Sensory Neuron-Expressed TRPC4 Is a Target for the Relief of Psoriasiform Itch and Skin Inflammation in Mice.

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease associated with itch, which is a troublesome symptom with a few therapeutic options. TRPC4 is highly expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Recently, we have revealed itch signaling in DRG neurons by which TRPC4 mediates itch to serotonergic antidepressants and demonstrated the antipruritic effect of the TRPC4 inhibitor ML204. However, the role of TRPC4 in acute and chronic itch is still largely unknown. Here, we have characterized the expression of TRPC4 in peptidergic DRG neurons and showed that acute itch induced by serotonin and histamine was attenuated in Trpc4-knockout mice and ML204-treated mice. We have also shown that silencing TRPC4 in DRG and its inhibition by intradermal injections were also effective in decreasing psoriatic itch after the repeated application of imiquimod, which is a preclinical model of psoriasis. Of clinical relevance, intradermal injections of ML204 in psoriasiform skin significantly reversed imiquimod-established chronic itch and cutaneous inflammation. Given that TRPC4 is expressed in human DRGs and a specific inhibitor is in clinical trials, our data not only expand our understanding of itch and psoriasis, but also reveal TRPC4 as a potential therapeutic target with considerable translational benefits.

Stretchable and transparent nanofiber-networked electrodes based on nanocomposites of polyurethane/reduced graphene oxide/silver nanoparticles with high dispersion and fused junctions.

Creating stretchable and transparent conductive electrodes for stretchable and transparent electronics is very challenging due to difficulties in obtaining adequate optical and mechanical properties simultaneously. Here, we designed a stretchable and transparent nanofiber-networked electrode (STNNE) based on a networked structure of electrospun stretchable nanofibers made from a mixture of polyurethane (PU)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The STNNE showed a sheet resistance as small as 210 Ω sq-1 at an optical transparency of ∼83%. In addition, the STNNE has up to 40% mechanical stretchability and relatively high electrical stability (i.e., a resistance change of 83% at 40% stretching). The good electrical conductance, mechanical stretchability, and electrical stability under static/dynamic stretching or after cyclic stretching are attributed to the high dispersion of AgNPs in the nanofibers, which creates more electrically conductive pathways and forms fused junctions at the intersections between nanofibers during electrospinning. As a demonstration, an STNNE with a simple selective-patterning process was employed to fabricate a stretchable capacitive touch sensor with a stretchable and transparent dielectric (PU) on a polydimethylsiloxane substrate. The signal output of the touch sensor upon touching under stretched conditions was nearly unchanged. This STNNE has great potential in stretchable and transparent electronics.

Satiety behavior is regulated by ASI/ASH reciprocal antagonism.

Appropriate decision-making is essential for ensuring survival; one such decision is whether to eat. Overall metabolic state and the safety of food are the two factors we examined using C. elegans to ask whether the metabolic state regulates neuronal activities and corresponding feeding behavior. We monitored the activity of sensory neurons that are activated by nutritious (or appetitive) stimuli (ASI) and aversive stimuli (ASH) in starved vs. well-fed worms during stimuli presentation. Starvation reduces ASH activity to aversive stimuli while increasing ASI activity to nutritious stimuli, showing the responsiveness of each neuron is modulated by overall metabolic state. When we monitored satiety quiescence behavior that reflects the overall metabolic state, ablation of ASI and ASH produce the opposite behavior, showing the two neurons interact to control the decision to eat or not. This circuit provides a simple approach to how neurons handle sensory conflict and reach a decision that is translated to behavior.

Activity profile and physiological responses of Korean amateur football referees during matches.

[Purpose] The present study aimed to analyze and compare the activity profile and physiological responses of amateur football referees during competitive matches of high school and college students. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty referees (high school, 15; college, 15) were included in this study. The total distance covered, movement speed, and heart rate were measured using a global positioning system-enabled wireless heart rate monitor. The blood lactate concentration was measured immediately after the first and second half. [Results] College football referees covered a higher total distance than did their high school counterparts (7,547 m vs. 6,719 m). The maximal heart rate of college football referees was low in the first half alone, and the percentage of the heart rate within the "maximum" range was low throughout the game. [Conclusions] Refereeing imposes a significantly high physical load on the body while tracking player and ball movement. The present study suggests the need for developing and distributing physical training programs tailored for refereeing.

The effects of sling exercise using vibration on trunk muscle activities of healthy adults.

[Purpose] This study compared the effects of sling exercises with and without vibration on the muscular activity of the internal oblique (IO), rectus abdominis (RA), multifidus (MF), and erector spinae (ES) muscles of healthy adults. [Methods] Eleven healthy university students (11 men) with a mean age of 22.8 years were enrolled in this study. Subjects performed supine and prone bridge exercises with the knees flexed using a sling suspension system with and without vibration. The amplitudes of the EMG activities of selected trunk muscles (internal oblique, rectus abdominis, erector spinae, multifidus) were recorded. Two types of exercise conditions were executed in a random sequence for 5 seconds each. The signals detected from the middle 3 seconds (after discarding the signals of the first and the last one seconds) were used in the analysis. A 3-minute break was given after each exercise to minimize muscle fatigue. [Results] During the supine bridge exercise with vibration, the activities of the IO, RA, MF, and ES muscles were significantly higher than those of the supine bridge exercise without vibration. Additionally, during the prone bridge exercise with vibration, the activities of the IO, RA, MF, and ES were significantly higher than those of the prone bridge exercise without vibration. [Conclusion] Sling exercises with vibration improved the trunk muscle activities of healthy adults compared to the sling exercises without vibration. The information presented here is important for clinicians who use lumbar stabilization exercises as an evaluation tool or a rehabilitation exercise.

[The influence of the devotion movement on the health care in North Korea].

Since the early 1960s, North Korea has conducted 'devotion movement' under the directorship of Kim Il Sung across the nation. As a matter of fact, the movement was not a novel invention at all. When North Korean Temporary People's Polity was established in 1946, North Korea emphasized the importance of the devoted care of health personnel. It meant to reform the people's thought and mind along with complementing the lack of human and material resources. Thought reform was not a peculiar phenomenon observed in North Korea only. It was particularly stressed out among communist countries, including the Soviet Union. However any other communist country stresses the importance of thought reform. Devotion movement should be viewed as part of this process. As shown in many cases, the extent and degree of devotion movement and care are beyond our imagination, which does not intend to mean that North Korean health personnel's attitude towards patients is superior to the counterparts in South Korea. Indeed human being's behavior cannot be understood without taking account of society in general. The question can be raised as to whether or not North Korean health personnel's devoted care is really voluntary. To put aside the testimony that the most powerless group in a society can fall prey to victims, if social environment, whether directly or indirectly, is action on the people's thought and mind even in a subtle way and thus influence one's decision power, it is hard to highly evaluate the devoted care in North Korea. Moreover it seems like that the internal conflict exists surrounding devotion. In conclusion, I think that North Korean devotion movement has enforced health personnel to reform their thought and mind to adapt to North Korean regime and has played an important role to accomplish the purpose of North Korean Labor Party to realize essential constituents of its health system, in such a situation in which essential medical supplies are severely lacking. But it seems like that it plays reverse action to develope sound North Korean health system.