA flow limitation documented by postembolization ipsilateral internal carotid artery angiography. Clinical and radiologic outcomes were accordingly assessed. RESULTS: All affected vessels were hypoplastic PcomA variants (PcomA/P1 ratio, ≤ 1.0), with exception of a single dominant PcomA (PcomA/P1 ratio, 1.1). In Group A (23 patients, 23 aneurysms), no PcomA compromise-related infarction was evident, whereas in Group B (21 patients, 23 aneurysms), two ischemic events occurred. One patient suffered thalamic infarction, although patency of the PcomA was adequate in a follow-up angiogram, and another experienced a transient ischemic attack. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that obstructed flow in hypoplastic PcomA variants during coil embolization of PcomA aneurysms carries no major consequence. However, incomplete compromise of the PcomA may be a source of delayed thromboembolic infarction.

Endovascular treatment of ophthalmic artery aneurysms: assessing balloon test occlusion and preservation of vision in coil embolization.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: ICA-ophthalmic artery aneurysms have unique configurations corresponding to relative risks of ophthalmologic morbidities. Presented herein are clinical and radiologic outcomes of coil embolization in ophthalmic artery aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2003 to September 2013, endovascular coiling was performed in 43 consecutive patients with ophthalmic artery aneurysms, each classified by the degree to which the ophthalmic artery was incorporated by the aneurysm and the contiguity between the ophthalmic artery entry and parent ICA. Clinical and radiologic outcomes of this approach were investigated, including the technical aspects of treatment and the efficacy of balloon test occlusion. RESULTS: Among 14 patients (32.6%, all ophthalmic artery types) undergoing balloon test occlusion before endovascular coiling, patent collaterals between the external carotid artery and ophthalmic artery were demonstrated in 12 (85.7%) and complete compromise of the ophthalmic artery (without affecting vision) occurred in 4 patients during coiling. Steam-shaped S-configured (67.9%) or straight microcatheters (17.8%) facilitated aneurysm selection in most of the superiorly directed ophthalmic artery aneurysms (n = 28), and steam-shaped pigtail microcatheters (85.7%) were useful in medially directed aneurysms (n = 14). Balloon protection (n = 22) was generally used to facilitate coiling, or a stent (n = 9) was alternatively deployed. Satisfactory aneurysmal occlusion was achieved through coil embolization in 37 lesions (86.1%). During follow-up of 35 patients (mean interval, 12.9 ± 9.4 months), only 1 instance (2.9%) of major recanalization was observed. CONCLUSIONS: If one tailors technical strategies, ophthalmic artery aneurysms are amenable to safe and effective endovascular coil embolization, which tends to be stable in follow-up. Balloon test occlusion may be helpful in devising treatment strategies to preserve vision when coiling ophthalmic artery aneurysms (especially those incorporating an ophthalmic artery origin) is done.

Endovascular coil embolization in internal carotid artery bifurcation aneurysms.

AIM: To present the clinical and radiological results of coil embolization in internal carotid artery (ICA) bifurcation aneurysms (BA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 65 patients with 66 ICA BA were retrieved from data prospectively accrued between September 1999 and July 2013. Clinical and morphological outcomes of the aneurysms were assessed, including technical aspects of treatment. RESULTS: The aneurysms under study were directed either superiorly (41/66, 62.1%), anteriorly (24/66, 36.4%), or posteriorly (1/66, 1.5%), and all were devoid of perforators. Aneurysmal necks were situated symmetrically at the terminal ICA (37/66, 56.1%) or slightly deviated to the proximal A1 segment (29/66, 43.9%). The steam-shaped S microcatheter (73.8%) was most commonly used to select the aneurysms, and the single microcatheter technique was most commonly applied (56.1%) to perform coil embolization, followed by balloon remodelling (21.2%), multiple microcatheter (15.1%), and stent-protection (7.6%). Successful aneurysmal occlusion was achieved in 100% of cases, with no procedure-related morbidity or mortality. Imaging performed in the course of follow-up (mean duration 27.3 months) confirmed stable occlusion of most lesions (47/53, 88.7%). CONCLUSION: Through tailored technical strategies, ICA BA are amenable to safe and effective endovascular coil embolization, with a tendency for stable occlusion long-term.

Angle change of the parent arteries after stent-assisted coil embolization of wide-necked intracranial bifurcation aneurysms.

AIM: To investigate the angle changes of the parent arteries after stent-assisted coil embolization of wide-necked intracranial bifurcation aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The adjacent parent arterial angles before and after stent-assisted coil embolization were measured in 38 patients with aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery (ACoAA) and 41 patients with bifurcation aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery (MCABA). Variables were analysed in relation to the angle changes. RESULTS: Vascular angles of the parent arteries significantly increased by 27.8° (±18.5°) immediately after stent-assisted coil embolization in 79 cases (p < 0.001), with 25.7° (±14.8°) in ACoAA and 29.7° (±21.4°) in MCABA, respectively. In 51 (64.6%) cases with follow-up angiography (mean interval 13.5 ± 4.1 months), vascular angles increased by 27.2° (±17.1°) immediately after treatment and further increased by 20.7° (±14.3°) at the last follow-up (all p < 0.001). More acute pre-stent angles of the parent arteries correlated with greater post-stent angle changes (p = 0.006). Younger age tended to be inversely related to post-stent angle changes (p = 0.091). CONCLUSION: Stent placement during coil embolization induced significant changes in the aneurysm-parent artery relationship. Further study is needed to elicit the association between angle change of the parent arteries and aneurysmal stability after coil embolization.

Single-stage extracranial carotid artery stenting and intracranial aneurysm coiling: technical feasibility and clinical outcome.

The coexistence of carotid artery stenosis and cerebral aneurysm in a patient presents challenges for treatment decision-making. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility and clinical outcome after single-stage extracranial carotid artery stenting (CAS) and ipsilateral intracranial aneurysm coiling in a single institution. From March 2005 to February 2011, 17 patients with 21 aneurysms underwent single-stage CAS and coiling for ipsilateral aneurysms. There were symptomatic atherosclerotic carotid stenoses with unruptured aneurysms in eight, ruptured or symptomatic aneurysms with simultaneous asymptomatic carotid stenoses in two and asymptomatic lesions in seven. CAS was followed by aneurysm coiling in all 17 patients. Clinical and radiological data were reviewed. There were two procedure-related complications: acute in-stent thrombosis in one and premature aneurysmal rupture in the other. After aneurysm coiling, complete occlusion was demonstrated in 17 aneurysms and near-total occlusion in four. No neurological deficit was found at discharge and follow-up outcomes were excellent in all the patients (mean, 32.9 months). Follow-up imaging studies were performed in all the patients, including neck CT angiography in 14 (mean, 26.1 months), brain MR angiography in 14 (mean, 31.2 months), and conventional angiography in three (mean, 14.7 months). They revealed two asymptomatic, mild carotid re-stenoses and one major aneurysmal recanalization requiring re-coiling. A single-stage CAS and coiling procedure appears to be feasible and the complication rate seems to be reasonable. We suggest that there is no need for separate therapeutic procedures when a patient has carotid artery stenosis and accompanying ipsilateral intracranial aneurysm.

Stent-assisted coil embolization of posterior communicating artery aneurysms.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Use of protective stents may not be effective in coil embolization of wide-neck aneurysms involving the posterior communicating artery. Successful implementation depends on the caliber of the vessel, its angle of origin, and the manner in which its orifice is incorporated into the aneurysm. Presented here are the results (clinical and radiographic) of coil embolization in aneurysms of the ICA-posterior communicating artery junction, variably aided by stents. The primary focus is angiographic configurations that impact stent placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From a prospective data repository, we retrieved records of 32 consecutive patients with 33 posterior communicating artery aneurysms, all of which were treated by stent-assisted coil embolization between June 2008 and August 2012. Outcomes were analyzed in terms of aneurysm configuration and clinical status. RESULTS: Stents were positioned entirely in the ICA (n = 26), from the ICA to the posterior communicating artery (n = 2), in the posterior communicating artery only (n = 3), and retrograde from the posterior communicating artery to the ICA terminus (n = 2). Procedure-related complications occurred in 3 patients (9.1%), but only 1 (3.0%) had mild neurologic sequelae (Glasgow Outcome Score 4). Using coil embolization, we achieved successful occlusion in 24 aneurysms (72.7%), and in 9 others, subtotal occlusion was conferred. During a mean follow-up of 15.7 ± 10.7 months, imaging of 27 aneurysms documented stable occlusion in 19 (70.4%), whereas angiography of 15 aneurysms (39.5%) disclosed 2 instances of in-stent stenosis (13.3%) and a solitary occurrence of stent migration (6.7%). CONCLUSIONS: In posterior communicating artery aneurysms, stent protection during coil embolization is feasible by adjusting the procedural strategy to accommodate differing configurations of the aneurysm and its vascular source.

Coil embolization using the self-expandable closed-cell stent for intracranial saccular aneurysm: a single-center experience of 289 consecutive aneurysms.

AIM: To present the clinical and radiological follow-up results of coil embolization using the Enterprise stent for intracranial saccular aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical and morphological outcomes of 261 consecutive patients with a total of 289 aneurysms that were treated with a stent-protected coiling technique using the Enterprise stent from June 2008 to August 2011 were assessed. RESULTS: Stents were delivered before first coil insertion in 162 aneurysms (56.1%), during coiling in 68 (23.5%), and after completion of coil insertion in 59 (20.4%). Procedure-related complications occurred in 36 patients (13.8%), and four (1.5%) suffered permanent neurological sequelae. Successful occlusion after coil embolization was achieved in 205 aneurysms (70.9%) and subtotal occlusion was achieved in 84. During the mean follow-up of 12.4 (±5.8) months, follow-up imaging of 229 aneurysms (79.2%) documented stable occlusion in 183 (79.9%) of the lesions, minor recanalization in 17 (7.4%), and major recanalization in 29 (12.7%). Follow-up angiography of 110 aneurysms (38.1%) demonstrated in-stent stenosis in 14 (12.7%) and stent migration in five (4.5%). Eleven patients (4.2%) suffered late delayed infarction during the follow-up period, which was related to cessation or modification of anti-platelet medication. CONCLUSION: The stent-protection technique using the Enterprise stent is useful and effective for coil embolization of wide-necked aneurysms due to easy navigation and precise placement. However, the possibility of procedure-related complications, in-stent stenosis, and delayed cerebral infarction should be noted.