Amelioration of airway and GI disease in G551D-CF ferrets by AAV1 and AAV6.

Gene therapy for CF has concentrated on targeting the lung. Here we took a different approach by injecting into the cephalic vein and spraying into the trachea of G551D, CF ferrets either AAV1 or 6 containing Δ27-264-CFTR, a truncated version of CFTR. Treatment with the potentiator VX-770 was halted for 7 days before instillation to induce a disease phenotype. Indeed, all ferrets were pancreas-insufficient when they entered the study. Four ferrets (three receiving AAV1 and one AAV6) were necropsied 48 days after vector delivery, and four (three receiving AAV6, one AAV1) were euthanized or died prior to the planned necropsy. AAV1 or AAV6 vector genomes, mRNA expression, and CFTR protein were detected in all tracheal and lung samples and in the liver, pancreas, and ileum of the treated ferrets. Surface and basal airway cells, pancreatic and bile ducts, and ileal crypts and villi were successfully transduced. Obstruction of the airways accompanied by pulmonary hemorrhaging, plugged pancreatic and bile ducts as well as mucous plugs in the ileum were noticed in untreated but absent from transduced ferrets necropsied at 48 days. Transduction of G551D ferrets suggests that a combination of systemic and airway application may be the preferred route of delivery for CF.

High-entropy alloy screening for halide perovskites.

As the concept of high-entropy alloying (HEA) extends beyond metals, new materials screening methods are needed. Halide perovskites (HP) are a prime case study because greater stability is needed for photovoltaics applications, and there are 322 experimentally observed HP end-members, which leads to more than 1057 potential alloys. We screen HEAHP by first calculating the configurational entropy of 106 equimolar alloys with experimentally observed end-members. To estimate enthalpy at low computational cost, we turn to the delta-lattice parameter approach, a well-known method for predicting III-V alloy miscibility. To generalize the approach for non-cubic crystals, we introduce the parameter of unit cell volume coefficient of variation (UCV), which does a good job of predicting the experimental HP miscibility data. We use plots of entropy stabilization versus UCV to screen promising alloys and identify 102 HEAHP of interest.

Growth of Highly Oriented (VNbMoTaW)S2 Layers.

Compositional tunability, an indispensable parameter for modifying the properties of materials, can open up new applications for van der Waals (vdW) layered materials such as transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). To date, multielement alloy TMDC layers are obtained via exfoliation from bulk polycrystalline powders. Here, we demonstrate direct deposition of high-entropy alloy disulfide, (VNbMoTaW)S2, layers with controllable thicknesses on free-standing graphene membranes and on bare and hBN-covered Al2O3(0001) substrates via ultra-high-vacuum reactive dc magnetron sputtering of the VNbMoTaW target in Kr and H2S gas mixtures. Using a combination of density functional theory calculations, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we determine that the as-deposited layers are single-phase, 2H-structured, and 0001-oriented (V0.10Nb0.16Mo0.19Ta0.28W0.27)S2.44. Our synthesis route is general and applicable for heteroepitaxial growth of a wide variety of TMDC alloys and potentially other multielement alloy vdW compounds with the desired compositions.

Magnetotransport Signatures of Superconducting Cooper Pairs Carried by Topological Surface States in Bismuth Selenide.

As topological insulators (TIs) are becoming increasingly intriguing, the community is exploring transformative applications that require interfacing TIs with other materials such as ferromagnets or superconductors. Herein, we report on the manifestations of superconducting electrons carried by topological surface states (TSS) in Bi2Se3 films. As key signatures of TSS-carried Cooper pairs, we uncover the hysteresis of magnetoresistance (MR) and the switching behavior of anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR). For in-plane fields perpendicular to the injected current, AMR shows negative switching (resistance drop) when the contacts become superconducting, which is consistent with a cooperative Zeeman effect enabled by the spin-momentum locking of TSS. The MR and AMR behaviors are robust, occurring reliably in multiple samples, from different sources, and with different defect concentrations. Our findings can guide novel developments in superconductor/TI quantum devices relying on supercurrent detection as well as lead to more refined transport signatures of Majorana zero-modes in the future.

Transduction of Ferret Surface and Basal Cells of Airways, Lung, Liver, and Pancreas via Intratracheal or Intravenous Delivery of Adeno-Associated Virus 1 or 6.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is potentially treatable by gene therapy. Since the identification of the CF gene, preclinical and clinical trials have concentrated on achieving effective gene therapy targeting the lung. However, the lung has proven to be a formidable barrier to successful gene therapy especially for CF, and many clinical trials failed to achieve efficacy. Recent advances in vector design and adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes have increased the chances of success. Given that CF is a multi-organ disease, the goal of this study was to test whether a gene therapy approach involving AAV1 or AAV6 vector delivery via the systemic circulation would at the same time overcome the barrier of lung delivery and transduce organs commonly affected by CF. To accomplish this, we sprayed AAV1 containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) into the trachea or injected it intravenously (IV). We also tested AAV6 injected IV. No adverse events were noted. Ferrets were necropsied 30 days after vector delivery. AAV1 or AAV6 vector genomes, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, and GFP were detected in all the tracheal and lung samples from the treated animals, whether AAV1 was sprayed into the trachea or injected IV or AAV6 was injected IV. Importantly, both surface epithelial and basal cells of the trachea and lung airways were successfully transduced, regardless of which route of delivery or vector serotype used for transduction. We detected also AAV1 and AAV6 vector genomes, mRNA expression, and GFP in the livers and pancreases, particularly in the acinar cells of the pancreatic duct. These data suggest that gene transfer is attainable in the airways, liver, and pancreas using either serotype, AAV1 or AAV6. Given that these same organs are affected in CF, systemic delivery of AAV may be the preferred route of delivery for a gene therapy for CF.

CFTR and PC2, partners in the primary cilia in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

Defects in the primary cilium are associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). We used a combination of animal models, Western blotting, and confocal microscopy and discovered that CFTR and polycystin 2 (PC2) are both colocalized to the cilium in normal kidneys, with the levels of both being decreased in cystic epithelia. Cilia were longer in CFTR-null mice and in cystic cells in our ADPKD animal models. We examined septin 2, known to play a role in cilia length, to act as a diffusion barrier and to serve as an enhancer of proliferation. We found that septin 2 protein levels were upregulated and colocalized strongly with CFTR in cystic cells. Application of VX-809, the CFTR corrector, restored CFTR and PC2 toward normal in the cilia, decreased the protein levels of septin 2, and drastically reduced septin 2 colocalization with CFTR. Our data suggest that CFTR is present in the cilia and plays a role there, perhaps through its conductance of Cl-. We also postulate that septin 2 is important for localizing CFTR to the apical membrane in cystic epithelia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY CFTR is present in the primary cilia together with polycystin 2 (PC2). Ablation of CFTR makes cilia longer suggesting that CFTR plays a role there, perhaps through its conductance of Cl.

Chirality and dislocation effects in single nanostructures probed by whispering gallery modes.

Nanostructures such as nanoribbons and -wires are of interest as components for building integrated photonic systems, especially if their basic functionality as dielectric waveguides can be extended by chiroptical phenomena or modifications of their optoelectronic properties by extended defects, such as dislocations. However, conventional optical measurements typically require monodisperse (and chiral) ensembles, and identifying emerging chiral optical activity or dislocation effects in single nanostructures has remained an unmet challenge. Here we show that whispering gallery modes can probe chirality and dislocation effects in single nanowires. Wires of the van der Waals semiconductor germanium(II) sulfide (GeS), obtained by vapor-liquid-solid growth, invariably form as growth spirals around a single screw dislocation that gives rise to a chiral structure and can modify the electronic properties. Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy on single tapered GeS nanowires containing joined dislocated and defect-free segments, augmented by numerical simulations and ab-initio calculations, identifies chiral whispering gallery modes as well as a pronounced modulation of the electronic structure attributed to the screw dislocation. Our results establish chiral light-matter interactions and dislocation-induced electronic modifications in single nanostructures, paving the way for their application in multifunctional photonic architectures.

Narrative Review: Update on the Molecular Diagnosis of Fragile X Syndrome.

The diagnosis and management of fragile X syndrome (FXS) have significantly improved in the last three decades, although the current diagnostic techniques are not yet able to precisely identify the number of repeats, methylation status, level of mosaicism, and/or the presence of AGG interruptions. A high number of repeats (>200) in the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 gene (FMR1) results in hypermethylation of promoter and gene silencing. The actual molecular diagnosis is performed using a Southern blot, TP-PCR (Triplet-Repeat PCR), MS-PCR (Methylation-Specific PCR), and MS-MLPA (Methylation-Specific MLPA) with some limitations, with multiple assays being necessary to completely characterise a patient with FXS. The actual gold standard diagnosis uses Southern blot; however, it cannot accurately characterise all cases. Optical genome mapping is a new technology that has also been developed to approach the diagnosis of fragile X syndrome. Long-range sequencing represented by PacBio and Oxford Nanopore has the potential to replace the actual diagnosis and offers a complete characterization of molecular profiles in a single test. The new technologies have improved the diagnosis of fragile X syndrome and revealed unknown aberrations, but they are a long way from being used routinely in clinical practice.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Therapeutic Strategies in Diabetes, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease.

Mitochondria are subcellular organelles involved in essential cellular functions, including cytosolic calcium regulation, cell apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species production. They are the site of important biochemical pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, parts of the ureagenesis cycle, or haem synthesis. Mitochondria are responsible for the majority of cellular ATP production through OXPHOS. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with metabolic pathologies such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, neurodegenerative diseases, cellular aging, and cancer. In this article, we describe the pathophysiological changes in, and mitochondrial role of, metabolic disorders (diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease) and their correlation with oxidative stress. We highlight the genetic changes identified at the mtDNA level. Additionally, we selected several representative biomarkers involved in oxidative stress and summarize the progress of therapeutic strategies.

Exploring the Use of Raman Spectroscopy and Covariate-Adjusted Multivariate Analysis for the Detection of Irradiated Blood.

Biological dosimetry is a key technique for retrospective radiation dosimetry that provides individual estimates of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation, applicable for use in a large scale radiological/nuclear event. Current techniques for biodosimetry are labor intensive and time consuming and not high through-put. In this proof-of-concept study, we developed a new approach for detecting irradiated blood based on Raman spectroscopy of blood combined with multivariate analysis. Peripheral blood samples from 8 healthy male and female, anonymous donors, were exposed to either 5 Gy X ray radiation or unirradiated (0 Gy). At 3 h postirradiation, the blood was immediately frozen at -80°C. Raman spectra were measured from thawed blood using a portable spectrometer system. Data were preprocessed and analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) to observe trends in the data, and by using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to build a model to discriminate between Raman spectra of control (0 Gy) and irradiated (5 Gy) blood. We found strong evidence of inter-donor variability in the form of donor-wise clustering of PCA scores corresponding to the control Raman spectra, in addition to the poor separation of PLS-DA scores associated with Raman intensities of 0 Gy vs. 5 Gy spectra. However, after adjustment for donor covariates using a linear mixed-effects model, we obtained a better separation between control and irradiated blood using PLS-DA. Evaluation of the coefficients of the PLS-DA loading vectors indicated radiation-induced changes in proteins, lipids and hemoglobin to be major contributors for this discrimination. This pilot study demonstrates the potential of application of Raman spectroscopy to support biodosimetry of blood and blood components.

Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in 2q37-Deletion Syndrome: An Update of the Clinical Spectrum and Literature Review.

2q37 microdeletion/deletion syndrome (2q37DS) is one of the most common subtelomeric deletion disorders, caused by a 2q37 deletion of variable size. The syndrome is characterized by a broad and diverse spectrum of clinical findings: characteristic facial dysmorphism, developmental delay/intellectual disability (ID), brachydactyly type E, short stature, obesity, hypotonia in infancy, and abnormal behavior with autism spectrum disorder. Although numerous cases have been described so far, the exact mapping of the genotype and phenotype have not yet been achieved. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study we analyzed nine newly diagnosed cases with 2q37 deletion (3 male/6 female, aged between 2 and 30 years old), and followed up at the Iasi Regional Medical Genetics Centre. All patients were tested first with MLPA using combined kits P036/P070 subtelomeric screening mix and follow-up mix P264; after, the deletion size and location were confirmed via CGH-array. We compared our findings with the data of other cases reported in the literature. RESULTS: From nine cases, four had pure 2q37 deletions of variable sizes, and five presented deletion/duplication rearrangements (with chromosomes 2q, 9q, and 11p). In most cases, characteristic phenotypic aspects were observed: 9/9 facial dysmorphism, 8/9 global developmental delay and ID, 6/9 hypotonia, 5/9 behavior disorders, and 8/9 skeletal anomalies-especially brachydactyly type E. Two cases had obesity, one case had craniosynostosis, and four had heart defects. Other features found in our cases included translucent skin and telangiectasias (6/9), and a hump of fat on the upper thorax (5/9). CONCLUSIONS: Our study enriches the literature data by describing new clinical features associated with 2q37 deletion, and possible genotype-phenotype correlations.

Resolving the Subsurface Structure and Elastic Modulus of Layered Films via Contact Resonance Atomic Force Microscopy.

Since its discovery, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become widely used for surface characterization, evolving from a tool for probing surface topography to a versatile method for characterizing mechanical, electrical, chemical, magnetic, and electro-optical properties of surfaces at the nanoscale. Developments of several AFM-based techniques have enabled even subsurface imaging, which is routinely being carried out at the qualitative level of feature detection for localized subsurface inhomogeneities. We surmise, however, that a quantitative three-dimensional (3D) subsurface characterization can emerge from the AFM mechanical response of flat buried interfaces, and present here a methodology for determining the depth of a film and its mechanical properties. Using load-dependent contact resonance atomic force microscopy (CR-AFM) and accurate modeling of the contact between the AFM tip and a layered sample, we determine the relationship between the measured resonance frequency of the AFM probe and the contact stiffness. Our subsequent statistical analysis reveals an intrinsic and sample-specific interdependence between the depth and modulus sensitivities of CR-AFM. This interdependence prevents the simultaneous accurate determination of both depth and modulus from measurements on a single-layered sample. If the elastic moduli of the sample components are predetermined from separate investigations of bulk samples (or otherwise known), then this methodology accurately yields the location of the interface between the layers of the sample; as such, it can serve as a nondestructive and robust technique for probing layer thickness, subsurface features, and elastic properties of materials used in semiconductor electronics, additive manufacturing, or biomaterials.

Different Types of Deletions Created by Low-Copy Repeats Sequences Location in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: Genotype-Phenotype Correlation.

The most frequent microdeletion, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), has a wide and variable phenotype that causes difficulties in diagnosis. 22q11.2DS is a contiguous gene syndrome, but due to the existence of several low-copy-number repeat sequences (LCR) it displays a high variety of deletion types: typical deletions LCR A-D-the most common (~90%), proximal deletions LCR A-B, central deletions (LCR B, C-D) and distal deletions (LCR D-E, F). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 59 22q11.2SD cases, with the aim of highlighting phenotype-genotype correlations. All cases were tested using MLPA combined kits: SALSA MLPA KIT P245 and P250 (MRC Holland). RESULTS: most cases (76%) presented classic deletion LCR A-D with various severity and phenotypic findings. A total of 14 atypical new deletions were identified: 2 proximal deletions LCR A-B, 1 CES (Cat Eye Syndrome region) to LCR B deletion, 4 nested deletions LCR B-D and 1 LCR C-D, 3 LCR A-E deletions, 1 LCR D-E, and 2 small single gene deletions: delDGCR8 and delTOP3B. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasizes the wide phenotypic variety and incomplete penetrance of 22q11.2DS. Our findings contribute to the genotype-phenotype data regarding different types of 22q11.2 deletions and illustrate the usefulness of MLPA combined kits in 22q11.2DS diagnosis.

Genetic Polymorphisms in a Familial Hypercholesterolemia Population from North-Eastern Europe.

(1) Background: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is one of the most prevalent inherited metabolic disorders. The purpose of the study was to investigate the role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) of PAI-1, ACE, ApoB-100, MTHFR A1298C, and C677T. (2) Methods: From a group of 1499 patients, we included 52 patients diagnosed with FH phenotype and 17 patients in a control group. (3) Results: Most of the FH patients had multiple comorbidities compared to the control group, such as atherosclerosis (48.1% vs. 17.6%), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD 32.7% vs. 11.8%), and metabolic syndrome (MetS, 40.4% vs. 11.8%). In total, 66.7% of the FH patients had PAI-1 4G/5G genotype and MetS. Between 4G/5G and 4G/4G, a statistically significant difference was observed (p = 0.013). FH patients with ApoB R3500Q polymorphism were correlated with ASCVD (p = 0.031). Both MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms had a significant correlation with gender, alcohol consumption, and smoking status. ACE polymorphism was associated with ATS in FH patients, statistically significant differences being observed between heterozygous and homozygous D genotype (p = 0.036) as well as between heterozygous and homozygous I genotype (p = 0.021). (4) Conclusions: A link between these polymorphisms was demonstrated in the FH group for ATS, ASCVD, and MetS.

Dust Emission Monitoring in Cement Plant Mills: A Case Study in Romania.

This paper presents aspects of monitoring material dust emissions from stationary emission sources (monthly dust measurements performed on cement mill stacks-mill outlet and separator outlet). Additionally, the Portland cement mill technological process (its component parts), as well as the solutions regarding the reduction of the air emissions level, following the emission limit values (VLE), established in the integrated environmental authorization (AIM) from a cement factory in Romania, were analyzed. The paper focused on analyzing the data obtained in three different years for PM10 and dust concentrations (2018-2020). For each year, the measurements have been done in 3 months, each in a different season. The average values for each year for working conditions were: 30.22 mg/m3 (2018), 27.38 mg/m3 (2019), and 27.51 mg/m3 (2020) for working conditions and for normal conditions: 34.22 mg/m3 (2018), 30.49 mg/m3 (2019), and 30.16 mg/m3 (2020). For all 3 years, the values measured in spring were higher than the other two, both for work and normal conditions.

Doping of MoTe2 via Surface Charge Transfer in Air.

Doping is a key process by which the concentration and type of majority carriers can be tuned to achieve desired conduction properties. The common way of doping is via bulk impurities, as in the case of silicon. For van der Waals bonded semiconductors, control over bulk impurities is not as well developed, because they may either migrate between the layers or bond with the surfaces or interfaces becoming undesired scattering centers for carriers. Herein, we investigate by means of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and density functional theory calculations (DFT) the doping of MoTe2 via surface charge transfer occurring in air. Using DFT, we show that oxygen molecules physisorb on the surface and increase its work function (compared to pristine surfaces) toward p-type behavior, which is consistent with our KPFM measurements. The surface charge transfer doping (SCTD) driven by adsorbed oxygen molecules can be easily controlled or reversed through thermal annealing of the entire sample. Furthermore, we also demonstrate local control of the doping by contact electrification. As a reversible and controllable nanoscale physisorption process, SCTD can thus open new avenues for the emerging field of 2D electronics.

Growth Kinetics of Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride Layers on Pd(111).

Using in situ variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (300-673 K) during chemical vapor deposition of two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) on Pd(111) from borazine precursor at pressures up to 10-6 mbar, we identify the mechanisms leading to carpetlike uphill or downhill growth across the Pd steps. Deposition at a higher rate and lower temperature promotes uphill growth via preferential attachment at the ascending and descending step-edges, whereas a lower deposition rate and higher temperature lead to downhill growth via nucleation and growth of islands on Pd terraces. We attribute this unusual growth behavior to differences in temperature-dependent rates of hBN deposition at the steps versus on the Pd terraces. Our results illustrate how growth mechanisms can be activated by a pair of parameters (substrate temperature and partial pressure of borazine) and provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying carpetlike growth of hBN and other layered materials.

Emissions Control of Hydrochloric and Fluorhydric Acid in cement Factories from Romania.

From the available statistical data, cement factories co-process a range of over 100 types of waste (sorted both industrial and household) being authorized for their use as combustion components in clinker ovens. Therefore, the level of emissions is different depending on the type of fuels and waste used. The amount of industrial and municipal co-processed waste in the Romanian cement industry from 2004 to 2013 was about 1,500,000 tons, the equivalent of municipal waste generated in a year for 18 cities with over 250,000 inhabitants. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the emission level of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrofluoric acid (HF) at the clinker kilns at two cement factories in Romania for different annual time intervals and to do a comparative analysis, to estimate their compliance with legislation in force. The measurements results showed average emission levels of about 0.578 mg/Nm3 for HCl and about 0.100 mg/Nm3 for HF, in the first hours of the evening, but decreased at the beginning of the third tour, at about 0.385 mg/Nm3 for HCl, respectively, to about 0.085 mg/Nm3 for HF. The evolution of HCl and HF emission levels during the last 4 years showed a variable distribution of these acids.

Recent Developments in Controlled Vapor-Phase Growth of 2D Group 6 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides.

An overview of recent developments in controlled vapor-phase growth of 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (2D TMD) films is presented. Investigations of thin-film formation mechanisms and strategies for realizing 2D TMD films with less-defective large domains are of central importance because single-crystal-like 2D TMDs exhibit the most beneficial electronic and optoelectronic properties. The focus is on the role of the various growth parameters, including strategies for efficiently delivering the precursors, the selection and preparation of the substrate surface as a growth assistant, and the introduction of growth promoters (e.g., organic molecules and alkali metal halides) to facilitate the layered growth of (Mo, W)(S, Se, Te)2 atomic crystals on inert substrates. Critical factors governing the thermodynamic and kinetic factors related to chemical reaction pathways and the growth mechanism are reviewed. With modification of classical nucleation theory, strategies for designing and growing various vertical/lateral TMD-based heterostructures are discussed. Then, several pioneering techniques for facile observation of structural defects in TMDs, which substantially degrade the properties of macroscale TMDs, are introduced. Technical challenges to be overcome and future research directions in the vapor-phase growth of 2D TMDs for heterojunction devices are discussed in light of recent advances in the field.

Characterization of Elastic Modulus Across the (Al1-xScx)N System Using DFT and Substrate-Effect-Corrected Nanoindentation.

Knowledge of accurate values of elastic modulus of (Al1-xScx)N is required for design of piezoelectric resonators and related devices. Thin films of (Al1-xScx)N across the entire composition space are deposited and characterized. Accuracy of modulus measurements is improved and quantified by removing the influence of substrate effects and by direct comparison of experimental results with density functional theory calculations. The 5%-30% Sc compositional range is of particular interest for piezoelectric applications and is covered at higher compositional resolution here than in previous work. The reduced elastic modulus is found to decrease by as much as 40% with increasing Sc concentration in the wurtzite phase according to both experimental and computational techniques, whereas Sc-rich rocksalt-structured films exhibit little variation in modulus with composition.