Receptor-specific delivery of protein antigen to dendritic cells by a nanoemulsion formed using top-down non-covalent click self-assembly.

A new class of targeted and immune-evading nanocarrier made using only biological components and facile processes is assembled in a bottom-up fashion. Simple top-down sequential addition of immune-evading or receptor-specific antibody elements conjugated to biosurfactant protein DAMP4 promotes self-assembly at an interface previously formed in the presence of peptide surfactant AM1, leading to a functional display at the interface through non-covalent molecular self-assembly.

Encapsulation of DNA and non-viral protein changes the structure of murine polyomavirus virus-like particles.

Asymmetrical-flow field flow fractionation with multiple-angle light scattering (AFFFF-MALS) was, for the first time, used to characterize the size of murine polyomavirus virus-like particles (MPV VLPs) packaged with either insect cell genomic DNA or non-viral protein. Encapsidation of both genomic DNA and non-viral protein were found to cause a contraction in VLP radii of gyration by approximately 1 nm. Non-viral protein packaged into VLPs consisted of a series of glutathione-S-transferase, His and S tags attached to the N-terminal end of the MPV structural protein VP2 (M(r) = 67108). Transmission electron microscopy analysis of MPV VLPs packaging non-viral protein suggested that VLPs grew in diameter by approximately 5 nm, highlighting the differences between this invasive technique and the relatively non-invasive AFFFF-MALS technique. Encapsulation of non-viral protein into MPV VLPs was found to prevent co-encapsidation of genomic DNA. Further investigation into why this occurred led to the discovery that encapsulation of non-viral protein alters the nuclear localization of MPV VLPs during in vivo assembly. VLPs were relocated away from the ring zone and the nuclear membrane towards the centre of the nucleus amongst the virogenic stroma. The change in nuclear localization away from the site where VLP assembly usually occurs is a likely reason why encapsidation of genomic DNA did not take place.