Site-selective protonation enables efficient carbon monoxide electroreduction to acetate.

Electrosynthesis of acetate from CO offers the prospect of a low-carbon-intensity route to this valuable chemical--but only once sufficient selectivity, reaction rate and stability are realized. It is a high priority to achieve the protonation of the relevant intermediates in a controlled fashion, and to achieve this while suppressing the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and while steering multicarbon (C2+) products to a single valuable product--an example of which is acetate. Here we report interface engineering to achieve solid/liquid/gas triple-phase interface regulation, and we find that it leads to site-selective protonation of intermediates and the preferential stabilization of the ketene intermediates: this, we find, leads to improved selectivity and energy efficiency toward acetate. Once we further tune the catalyst composition and also optimize for interfacial water management, we achieve a cadmium-copper catalyst that shows an acetate Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 75% with ultralow HER (<0.2% H2 FE) at 150 mA cm-2. We develop a high-pressure membrane electrode assembly system to increase CO coverage by controlling gas reactant distribution and achieve 86% acetate FE simultaneous with an acetate full-cell energy efficiency (EE) of 32%, the highest energy efficiency reported in direct acetate electrosynthesis.

Computed tomography-guided hookwire localization and medical glue combined with methylene blue localization for pulmonary nodules before video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a single-center, retrospective study.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of computed tomography (CT)-guided hookwire localization and new CT-guided medical glue combined with methylene blue (MGMB) localization before video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) and to analyze the risk factors for complications after localization. Methods: A total of 620 patients, comprising 727 SPNs, admitted to the Department of Thoracic Surgery of the First Hospital of the University of Science and Technology of China between December 2019 and July 2022 were retrospectively studied and case-control analyzed. According to the localization method, 620 patients were divided into the hookwire group (n=310) and MGMB group (n=310). The localization time, localization-to-surgery interval, operative time, length of hospitalization, and complication rate were compared between the 2 groups. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for the occurrence of complications in each group of localization methods. Results: Compared to the hookwire group, the MGMB group had a shorter localization time (8.59±3.69 vs. 7.35±2.99 min; P<0.001), shorter hospital stay (5.60±2.13 vs. 6.73±2.86 days; P<0.001), and shorter operative time (103.48±54.11 vs. 98.59±49.92 min; P=0.33). The preoperative localization success rate was 99.4% (355/357) and 100% (370/370) in the hookwire group and MGMB group, respectively. No death or serious complications occurred during the localization process, but the overall complication rate was lower in the MGMB group (69/310, 22.3%) than in the hookwire group (105/310, 33.9%) (P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that age, number of nodules, and localization time were risk factors for total complications, while localization technique was a protective factor for total complications [odds ratio =0.590; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.405-0.860; P<0.05]. Conclusions: Both techniques could effectively locate SPNs before VATS; however, MGMB localization was found to be associated with a lower complication rate, shorter localization time, better safety, and higher potential clinical value and is thus worthy of clinical promotion.

Contributory roles of sarcopenia and myosteatosis in development of overt hepatic encephalopathy and mortality after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.

BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle abnormalities, such as muscle mass depletion (sarcopenia) and fatty infiltration of the muscle (myosteatosis), are frequent complications in cirrhotic patients scheduled for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). AIM: To investigate the association and predictive value of sarcopenia and myosteatosis for overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and mortality after TIPS. METHODS: The records of cirrhotic patients who underwent the TIPS procedure at our hospital between January 2020 and June 2021 were retrospectively retrieved. The transversal psoas muscle thickness (TPMT) and psoas muscle attenuation (PMA) measured from the unenhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) at the level of the third lumbar vertebrae were used to analyze the sarcopenia and myosteatosis, respectively. The area under curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the discriminative power of TPMT, PMA, and relevant clinical parameters. Fur-thermore, log-rank test was performed to compare the incidence of overt HE and survival between the different groups, and the association of risk factors with overt HE and mortality was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: A total of 108 patients were collected. Among these patients, 45.4% of patients developed overt HE after TIPS treatment. Furthermore, 32.4% and 28.7% of these patients were identified to have myosteatosis and sarcopenia, respectively. Myosteatosis (51.0% vs 16.9%, P < 0.001) and sarcopenia (40.8 vs 18.6%, P = 0.011) were found to be more frequent in patients with overt HE, when compared to patients without overt HE. The receiver operating characteristics analysis indicated that the predictive power of TPMT and PMA in overt HE (AUC = 0.713 and 0.778, respectively) was higher when compared to the neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (AUC = 0.636). The cumulative incidence of overt HE was the highest in patients with concomitant sarcopenia and myosteatosis, followed by patients with myosteatosis or sarcopenia, while this was the lowest in patients without sarcopenia and myosteatosis. In addition, sarcopenia and myosteatosis were inde-pendently associated with overt HE and mortality after adjusting for confounding factors in post-TIPS patients. CONCLUSION: CT-based estimations for sarcopenia and myosteatosis can be used as reliable predictors for the risk of developing overt HE and mortality in cirrhotic patients after TIPS.

Clinical effectiveness of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization sequential microwave ablation for lack of blood supply in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Aims: To determine the effectiveness and safety of sequential computed tomography-guided percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hypovascular liver lesions <5 cm in size. Methods: The clinical data of 69 hypovascular hepatocellular carcinoma lesions <5 cm in 60 patients treated with TACE followed by MWA were retrospectively analyzed. Results: There was no significant difference in AFP levels among AFP-positive patients before and after TACE (p = 0.515), but levels were significantly lower 1 month after MWA than before MWA (p = 0.039). Compared with 1 month after TACE, the objective response rate (p < 0.001) and disease control rate (p = 0.004) were increased 1 month after MWA. Any adverse events were well tolerated, and the albumin bilirubin score did not deteriorate within 4 weeks. Conclusion: Sequential MWA after TACE was found to be safe and effective for treating hypovascular hepatocellular carcinoma for lesions <5 cm in size.

Comparative study of the effect of preoperative hookwire and methylene blue localization techniques on post-operative hospital stay and complications in thoracoscopic pulmonary nodule surgery.

BACKGROUND: Direct localization of small and deep pulmonary nodules before thoracoscopic surgery using the hookwire or methylene blue techniques has been recently attempted for better surgical outcomes. In this study, we compare the outcomes of the above two techniques. METHODS: Two hundred and nineteen patients undergoing 135 hookwire and 151 methylene blue techniques in our University Hospital between July 2020 and January 2022 were compared for localization and hospitalization durations, and the complication risk. Other confounders included patients' age, gender, localization position, nodules location, count, diameter, and depth. RESULTS: After adjustment of all predictors, the methylene blue technique was associated with a significant 0.6-min (parameter estimate (PE) = -0.568, p value = 0.0173) and an 0.7-day shorter localization and hospitalization time (PE = -0.713, p value = < 0.0001) as compared to using the hookwire technique. The hookwire technique was significantly associated with 5 times the risk of developing a post-localization complication (Adjusted Odds Ratio (Adj OR) = 4.52, 95% CI 1.53-13.33) and 3.6 times the risk of developing a pneumothorax (Adj OR = 3.57, 95% CI 1.1-11.62) as compared to adopting the methylene blue technique. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the hook wire technique, the methylene blue technique offers a shorter procedure and hospitalization stay, as well as a safer post-operative experience.

Expression of MMP-2 in residual VX2 liver tumor after transcatheter arterial embolization combined with portal venous embolization in an animal model.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the effects of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) combined with portal venous embolization (PVE) on the expression of MMP-2 in residual VX2 liver tumor tissues, liver function and non-embolic lobe regeneration. METHODS: A total of 72 rabbits were randomly divided into Sham, TAE, PVE and TAE â€‹+ â€‹PVE groups (n â€‹= â€‹18/group). The tissue samples from each group were taken at 6 â€‹h, 3 days and 7 days after interventional operation, respectively. MMP-2 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry, Real-time PCR, and Western-blotting. The main indicators (such as AST, ATL, and TBIL) of liver function and the volume of non-embolized hepatic lobes were measured in each group after operation. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-wallis method were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The expression of MMP-2 mRNA and protein remained the highest in the Sham group, and the expression of MMP-2 mRNA and protein in TAE, PVE and TAE â€‹+ â€‹PVE groups were successively increased, and the expression of MMP-2 in TAE â€‹+ â€‹PVE group was always significantly higher than TAE group. The AST and ALT levels in each group on day 7 after operation showed a significant declination, and all groups have recovered to the preoperative baseline level and TBIL has a slight fluctuation in each group after operation with no statistical difference. On day 7 after operation, the increasing volume of non-embolized liver lobes in TAE â€‹+ â€‹PVE group showed a more significant effect than those in PVE group, but there was no statistical significance (37.62 â€‹± â€‹1.54 â€‹ml VS 36.18 â€‹± â€‹1.15 â€‹ml, P â€‹= â€‹0.881), and its volume was significantly higher than those in the sham group (27.03 â€‹± â€‹1.11 â€‹ml). CONCLUSION: TAE â€‹+ â€‹PVE is considered to be an efficient and safe approach for treating rabbit VX2 liver transplantation tumor, but the expression of MMP-2 increased fastest after TAE â€‹+ â€‹PVE, which might promote tumor cell invasion and metastasis.

Synergistic catalysis of CuO/In2O3 composites for highly selective electrochemical CO2 reduction to CO.

The development of low-cost, selective, and active catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) remains an ongoing challenge. Here, we demonstrate for the first time, efficient ECR by exploiting interaction of CuO and In2O3. The catalytic properties of the composite catalysts can be readily tuned by manipulation of the metal oxide composition and interface, enabling remarkably high CO2-to-CO conversion with a CO faradaic efficiency of about 93.0% at -0.7 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, outperforming many previously reported metal-based electrocatalysts.