Patient's Perspective on Psychiatric Drugs: A Multicenter Survey-Based Study.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify the expectations and preferences for medication and medical decision-making in patients with major psychiatric disorders. METHODS: A survey was conducted among patients with major psychiatric disorders who visited psychiatric outpatient clinics at 15 hospitals between 2016 and 2018 in Korea. The survey consisted of 12 questions about demographic variables and opinions on their expectations for medication, important medical decision-makers, and preferred drug type. The most preferred value in each category in the total population was identified, and differences in the preference ratio of each item among the disease groups were compared. RESULTS: A total of 707 participants were surveyed. In the total population, patients reported high efficacy (44.01%±21.44%) as the main wish for medication, themselves (37.39%±22.57%) and a doctor (35.27%±22.88%) as the main decision makers, and tablet/capsule (36.16%±30.69%) as the preferred type of drug. In the depressive disorders group, the preference ratio of high efficacy was significantly lower, and the preference ratio of a small amount was significantly higher than that of the psychotic disorder and bipolar disorder groups. The preference ratio of a doctor as an important decision maker in the bipolar disorder group was higher compared to the other groups. CONCLUSION: This study revealed the preference for medications and showed differences among patients with psychiatric disorders. Providing personalized medicine that considers a patient's preference for the drug may contribute to the improvement of drug compliance and outcomes.

Association of the Comprehensive Attention Test and the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the Comprehensive Attention Test, Korean-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Rating Scale-IV scores in children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods: Fifty-five children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and not taking psychiatric medications were included in this retrospective study. A correlation analysis was performed. Results: Although simple visual and auditory selective attention have diagnostic value in traditional continuous performance tests, this study revealed that inhibition-sustained attention and interference-selective attention are also effective in evaluating ADHD. Furthermore, the correlation between the attention and intelligence test scores varied depending on the use of visual or auditory stimuli. Conclusion: The findings of this study contribute to clarifying our understanding of the cognitive characteristics of children and adolescents with ADHD and can be used in future research.

Association between septal deviation and OSA diagnoses: a nationwide 9-year follow-up cohort study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a multilevel problematic disease. Major septal deviation (SD) can lead to severe nasal congestion, which, in turn, can lead to sleep apnea. Although SD seems to be related to OSA, very few studies have quantitatively examined this relationship. In this study, we investigate this using a 9-year large-scale cohort study. METHODS: The SD group was selected out of 1 million individuals randomly extracted by the National Health Insurance Service. The non-SD group was obtained through propensity score matching considering several variables. The primary end point was OSA diagnosis. RESULTS: The study (SD) group included 11,238 individuals and the non-SD group (control group) included 22,476 persons. The overall hazard ratio for OSA in the SD group was 4.39 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.56-5.42). In subgroup analysis, the hazard ratio for OSA of male individuals was 3.77 (95% CI: 2.83-5.03), high economic status was 1.27 (95% CI: 1.05-1.56), metropolitan area was 1.31 (95% CI: 1.07-1.62), young age was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.64-0.98), hypertension was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.37-2.7), and diabetes mellitus was 2.44 (95% CI: 1.15-5.21). In the SD group, the hazard ratio for OSA after septoplasty was 0.71 (95% CI: 0.54-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: From long-term follow-up, the prevalence of OSA was 4.39 times higher in the SD group compared with the control group. This phenomenon was more pronounced with increasing body mass index and decreased significantly after septoplasty. CITATION: Yeom SW, Chung SK, Lee EJ, et al. Association between septal deviation and OSA diagnoses: a nationwide 9-year follow-up cohort study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(10):2099-2106.

Development of the Korean Form of the Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale: A Reliability and Validity Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean Form of the Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (K-PUTS). METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with Tourette's disorder who visited Jeonbuk National University Hospital were assessed with the K-PUTS. Together with the PUTS, the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) rating scale (ARS), and the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) were implemented to evaluate concurrent and discriminant validity. RESULTS: The internal consistency of items on the PUTS was high, with a Cronbach's α of 0.79. The test-retest reliability of the PUTS, which was administered at 2 weeks to 2 months intervals, showed high reliability with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.60. There was a significant positive correlation between the overall PUTS score and the YGTSS score, showing concurrent validity. There was no correlation between the PUTS, CY-BOCS, and ASRS scores, demonstrating the discriminant validity of the PUTS. Factor analysis for construct validity revealed three factors: "presumed functional relationship between the tic and the urge to tic," "the quality of the premonitory urge," and "just right phenomena." CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the K-PUTS is a reliable and valid scale for rating premonitory urge of tics.

Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder comorbid with ADHD features in nonclinical young adults.

BACKGROUND: We investigate the rate of bipolar spectrum disorder comorbid with ADHD features using two screening instruments, the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) and the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), in a nonclinical young adult population. METHODS: College and graduate students aged 18 years or older from four universities in Korea were selected. Comorbidity was defined as both MDQ positivity and WURS positivity. To look for a trend in clinical characteristics according to the severity of the comorbid condition, we used the Jonckheere-Terpstra test and the linear-by-linear association test. We performed ordinal logistic regression analysis to identify predictors associated with the studied comorbid condition. RESULTS: A total of 1948 subjects were included in the study, and 15 (0.8%) of them were found to have the comorbid condition defined as both MDQ positivity and WURS positivity. As the severity of the comorbid condition increased, we saw trends of lower socioeconomic status, higher history of suicidality, higher history of self-mutilating behavior, higher history of parental abuse or abuse by other people, more severe depression, and more severe problematic alcohol use. The ordinal regression analysis showed that history of parental abuse, depression, and problematic alcohol use predicted the comorbid condition. LIMITATIONS: We did not use standardized diagnostic tools for case findings. CONCLUSION: The condition of comorbid bipolar spectrum disorder with ADHD features had a notable prevalence of 0.8% in a nonclinical young adult sample. This comorbid condition was found to be related with serious clinical phenomenology.

Suicidal Ideation Among Korean Elderly: Risk Factors and Population Attributable Fractions.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the risk factors of suicidal ideation and their population attributable fraction (PAF) in a representative sample of the elderly population in Korea. METHOD: We examined the data set from the Survey of Living Conditions and Welfare Needs of Korean Older Persons, which was conducted by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs (KIHASA) in 2011. In that survey, 10,674 participants were randomly selected from those older than age 65. Simultaneous multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the risk factors of suicidal ideation in terms of their sociodemographic and health-related variables. Subsequently, the PAF was calculated with adjustment for other risk factors. RESULTS: The weighted prevalences of depression and suicidal ideation were 30.3% and 11.2%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, factors significantly associated with decreased risk of suicidal ideation included old-old age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.66 for 75 to 79 years, OR = 0.52 for 80 to 84 years, OR = 0.32 for older than 85 years), economic status (OR = 0.59 for 5th quintile; more than US$25,700 per year), whereas those associated with increased risk included poor social support (OR = 1.28), currently smoking (OR = 1.42), sleep problems (OR = 1.74), chronic illness (OR = 1.40), poor subjective health (OR = 1.56), functional impairment (OR = 1.45), and depression (OR = 4.36). Depression was associated with a fully adjusted PAF of 45.7%, followed by chronic illness (19.4%), poor subjective health status (18.9%), sleep problems (14.1%), functional impairment (4.9%), poor social support (4.2%), and currently smoking (3.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Preventive strategies focused particularly on depression might reduce the impact of suicidal ideation in the elderly population. Also, specific mental health centers focused on the specific needs of the elderly population should be established to manage suicidal risk.

Is serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D associated with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in Korean adults?

OBJECTIVE: Mixed results exist regarding the role of vitamin D deficiency in depression and suicidal ideation. The present study investigated the relationships among vitamin D, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation in a large representative of the general population of Korea. METHOD: The data from the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted by the Division of Chronic Disease Surveillance, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from 2010 to 2012 were investigated. A total of 15,695 subjects aged 20 and older were included in analysis. Depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation were evaluated based on self-report information. The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. The associations among vitamin D, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation were explored using multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusting for various confounding variables including sociodemographic and health-related variables. RESULTS: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were not significantly different depending on the depressive symptoms (participant with depressive symptom, n = 2085, 17.10 ng/ml; without depressive symptom, n = 13,610, 17.36 ng/ml; p = 0.142) and suicidal ideation (participant with suicidal ideation, n = 2319, 17.31 ng/ml; without suicidal ideation, n = 13,374, 17.33 ng/ml; p = 0.926). After adjustment for sociodemographic and health-related factors, this lack of relationship was held consistent in the multivariate logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS: Significant associations were not observed among vitamin D, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation in Korean adults. Further studies are warranted to gain a better understanding of the association among vitamin D, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation.

Factors associated with depression among elderly Koreans: the role of chronic illness, subjective health status, and cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationship between depression in elderly individuals and chronic illness, subjective health status, and cognitive impairment. METHOD: This study used the dataset of the Survey of Living Conditions and Welfare Needs of Korean Older Persons, which was conducted by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs in 2011. Participants (n = 10,674) were randomly selected from a pool of individuals aged 65 years and older. Elderly depression was evaluated by the short version of the Geriatric Depression Scale. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with depression in terms of their sociodemographic and health-related characteristics. RESULTS: Our results revealed that chronic illness, subjective health status, and cognitive impairment were significant factors associated with depression. In particular, subjective health status showed the highest odds ratio (OR) (OR for bad subjective health status = 4.290, P < 0.001), followed by chronic illness (OR for three or more chronic illnesses = 1.403, P < 0.01) and cognitive impairment (OR = 1.347, P < 0.001) in the final model. Interestingly, the significant association between chronic illness and depression was attenuated (OR for three or more chronic illnesses = 1.403, P = 0.01) or even disappeared (OR for two chronic illnesses = 1.138, P = 0.274; OR for one chronic illnesses = 0.999, P = 0.996) after adjustment for subjective health status in the final model; this may be attributable to the close relationship among the variables studied: chronic illness, subjective health status, and depression. CONCLUSIONS: Development and implementation of prevention strategies, including management of chronic illness, individual's perception of health status, and cognitive impairment, could possibly reduce the impact of depression.

The validities and efficiencies of korean ADHD rating scale and korean child behavior checklist for screening children with ADHD in the community.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of primary screening tools for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a community-based sample of children using the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL) and the Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS). METHODS: A large-scale community-based study for ADHD screening was conducted in the Jeollabuk province in the Republic of Korea. In 2010-2011, we surveyed a total of 49,088 first- and fourth-grade elementary school students. All of the participants in this study were assessed by the K-ARS-Parent version (K-ARS-P) and the K-ARS-Teacher version (K-ARS-T) as the primary screening instruments. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (DISC-IV) was used for confirming the diagnosis of ADHD. DISC-IV was administered to subjects who received top 10% scores in the K-ARS-P or K-ARS-T tests. RESULTS: Of the 3,085 subjects who completed the DISC-IV, 1,215 were diagnosed as having ADHD. A reasonable level of sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value were obtained when the total K-ARS-P scores were ≥90th percentile. The positive predictive value and specificity increased significantly when the total K-ARS-P scores were ≥90th percentile, T scores were ≥60 in the attention problems of K-CBCL, and T scores were ≥63 in the total problems of K-CBCL. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that the K-ARS-P could effectively serve as a primary screening tool to identify elementary school children with ADHD in the community. Also, there might be some increment in the effectiveness of K-ARS-P when combined with K-CBCL-A and K-CBCL-T as a secondary screening tool.

Cyberbullying, problematic internet use, and psychopathologic symptoms among Korean youth.

To evaluate the associations between cyberbullying behaviors and problematic internet use, and to compare psychopathologic symptoms in victims, perpetrators, and victims-perpetrators of cyberbullying to those in youths who were not involved in cyberbullying. A total of 4531 youths (11-14 years of age) were recruited from elementary and middle schools. Among 4531 youths, 9.7% were involved in cyberbullying; 3.3% were only victims; 3.4% were only perpetrators; and 3.0% were victims-perpetrators. Cyberbullying behaviors were associated with problematic internet use as well as various psychopathologic symptoms. Depressive symptoms were associated with cyberbullying victimization, and rule-breaking behaviors and aggressive behaviors have relevance to cyberbullying perpetration. Greater attention needs to be paid to identify youths earlier who are involved in cyberbullying and prevent serious adverse consequences in them.

Open-label, dose-titration tolerability study of atomoxetine hydrochloride in Korean, Chinese, and Taiwanese adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

INTRODUCTION: The primary objective of this study was to assess the overall safety and tolerability of atomoxetine in Korean, Chinese, and Taiwanese adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: A total of 44 patients aged ≥18 years who met the Conners' Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ADHD were enrolled from China, Korea, and Taiwan. In this open-label, dose-escalation study, patients received atomoxetine orally once daily over a period of eight weeks, starting at 40 mg/day (one week) up to a maximum dosage of 120 mg/day. Tolerability was evaluated by rate of discontinuation due to adverse events. Safety was assessed by recording all adverse events, laboratory tests, vital signs, and electrocardiograms. ADHD symptoms were evaluated by the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Investigator Rated: Screening Version (CAARS-Inv:SV) for efficacy assessment. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients (77.3%) completed the study. Atomoxetine was well tolerated with a discontinuation rate of 2.3% (1/44) due to adverse events. The most commonly reported adverse events were nausea, dizziness, and somnolence. The mean change from baseline to endpoint in CAARS-Inv:SV total ADHD symptom score was -12.5 (P < 0.001). A significant reduction in the CAARS-Inv:SV subscales (inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive, and ADHD index score, P < 0.001) was observed. DISCUSSION: This is the first atomoxetine clinical trial in adult patients with ADHD in China, Korea, and Taiwan. Atomoxetine was well tolerated in doses of up to 120 mg/day with no unknown safety concerns.

Psychological characteristics of early remitters in patients with panic disorder.

We aimed to examine whether anxiety sensitivity and agoraphobic fear could affect the time taken to remission after 24 weeks of open-label escitalopram treatment of patients with panic disorder (PD). We recruited 158 patients, and 101 patients completed the study. Clinical severity and psychological characteristics were assessed at baseline and 4, 12, and 24 weeks after the treatment, using the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S), the Hamilton Rating Scales for Anxiety and Depression, the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised (ASI-R), the Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire (APPQ), and the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS). Remission was defined as the absence of full panic attacks and PDSS scores of 7 or less. Completing patients were stratified according to the time taken to remit: early (n=20) and late (n=58) remission and non-remission groups (n=23). There were no significant differences among the three groups at baseline on the CGI-S and the PDSS mean scores. However, early remitters had significantly lower scores than late remitters and non-remitters on the ASI-R and APPQ. In conclusion, anxiety sensitivity and agoraphobic fear can affect the time to remission after pharmacotherapy, and clinicians should consider the psychological characteristics of PD patients in order to achieve an optimal response to pharmacotherapy.

Long-term Escitalopram Treatment in Korean Patients with Panic Disorder: A Prospective, Naturalistic, Open-label, Multicenter Trial.

OBJECTIVE: Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent panic attacks, persistent concerns about additional attacks, and worry about the implications of the attack or significant changes in behavior related to the attacks. We examined the efficacy of 24-week naturalistic, open-label escitalopram treatment in terms of the response and remission rates and functional disability in 119 adult Korean patients with panic disorder from 6 clinical centers in South Korea. METHODS: Clinical severity and functional impairment were assessed at baseline and at 4, 12, and 24 weeks after the treatment using the Panic Disorder Severity Scale and Sheehan Disability Scale. Ninety-six patients (80.7%) showed a treatment response, and 87 patients (73.1%) had attained remission after 24 weeks of escitalopram treatment. RESULTS: Continuous improvement in the Panic Disorder Severity Scale and Sheehan Disability Scale scores was found over the 24 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that escitalopram treatment is very effective for panic disorder in terms of both response and remission rates and that long-term pharmacotherapy with escitalopram continuously improved panic symptoms and functional disability in Korean patients with panic disorder.

Aripiprazole plus divalproex for recently manic or mixed patients with bipolar I disorder: a 6-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind maintenance trial.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy in preventing relapse of a mood episode in recently manic or mixed episode patients with bipolar I disorder stabilized with aripiprazole and divalproex combination. METHODS: This randomized, 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study enrolled patients from 23 centers in Korea. Patients with bipolar I disorder who had manic or mixed episode entered a 6-week open-label stabilization phase. After meeting stabilization criteria, 83 patients were randomly assigned to placebo + divalproex or aripiprazole + divalproex treatment group for the 24-week, double-blind maintenance phase. RESULTS: During the 6-month double-blind treatment, the time to relapse of any mood episode in the aripiprazole group was longer than the placebo group, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.098). After controlling for mean divalproex level, the time to depressive episode relapse in the aripiprazole group was longer than those in the placebo group (p = 0.029). Weight gain (≥ 7% increase) occurred in 22.5% aripiprazole group and 18.6% placebo group (p = 0.787). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, relapse of mood episode occurred fewer and later for aripiprazole with divalproex treatment than divalproex monotherapy, but the differences were not statistically significant.

Relationship between Personality and Insomnia in Panic Disorder Patients.

OBJECTIVE: Panic disorder (PD) is frequently comorbid with insomnia, which could exacerbate panic symptoms and contribute to PD relapse. Research has suggested that characteristics are implicated in both PD and insomnia. However, there are no reports examining whether temperament and character affect insomnia in PD. Thus, we examined the relationship between insomnia and personality characteristics in PD patients. METHODS: Participants were 101 patients, recruited from 6 university hospitals in Korea, who met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for PD. We assessed sleep outcomes using the sleep items of 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17)(item 4=onset latency, item 5=middle awakening, and item 6=early awakening) and used the Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised-Short to assess personality characteristics. To examine the relationship between personality and insomnia, we used analysis of variance with age, sex, and severity of depression (total HAMD scores minus sum of the three sleep items) as the covariates. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences (p>0.1) in demographic and clinical data between patients with and without insomnia. Initial insomnia (delayed sleep onset) correlated to a high score on the temperamental dimension of novelty seeking 3 (NS3)(F(1,96)=6.93, p=0.03). There were no statistical differences (p>0.1) in NS3 between patients with and without middle or terminal insomnia. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that higher NS3 is related to the development of initial insomnia in PD and that temperament and character should be considered when assessing sleep problems in PD patients.

Risperidone in the treatment of mixed state bipolar patients: results from a 24-week, multicenter, open-label study in Korea.

AIMS: The goal of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of risperidone combined with mood stabilizers for treating bipolar mixed state. METHODS: The present study was a 24-week, open-label, combination, prospective investigation of the efficacy of risperidone in combination with mood stabilizers. Risperidone (1-6 mg/day) was given in combination with mood stabilizers in flexible doses according to clinical response and tolerability for 114 patients in mixed or manic episode. RESULTS: Forty-four patients met our criteria for mixed state bipolar disorder and 70 met the criteria for pure mania. Mean age for the subjects was 39.0 +/- 11.0 years and 55.3% were female. The combination of risperidone with mood stabilizers significantly improved the scores on the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD), 18-item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Global Assessment Scale (GAS), and Clinical Global Impression Scale for use in bipolar illness Severity (CGI-BP) at 24 weeks (P < 0.0001). Analysis of the YMRS, BPRS, GAS, and CGI-BP scores showed significant improvement in both the manic and mixed groups. The rate of response in YMRS scores was 84.2% (n = 96) and the rate of YMRS remission was 77.2% (n = 88) at week 24 in the total population. Seventy-four patients met both YMRS < or = 12 and HAMD < or = 7 at week 24 (64.9%). Risperidone was well tolerated, and adverse events were mostly mild. CONCLUSION: The combination of risperidone with mood stabilizers was an effective and safe treatment for manic symptoms and coexisting depressive symptoms of bipolar disorder.

Mirtazapine versus venlafaxine for the treatment of somatic symptoms associated with major depressive disorder: a randomized, open-labeled trial.

Somatic symptoms are often important in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of this open-labeled trial was to examine the efficacy of mirtazapine for the treatment of MDD with clinically significant somatic symptoms, as compared with venlafaxine. A total of 126 patients with MDD (score >/=18 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-17) were included in both the intent-to-treat (n=73 in the mirtazapine group and n=53 in the venlafaxine group) and completer analysis (n=51 and n=37, respectively). After treatment, both treatment groups showed similar improvements in depressive symptoms. Repeated measures analysis of variance for the intent-to-treat population revealed that there were no significant differences in mean change of the Symptom Check List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) somatization subscores between the two groups. For completers, there was a significant timextreatment interaction in the SCL-90-R somatization subscores, but the differences between the two groups at endpoint did not reach statistical significance in post-hoc analysis. In conclusion, this study suggests that overall efficacies of mirtazapine and venlafaxine are similar for the treatment of overall symptoms in MDD, and both drugs may be useful for the treatment of somatic symptoms in MDD patients.

Changes of functional MRI findings in a patient whose pathological gambling improved with fluvoxamine.

Legalized gambling is a growing industry, and is probably a factor in the presently increasing prevalence of pathological gambling. We present a case of a 36-year-old pathological gambler who was treated with fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and who was assessed by functional MRI before and after drug administration. During activation periods, the pathological gambler was shown cards as stimuli, and fMRI results in several brain regions showed differential effects before and after medication and a maintenance period. This case demonstrates that the treatment response to fluvoxamine in a pathological gambler was observed not only by subjective self-report, but also by objective fMRI results. Therefore, fMRI may be a useful tool in the diagnosis and prediction of treatment response in patients afflicted with pathological gambling.

Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore the reliability and validity of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised Korean version (IES-R-K), a self-report scale for assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: The original Impact of Event Scale-Revised was translated into Korean, and the comparability of content was verified through back-translation procedures. This multicenter study included 93 patients with PTSD, 73 nonpsychotic psychiatric patients, and 88 healthy controls drawn from 18 hospitals across the country. The subjects were assessed using IES-R-K, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Beck Depression Inventory, and State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; state anxiety subscale [STAI-S], trait anxiety subscale [STAI-T]) scales. RESULTS: In the reliability test, Cronbach alpha coefficient and test-retest reliability were .93 and 0.91, respectively, indicating that the IES-R-K has good internal consistency. One-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences in IES-R-K scores among the patients with PTSD, nonpsychotic psychiatric patients, and healthy controls (F = 139.1, P < .001). Duncan post hoc test showed the significant differences among the 3 groups. To assess the validity of the IES-R-K, correlation coefficient between the IES-R-K and CAPS, STAI-S, and STAI-T was calculated. We found that there was a relatively high degree of correlation between the IES-R-K and CAPS (r = 0.92, P < .001). However, there was a relatively less degree of correlation between STAI-S and STAI-T and IES-R-K (r = 0.30, P < .001). Taken these together, IES-R-K showed good discriminant validity. CONCLUSION: The IES-R-K showed good reliability and validity for the assessment of PTSD symptom severity. The IES-R-K is a useful instrument for assessing PTSD symptoms in Korea.