Colorectal Cancer Screening.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and contributes significantly to many cancer-related deaths despite sustained progress in diagnostic and treatment options. Many forms of CRC can be prevented through early and routine screening, when precancerous lesions may be detected and removed before they undergo malignant transformation or metastasis. Despite widespread efforts to improve CRC screening rates, at least 40% of age-eligible adults do not adhere to screening guidelines. A new generation of noninvasive, molecular-based diagnostic tests with high sensitivities and specificities has the potential to improve screening rates through optimal risk stratification of patients who may benefit from more invasive screening techniques. This review presents various guidelines and methods that are currently available for CRC screening, summarizes the rationale behind utilization of novel molecular-based diagnostic tests for CRC screening and prevention, and discusses appropriate screening techniques and intervals in populations of varying risk.

Extensive Bone Reaction From Catastrophic Oxidized Zirconium Wear.

The use of alternative bearing surfaces for total hip arthroplasty has become popular to minimize wear and increase longevity, especially in young patients. Oxidized zirconium (Oxinium; Smith & Nephew, Memphis, Tennessee) femoral heads were introduced in the past decade for use in total hip arthroplasty. The advantages of oxidized zirconium include less risk of fracture compared with traditional ceramic heads. This case report describes a patient with a history of bilateral avascular necrosis of the femoral head after chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nonoperative management of avascular necrosis failed, and the patient was treated with bilateral total hip arthroplasty. The patient was followed at regular intervals and had slow eccentric polyethylene wear during a 10-year period. After 10 years, the patient had accelerated wear, with femoral and acetabular bone changes as a result of Oxinium and ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene wear during a 6-month period. This article highlights the unusual accelerated bone changes that occurred as a result of Oxinium wear particles.

Predictors of malignancy in patients with suspicious or indeterminate cytology on pancreatic endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration: a multivariate model.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate predictors of malignancy in pancreatic lesions with suspicious or indeterminate endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) cytology. METHODS: Suspicious/indeterminate EUS-FNA cytology was identified from our database. Stable imaging, benign pathology, or survival for 12 months after EUS-FNA was considered benign. Diagnosis of malignancy was based on positive pathology, local invasion/metastasis on imaging, or death within 12 months from cancer-associated causes. Univariate analysis was performed to compare variables between benign and malignant lesions. Multivariate analysis (covariates: age [<70 or ≥70], appearance [solid/cystic], size [<20 or ≥20 mm], and serum CA19-9 [<40 or ≥40]) was performed using binary logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 81 patients with suspicious or indeterminate cytology. Final diagnosis was cancer in 55 (67.9%) of 81 (adenocarcinoma in 40/81 [49.4%], "other neoplasms" in 15/81 [18.5%]) and benign in 26 (32.1%) of 81. Univariate analysis revealed a difference in age, lesion size, solid/cystic characteristics, and serum CA 19-9 between benign and malignant lesions. Only elevated serum CA 19-9 was independently associated with a diagnosis of malignancy on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Age, lesion size, and solid/cystic characteristics on EUS were not independently associated with cancer. Pancreatic lesions with suspicious/indeterminate cytology and elevated serum CA 19-9 should be considered as concerning for a malignant diagnosis.

A pilot study to evaluate the feasibility of implementing a split-dose bowel preparation for inpatient colonoscopy: a single-center experience.

OBJECTIVES: Feasibility of using split-dose bowel preparation in an inpatient setting has not been extensively studied. We conducted a single-centre multiphase study to (1) understand the perceived barriers to split-dose administration among nursing and providers, (2) develop and implement a split-dose electronic order set and (3) evaluate the use and impact of split-dose administration on 100 consecutive colonoscopies. METHODS: Nurse/provider interviews were conducted to understand perceived concerns and potential barriers to split-dose preparation. Next, an order set containing specific nursing instructions was developed, disseminated and implemented into the electronic health record as the default order set for inpatient colonoscopies. Finally, 100 consecutive inpatients undergoing colonoscopy were interviewed to determine prep consumption, tolerability and rate of procedural delays due to inadequate preparation. RESULTS: Survey results indicated perceived concerns about inpatients' ability to tolerate and complete the preparation, insufficient nursing support and complexity of preparation administration. Based on this, prep orders were adjusted to accommodate nursing concerns prior to implementation. 54% of inpatients actually completed the bowel preparation in split doses (SPLIT group); the remainder had the conventional full dose preparation (NON-SPLIT). Less procedural delay and a lower rate of additional laxatives use (13% vs 30.4%) were seen in the SPLIT versus NON-SPLIT group. Split-dose preparation was well tolerated among inpatients. CONCLUSIONS: Split-dose bowel preparation can be implemented for inpatients undergoing colonoscopy. This multiphase study demonstrates the steps used to implement split-dose preparation at our institution and may provide others with strategies that they could use at their institutions.

Prospective evaluation of the long-term outcomes after deep small-bowel spiral enteroscopy in patients with obscure GI bleeding.

BACKGROUND: Spiral enteroscopy can be safe and effective in the short term for evaluation of obscure GI bleeding, but long-term data are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term clinical outcomes after deep small-bowel spiral enteroscopy performed for obscure GI bleeding. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Academic referral center. PATIENTS: This study included 78 patients who underwent antegrade spiral enteroscopy for evaluation of obscure GI bleeding. INTERVENTION: Diagnostic spiral enteroscopy with hemostatic therapeutic maneuvers applied as indicated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Postprocedure evidence of recurrent overt GI bleeding, blood transfusion requirements, need for iron supplementation, serum hemoglobin values, and the need for additional therapeutic procedures. RESULTS: Long-term follow-up data (mean [± standard deviation] 25.3 ± 7.5 months; range 12.9-38.8 months) were obtained in 61 patients (78%). Among those with long-term follow-up data, overt bleeding before spiral enteroscopy was present in 62%, compared with 26% in the follow-up period (P < .0001). The mean (± SD) hemoglobin value increased from 10.6 ± 1.8 to 12.6 ± 1.9 g/dL (P < .0001). Blood transfusion requirements decreased by a mean of 4.19 units per patient (P = .0002), and the need for iron supplementation (P = .0487) and additional procedures (P < .0001) decreased in the follow-up period. There were 8 adverse events (9%) (7 mild, 1 moderate). LIMITATIONS: Single-center study, intervention bias. CONCLUSION: In patients with obscure GI bleeding, deep small-bowel spiral enteroscopy is safe and effective in reducing the incidence of overt bleeding. An increase in hemoglobin values along with a decrease in blood transfusion requirement, need for iron supplementation, and need for additional therapeutic procedures were found over long-term follow-up. ( CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT00861263.).

Randomized, controlled trial of standard, large-capacity versus jumbo biopsy forceps for polypectomy of small, sessile, colorectal polyps.

BACKGROUND: Polypectomy with cold biopsy forceps is a frequently used technique for removal of small, sessile, colorectal polyps. Jumbo forceps may lead to more effective polypectomy because of the larger size of the forceps cup. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficiency of cold jumbo biopsy forceps compared with standard forceps for polypectomy of small, sessile, colorectal polyps. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: Outpatient endoscopy center. PATIENTS: This study involved 140 patients found to have at least one eligible polyp defined as a sessile polyp measuring ≤6 mm. INTERVENTION: Polypectomy with cold biopsy forceps. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Complete visual polyp eradication with one forceps bite. RESULTS: In 140 patients, a total of 305 eligible polyps were detected (151 removed with jumbo forceps and 154 with standard forceps). Complete visual eradication of the polyp with one forceps bite was achieved in 78.8% of the jumbo forceps group and 50.7% of the standard forceps group (P < .0001). Biopsies from the polypectomy sites of adenomatous polyps thought to be visually completely eradicated with one bite showed a trend toward a higher complete histologic eradication rate with the jumbo forceps (82.4%) compared with the standard forceps (77.4%), but the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = .62). The withdrawal time for visual inspection of the colon and time to perform polypectomies were significantly shorter in the jumbo forceps group (mean 21.43 vs 18.23 minutes; P = .02). LIMITATIONS: Lack of blinding to the type of forceps used. CONCLUSION: The jumbo biopsy forceps is superior to the standard forceps in removing small, sessile polyps. ( CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT00855790.).

Algorithm for the management of endoscopic perforations: a quality improvement project.

Perforations are an uncommon but serious complication of endoscopy. Although they are well recognized, no universally accepted strategy for their management exists. The need for management algorithms in situations that call for multiple interventions in a short time, with coordinated effort encompassing multiple providers from different specialties, has long been recognized, but no such clinical care pathway has been developed for the management of endoscopic perforations. Since perforations are uncommon, a predetermined plan of action can streamline patient management. Furthermore, such a plan demonstrates preparedness on the part of the gastroenterologist. We developed an endoscopic perforation management strategy based on the best available scientific evidence and our specific resources. We report our experience in the hope that it may form a useful framework for gastroenterologists attempting to do the same at their own institution.

The utility of repeat endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for suspected pancreatic cancer.

Background. The utility of repeat EUS in patients with suspicion for pancreatic cancer after non-diagnostic EUS-FNA study is not well established. Aim. Determine the accuracy of repeat EUS-FNA in patients with suspected pancreatic cancer and prior non-diagnostic EUS-FNA. Methods. Retrospective cohort study. Results. From 2002 to 2008 in our institution 28 patients underwent repeat EUS-FNA for suspected pancreatic cancer. Initial EUS showed a pancreatic mass in 24 (85.71%), no mass in 3 (10.71%) and possible mass in 1 (3.58%). FNA was performed and was negative for malignancy in all patients. Repeat EUS showed pancreatic mass in 27 patients (96.42%) and no mass in 1 (3.58%). FNA was performed in all patients and cytology was positive for malignancy in 6 (21.43%). Out of the 28 patients, 17 (60.71%) were eventually confirmed to have cancer. Overall repeat EUS-FNA correctly determined the true final status in 17 out of 28 patients providing sensitivity for the diagnosis of cancer of 35% (95% CI 14%-62%), specificity 100% (95% CI 72%-100%), and overall accuracy of 61%, (95% CI 28%-72%). Conclusion. Repeat EUS-FNA provides reasonable accuracy and may be worthwhile in patients with suspected pancreatic cancer who had had prior negative EUS-FNA.

Diagnostic value of noninvasive combined fluorine-18 labeled fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography enterography in active Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND: The role of combined localized positron emission tomography (lPET) and computed tomography enterography (CTe) in Crohn's disease is unclear. We examined if this imaging modality using fluorine-18 labeled-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) could more effectively identify disease activity. METHODS: 52 lPET-CTe scans were analyzed in this retrospective study. CTe scores and FDG uptake were quantified. Correlations of CTe scores and standard uptake value (SUV) with C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (sIBDq), and Harvey-Bradshaw index (HBI) were estimated using Pearson analysis. Imaging scores were compared to medical outcome by logistics regression model. RESULTS: CTe scores correlated with SUV, but additional abnormal segments of small bowel were not identified. In all, 38 (79%) abnormal CTe segments demonstrated increased FDG uptake with mean SUVmax 4.77; 10 (21%) abnormal CTe segments lacked FDG accumulation, with mean SUVmax 1.27. There was no correlation between SUVmax and CRP, ESR, sIBDq, or HBI. There were no significant differences in clinical indices, biochemical parameters, and presence of multiple abnormal segments between medical responders and uptake were associated with failed medical therapy (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PET scanning added to CTe did not identify additional abnormal segments when compared to CTe alone. Abnormal segments with mucosal enhancement on CTe that did not accumulate FDG were significantly associated with failure of medical therapy. A larger trial is warranted to confirm if combined lPET-CTe has an important role in the clinical management of stricturing Crohn's disease.

Erythromycin improves gastric emptying half-time in adult cystic fibrosis patients with gastroparesis.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal manifestations are frequently encountered in cystic fibrosis patients. Gastroparesis evidenced by a variety of diagnostic methods has been described in patients with cystic fibrosis, predominantly in children and in individuals with advanced lung disease. The presence of gastroparesis in adult patients with different degrees of lung involvement and its response to the acute and chronic administration of macrolides have not been reported. METHODS: Using the University of Florida Cystic Fibrosis database we identified symptomatic patients who had gastroparesis confirmed by a prolonged half-time during gastric emptying scintigraphy. RESULTS: Of 86 cystic fibrosis patients, periodically followed in our institution, we found five who had classical symptoms and prolonged gastric emptying half-time. Age 25.2+/-8 years, 80% females, BMI 22+/-9 kg/m(2), HbA1c 5.8+/-0.6 g/dl, FEV1 53.2+/-15% of predicted. Gastric emptying half-time was 191.4+/-91.4 min (range 100-300 min) and decreased to 12.2+/-6 min (range 5-20 min) after IV administration of erythromycin (p=0.043). Patients were followed up for 3+/-2.1 years. All patients but one, who was taking opiods, had good clinical response to PO macrolides. CONCLUSIONS: Gastroparesis occurs in patients with cystic fibrosis, even in patients with relatively preserved lung function and in those without cystic-fibrosis related diabetes. Macrolides may be an effective therapy in cystic fibrosis patients with gastroparesis when administered acutely or chronically.

The 90/90 pillow reduces blood loss after knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized case control study.

Our goal was to evaluate the 90/90 pillow as an effective means of preventing blood loss after knee arthroplasty. We performed a prospective randomized case-control study on 40 patients undergoing knee arthroplasty. All patients were treated in a standard fashion, except for the use of the 90/90 pillow in one group. The 90/90 pillow flexes the knee to 90 degrees and is in situ for 24 hours after surgery. We measured blood loss at time points from 1 to 48 hours. Range of motion was assessed, as were analgesic requirements. Statistical analysis was performed on our results. We found a statistically significant reduction in blood loss without compromising range of motion. We advocate the 90/90 pillow after all knee arthroplasties.

Species separation of Taxus baccata, T. canadensis, and T. cuspidata (Taxaceae) and origins of their reputed hybrids inferred from RAPD and cpDNA data.

Species delimitation in Taxus (Taxaceae) has been controversial due to high levels of phenotypic plasticity. Reputed hybrids between species have been questioned due to the original crosses' accidental nature and the uncertainty regarding the parent species' distinctness. In this study 19 samples from three species (T. baccata, T. canadensis, T. cuspidata) and 31 from putative hybrids (T. × hunnewelliana, T. × media) have been DNA-fingerprinted using RAPDs and characterized for their respective chloroplast genotype using restriction digestions of polymerase chain reaction- (PCR) amplified trnL-F fragments. All samples showed unique RAPD banding profiles. Twenty-one RAPD bands were species-specific; the presence of these bands in the putative hybrids confirmed the hybrid origin and parentage suspected from morphological studies (T. cuspidata × T. canadensis = T. × hunnewelliana, T. baccata × T. cuspidata = T. × media). Principal coordinates analysis (PCO) and unweighted pair-group method algorithm (UPGMA) analyses of RAPD bands clearly separated the species, indicating that they belong to discrete genetic stocks and supporting their individual species status. The two hybrid groups also clustered discretely. Chloroplast typing confirmed the direction of crosses. The data further suggested that repeated reciprocal crossings occurred in the production of the hybrid cultivars.