Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health-related hospitalization rate of youth in Canada: an interrupted time series analysis. / Évaluation de l'effet de la pandémie de COVID-19 sur le taux d'hospitalisation pour des raisons de santé mentale chez les jeunes au Canada : analyse de séries chronologiques interrompues.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on temporal trends in mental health and addiction-related inpatient hospitalization rates among youth (aged 10-17 years) in Canadian provinces and territories (excluding Quebec) from 1 April 2018 to 5 March 2022. METHODS: We conducted an interrupted time series analysis across three periods: T0 (pre-pandemic: 1 April 2018 to 15 March 2020); T1 (early pandemic: 15 March 2020 to 5 July 2020); and T2 (later pandemic: 6 July 2020 to 5 March 2022). RESULTS: Pre-pandemic mental health and addiction-related hospitalization rates had significant regional variability, with weekly rates from 6.27 to 85.59 events per 100 000 persons in Manitoba and the territories combined, respectively. During T1, the national (excluding Quebec) weekly hospitalization rate decreased from a pre-pandemic level of 12.82 (95% CI: 12.14 to 13.50) to 5.11 (95% CI: 3.80 to 6.41) events per 100 000 persons. There was no statistically significant change in the mental health and addiction- related hospitalization rate across provinces and territories in T2 compared to T0. However, there was a significant increase in the rate of self-harm-related hospitalizations among females Canada-wide and in most provinces during this period. CONCLUSION: Although several Canadian studies have reported increases in mental health and addiction-related outpatient and emergency department visits among youth during the COVID-19 pandemic, this did not correspond to an increase in the inpatient hospital burden, with the notable exception of self-harm among young females.

Anticoagulation for the Prevention of Arterial Thromboembolism in Cancer Patients by Primary Tumor Site: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

AIMS: Incidence of arterial thromboembolism (ATE) among ambulatory cancer patients varies by primary tumor site. However, it is unclear whether this alters the benefit-to-harm profile of prophylactic anticoagulation for ATE prevention. Therefore, we systematically evaluated the efficacy and safety of anticoagulants for ATE prevention among ambulatory cancer patients according to the primary tumor site. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a systematic review using Medline, Embase, SCOPUS, and CENTRAL, and included randomized trials comparing prophylactic anticoagulation to no anticoagulation among ambulatory cancer patients who initiated tumor-directed systemic therapy. Incidence of symptomatic ATE (acute ischemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction or peripheral artery occlusion) and major bleeding, as well as risk differences (RDs) attributable to anticoagulation were meta-analyzed by primary tumor site using random-effects modeling. We included 10 randomized controlled trials with 9,875 patients with follow-up ranging from 3.3 to 68 (median 6.6) months. While prophylactic anticoagulation did not reduce ATE risks overall (RD -0.49%; 95% CI -0.49% to 0.01%; I2=0%), it conferred a protective effect among pancreatic cancer patients (RD -3.2%; 95%CI -5.7% to -0.8%; I2=0%) without a detectable increase in major bleeding (RD -1.4%; 95% CI -4.6% to 1.8%; I2=0%). Prophylactic anticoagulation was not associated with ATE risk reduction in other tumor sites. CONCLUSION: Based on available evidence, prophylactic anticoagulation did not reduce ATE risk among ambulatory cancer patients overall. However, we observed lower incidence of ATE among pancreatic cancer patients randomized to receive anticoagulation. Prophylactic anticoagulant use to reduce ATEs in pancreatic cancer should be evaluated in future research.

Top Ten Tips Palliative Care Clinicians Should Know About End-of-Life Doulas.

Palliative care has made great strides in improving the lives of people living with serious illness, with an empirical premise for increasing quality, and sometimes quantity of life. Yet in some cases, there exist gaps that impede the ability of palliative care clinicians to truly advocate, procure, and provide the comprehensive services needed for patients, family caregivers, and communities, particularly in the contexts of caring for marginalized populations and working in under-resourced practice settings. The end-of-life doula role has emerged over the last decade and the availability of trained doulas in the community has burgeoned. An end-of-life doula is a nonmedical, holistic support person who provides education, guidance, emotional, spiritual, and practical support to persons and families navigating serious and terminal illness, ideally early in the disease process, throughout the time surrounding death, and during bereavement. A pervasive Western culture of avoiding the subject of death means that we, as a society, often do not know or remember how to navigate the journey of end of life in a way that is caring, compassionate, skilled, holistic, and centered on the needs and worldview of the dying one. The ten tips provided here can guide palliative care clinicians to leverage collaboration with trusted, community-based end-of-life doulas to ensure comprehensive and people-centered palliative care.

Clinical and serological predictors of post COVID-19 condition-findings from a Canadian prospective cohort study.

Introduction: More than 3 years into the pandemic, there is persisting uncertainty as to the etiology, biomarkers, and risk factors of Post COVID-19 Condition (PCC). Serological research data remain a largely untapped resource. Few studies have investigated the potential relationships between post-acute serology and PCC, while accounting for clinical covariates. Methods: We compared clinical and serological predictors among COVID-19 survivors with (n = 102 cases) and without (n = 122 controls) persistent symptoms ≥12 weeks post-infection. We selected four primary serological predictors (anti-nucleocapsid (N), anti-Spike, and anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG titres, and neutralization efficiency), and specified clinical covariates a priori. Results: Similar proportions of PCC-cases (66.7%, n = 68) and infected-controls (71.3%, n = 87) tested positive for anti-N IgG. More cases tested positive for anti-Spike (94.1%, n = 96) and anti-RBD (95.1%, n = 97) IgG, as compared with controls (anti-Spike: 89.3%, n = 109; anti-RBD: 84.4%, n = 103). Similar trends were observed among unvaccinated participants. Effects of IgG titres on PCC status were non-significant in univariate and multivariate analyses. Adjusting for age and sex, PCC-cases were more likely to be efficient neutralizers (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.11-4.49), and odds was further increased among cases to report deterioration in quality of life (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.64-7.31). Clinical covariates found to be significantly related to PCC included obesity (OR 2.3, p = 0.02), number of months post COVID-19 (OR 1.1, p < 0.01), allergies (OR 1.8, p = 0.04), and need for medical support (OR 4.1, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Despite past COVID-19 infection, approximately one third of PCC-cases and infected-controls were seronegative for anti-N IgG. Findings suggest higher neutralization efficiency among cases as compared with controls, and that this relationship is stronger among cases with more severe PCC. Cases also required more medical support for COVID-19 symptoms, and described complex, ongoing health sequelae. More data from larger cohorts are needed to substantiate results, permit subgroup analyses of IgG titres, and explore for differences between clusters of PCC symptoms. Future assessment of IgG subtypes may also elucidate new findings.

Serological markers and long COVID-A rapid systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Long COVID is highly heterogeneous, often debilitating, and may last for years after infection. The aetiology of long COVID remains uncertain. Examination of potential serological markers of long COVID, accounting for clinical covariates, may yield emergent pathophysiological insights. METHODS: In adherence to PRISMA guidelines, we carried out a rapid review of the literature. We searched Medline and Embase for primary observational studies that compared IgG response in individuals who experienced COVID-19 symptoms persisting ≥12 weeks post-infection with those who did not. We examined relationships between serological markers and long COVID status and investigated sources of inter-study variability, such as severity of acute illness, long COVID symptoms assessed and target antigen(s). RESULTS: Of 8018 unique records, we identified 29 as being eligible for inclusion in synthesis. Definitions of long COVID varied. In studies that reported anti-nucleocapsid (N) IgG (n = 10 studies; n = 989 participants in aggregate), full or partial anti-Spike IgG (i.e. the whole trimer, S1 or S2 subgroups, or receptor binding domain, n = 19 studies; n = 2606 participants), or neutralizing response (n = 7 studies; n = 1123 participants), we did not find strong evidence to support any difference in serological markers between groups with and without persisting symptoms. However, most studies did not account for severity or level of care required during acute illness, and other potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Pooling of studies would enable more robust exploration of clinical and serological predictors among diverse populations. However, substantial inter-study variations hamper comparability. Standardized reporting practices would improve the quality, consistency and comprehension of study findings.

Results of the Stop the Spread Ottawa (SSO) cohort study: a Canadian urban-based prospective evaluation of antibody responses and neutralisation efficiency to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.

BACKGROUND: Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity and the influence of prior severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection require elucidation. METHODS: Stop the Spread Ottawa is a prospective cohort of individuals at-risk for or who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, initially enrolled for 10 months beginning October 2020. This cohort was enriched for public-facing workers. This analysis focuses on safety and immunogenicity of the initial two doses of COVID-19 vaccine. RESULTS: Post-vaccination data with blood specimens were available for 930 participants. 22.8% were SARS-CoV2 infected prior to the first vaccine dose. Cohort characteristics include: median age 44 (IQR: 22-56), 66.6% women, 89.0% white, 83.2% employed. 38.1% reported two or more comorbidities and 30.8% reported immune compromising condition(s). Over 95% had detectable IgG levels against the spike and receptor binding domain (RBD) 3 months post second vaccine dose. By multivariable analysis, increasing age and high-level immune compromise predicted diminishing IgG spike and RBD titres at month 3 post second dose. IgG spike and RBD titres were higher immediately post vaccination in those with SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to first vaccination and spike titres were higher at 6 months in those with wider time intervals between dose 1 and 2. IgG spike and RBD titres and neutralisation were generally similar by sex, weight and whether receiving homogeneous or heterogeneous combinations of vaccines. Common symptoms post dose 1 vaccine included fatigue (64.7%), injection site pain (47.5%), headache (27.2%), fever/chills (26.2%) and body aches (25.3%). These symptoms were similar with subsequent doses. CONCLUSION: The initial two COVID-19 vaccine doses are safe, well-tolerated and highly immunogenic across a broad spectrum of vaccine recipients including those working in public facing environments.

Protocol for a living evidence synthesis on variants of concern and COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness.

BACKGROUND: It is evident that COVID-19 will remain a public health concern in the coming years, largely driven by variants of concern (VOC). It is critical to continuously monitor vaccine effectiveness as new variants emerge and new vaccines and/or boosters are developed. Systematic surveillance of the scientific evidence base is necessary to inform public health action and identify key uncertainties. Evidence syntheses may also be used to populate models to fill in research gaps and help to prepare for future public health crises. This protocol outlines the rationale and methods for a living evidence synthesis of the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with, and transmission of, VOC of SARS-CoV-2. METHODS: Living evidence syntheses of vaccine effectiveness will be carried out over one year for (1) a range of potential outcomes in the index individual associated with VOC (pathogenesis); and (2) transmission of VOC. The literature search will be conducted up to May 2023. Observational and database-linkage primary studies will be included, as well as RCTs. Information sources include electronic databases (MEDLINE; Embase; Cochrane, L*OVE; the CNKI and Wangfang platforms), pre-print servers (medRxiv, BiorXiv), and online repositories of grey literature. Title and abstract and full-text screening will be performed by two reviewers using a liberal accelerated method. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment will be completed by one reviewer with verification of the assessment by a second reviewer. Results from included studies will be pooled via random effects meta-analysis when appropriate, or otherwise summarized narratively. DISCUSSION: Evidence generated from our living evidence synthesis will be used to inform policy making, modelling, and prioritization of future research on the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against VOC.

Anticoagulation for the Prevention of Arterial Thrombosis in Ambulatory Cancer Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: The risk of arterial thrombotic events (ATEs) is high among patients on systemic anticancer therapies. Despite the efficacy of anticoagulants in the prevention of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism, it is unknown whether anticoagulation is effective to prevent ATEs. Objectives: This study sought to examine the efficacy and safety of anticoagulants in ATE prevention among ambulatory cancer patients. Methods: We performed a systematic review using Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) from inception to May 21, 2022, and included studies comparing oral or parenteral anticoagulation with no anticoagulation among ambulatory patients receiving systemic anticancer therapy with no other indication for anticoagulation. The primary outcome was ATE (myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, intra-abdominal arterial embolism, or peripheral artery occlusion). The secondary outcomes were major and nonmajor bleeding and all-cause mortality. Results: Fourteen randomized trials involving low-molecular-weight heparins, direct oral anticoagulants, and warfarin were included. ATEs were captured as coefficacy endpoints or adverse events. Anticoagulant use was not associated with a reduction in ATEs compared with placebo or standard treatment (RR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.50-1.04; P = 0.08; I2 = 0%). RRs of major and minor bleeding were 1.56 (95% CI: 1.12-2.17) and 2.25 (95% CI: 1.45-3.48) with anticoagulant use. In 13 trials that reported all-cause mortality, risk of death was not reduced with anticoagulants (RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.95-1.02; P = 0.38; I2 = 0%). Conclusions: Anticoagulants did not reduce ATE risk among ambulatory patients on systemic anticancer therapy and were associated with increased bleeding. Based on the current data, anticoagulants have a limited role in ATE prevention in this population as a whole.

Performance of Fracture Risk Assessment Tools by Race and Ethnicity: A Systematic Review for the ASBMR Task Force on Clinical Algorithms for Fracture Risk.

The American Society of Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) Professional Practice Committee charged an ASBMR Task Force on Clinical Algorithms for Fracture Risk to review the evidence on whether current approaches for differentiating fracture risk based on race and ethnicity are necessary and valid. To help address these charges, we performed a systematic literature review investigating performance of calculators for predicting incident fractures within and across race and ethnicity groups in middle-aged and older US adults. We included English-language, controlled or prospective cohort studies that enrolled US adults aged >40 years and reported tool performance predicting incident fractures within individual race and ethnicity groups for up to 10 years. From 4838 identified references, six reports met eligibility criteria, all in women. Just three, all from one study, included results in non-white individuals. In these three reports, non-white women experienced relatively few major osteoporotic fractures (MOFs), especially hip fractures, and risk thresholds for predicting fractures in non-white women were derived from risks in the overall, predominantly white study population. One report suggested the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) without bone mineral density (BMD) overestimated hip fracture similarly across race and ethnicity groups (black, Hispanic, American Indian, Asian, white) but overestimated MOF more in non-white than White women. However, these three reports were inconclusive regarding whether discrimination of FRAX or the Garvan calculator without BMD or of FRAX with BMD for MOF or hip fracture differed between white versus black women. This uncertainty was at least partly due to imprecise hip fracture estimates in black women. No reports examined whether ratios of observed to predicted hip fracture risks within each race or ethnicity group varied across levels of predicted hip fracture risk. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR). This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

End-of-life doulas: international reflections on a transnational movement.

This review article summarizes the findings from the first virtual International End-of-Life Doula Symposium, held over 3 days on 25-27 April 2022. More than 40 people attended from seven countries, predominantly from Australia, Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom, and they were primarily experienced practitioners. In this article, we focus on participants' topics of conversations and experiences that were relevant across international boundaries, organized through the symposium themes of developments, disruptions, dilemmas and directions. All authors took de-identified handwritten notes across the 3 days of discussion, as well as reflexive notes about our own thoughts and perspectives on the topics discussed. We then collated our notes and abductively focussed our analysis on topics that generated significant conversation and/or came up repeatedly within the overall symposium themes, as well as trying to capture any unexpected issues and perspectives. We identify and summarize a wide range of interests and concerns within the development of the end-of-life doula (EOLD) role. We provide a model for integration pathways within existing health care systems, as well as an innovative conceptual framework synthesizing key intersecting developmental issues that are relevant across regional and national boundaries. The symposium was the first opportunity for EOLDs to collectively discuss their work and interests within an international context. Our findings indicate that there are fundamentally similar developmental issues across countries, along with some variations. As the first international event of its kind, our 'state of the field' summary review of the symposium holds significant insights relevant to both national and international contexts, and to a diversity of stakeholders interested in the development of this new care role and emerging transnational movement.

Diastereoselective and Enantioselective Synthesis of α-p-Methoxyphenoxy-ß-Lactones: Dependence on the Stereoelectronic Properties of the ß-Hydroxy-α-p-Methoxyphenoxycarboxylic Acid Precursors.

Treatment of ß-hydroxy-α-p-methoxyphenoxy carboxylic acids derived from the asymmetric glycolate aldol addition reaction with p-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride yielded divergent results depending on the nature of the ß-substituent of the carboxylic acid. Substrates bearing either alkyl substituents (R = -n-butyl, -n-octyl, -benzyl, isopropyl, -tert-butyl) or aryl systems bearing electron-withdrawing substituents (R = -p-C6H4Cl, -p-C6H4Br, -p-C6H4NO2) yielded ß-lactones. In contrast, α-p-methoxyphenoxy-ß-hydroxycarboxylic acids bearing electron-donating aryl groups or the sterically demanding 2-naphthyl group formed (Z)-alkenes.

Impact of left ventricular outflow tract calcium on valve geometry in self-expanding transcatheter aortic-valve replacement.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate transcatheter heart valve (THV) geometry according to left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) calcium degree and its impact on hemodynamics and outcomes in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with a contemporary self-expanding THV. BACKGROUND: LVOT calcium remains challenging for contemporary THVs. LVOT calcium location and degree may affect THV deployment and impact flow patterns and shear stress, accelerating THV degeneration. METHODS: EPROMPT (CoreValve Evolut Pro Prospective Registry; NCT03423459) is a prospective, investigator-initiated, multicenter registry of patients undergoing TAVR using CoreValve Evolut PRO/PRO + THVs. A total of 107 patients were enrolled in EPROMPT's computed tomography (CT) cohort between January 2018 and October 2021. These patients underwent follow-up CT scan 30 days post-TAVR. We analyzed THV geometry and its interaction with the aortic root following deployment using 30-day post-TAVR CT in patients with none/mild versus moderate/severe LVOT calcium. RESULTS: Thirty-day THV inflows were less eccentric in the short axis in patients with none/mild versus moderate/severe LVOT calcium (1.16 ± 0.09 vs. 1.21 ± 0.12; p = 0.007). THV became more circular and was similar between both cohorts at the THV waist (1.08 ± 0.06 vs. 1.09 ± 0.11; p = 0.551), leaflet tips (1.03 ± 0.04 vs. 1.05 ± 0.09; p = 0.299), and THV outflow (1.04 ± 2.2 vs. 1.03 ± 2.7; p = 0.143). Thirty-day > mild paravalvular leak was low in both cohorts (1.5% vs. 2.4%; p = 0.724); mean gradients were similar (7.7 ± 3.6 vs. 7.7 ± 3.4 mmHg; p = 0.955). CONCLUSIONS: Despite inflow deformities observed in patients with moderate/severe LVOT calcium, Evolut PRO/PRO + conforms to elliptical aortic annuli, maintaining circularity and proper function at the leaflets and outflow, even in patients with moderate/severe LVOT calcium.

Whole-Genome Resequencing to Evaluate Life History Variation in Anadromous Migration of Oncorhynchus mykiss.

Anadromous fish experience physiological modifications necessary to migrate between vastly different freshwater and marine environments, but some species such as Oncorhynchus mykiss demonstrate variation in life history strategies with some individuals remaining exclusively resident in freshwater, whereas others undergo anadromous migration. Because there is limited understanding of genes involved in this life history variation across populations of this species, we evaluated the genomic difference between known anadromous (n = 39) and resident (n = 78) Oncorhynchus mykiss collected from the Klickitat River, WA, USA, with whole-genome resequencing methods. Sequencing of these collections yielded 5.64 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms that were tested for significant differences between resident and anadromous groups along with previously identified candidate gene regions. Although a few regions of the genome were marginally significant, there was one region on chromosome Omy12 that provided the most consistent signal of association with anadromy near two annotated genes in the reference assembly: COP9 signalosome complex subunit 6 (CSN6) and NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3). Previously identified candidate genes for anadromy within the inversion region of chromosome Omy05 in coastal steelhead and rainbow trout were not informative for this population as shown in previous studies. Results indicate that the significant region on chromosome Omy12 may represent a minor effect gene for male anadromy and suggests that this life history variation in Oncorhynchus mykiss is more strongly driven by other mechanisms related to environmental rearing such as epigenetic modification, gene expression, and phenotypic plasticity. Further studies into regulatory mechanisms of this trait are needed to understand drivers of anadromy in populations of this protected species.

Cohort profile: Stop the Spread Ottawa (SSO)-a community-based prospective cohort study on antibody responses, antibody neutralisation efficiency and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.

PURPOSE: To investigate the robustness and longevity of SARS-CoV-2 immune responses conferred by natural infection and vaccination among priority populations such as immunocompromised individuals and people with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 in a prospective cohort study (Stop the Spread Ottawa-SSO) in adults living in the Ottawa region. In this paper, we describe the study design, ongoing data collection and baseline characteristics of participants. PARTICIPANTS: Since October 2020, participants who tested positive for COVID-19 (convalescents) or at high risk of exposure to the virus (under surveillance) have provided monthly blood and saliva samples over a 10-month period. As of 2 November 2021, 1026 adults had completed the baseline survey and 976 had attended baseline bloodwork. 300 participants will continue to provide bimonthly blood samples for 24 additional months (ie, total follow-up of 34 months). FINDINGS TO DATE: The median age of the baseline sample was 44 (IQR 23, range: 18-79) and just over two-thirds (n=688; 67.1%) were female. 255 participants (24.9%) had a history of COVID-19 infection confirmed by PCR and/or serology. Over 600 participants (60.0%) work in high-risk occupations (eg, healthcare, teaching and transportation). 108 participants (10.5%) reported immunocompromising conditions or treatments at baseline (eg, cancer, HIV, other immune deficiency, and/or use of immunosuppressants). FUTURE PLANS: SSO continues to yield rich research potential, given the collection of pre-vaccine baseline data and samples from the majority of participants, recruitment of diverse subgroups of interest, and a high level of participant retention and compliance with monthly sampling. The 24-month study extension will maximise opportunities to track SARS-CoV-2 immunity and vaccine efficacy, detect and characterise emerging variants, and compare subgroup humoral and cellular response robustness and persistence.

Evaluation of the POP-UP programme: a multicomponent model of care for people living with HIV with homelessness or unstable housing.

OBJECTIVE: Homelessness is the greatest risk factor for HIV viremia in San Francisco. Innovative care models for people with HIV (PWH) with homelessness or unstable housing (HUH) are needed to address this inequity. We developed a novel low-barrier clinic-based program for PWH-HUH in an urban safety-net clinic ('POP-UP') and report outcomes on care engagement and viral suppression. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SETTING: San Francisco General Hospital HIV Clinic (Ward 86). PARTICIPANTS: We enrolled PWH who are HUH, viraemic and for whom usual care is not working (at least one missed primary care appointment and at least two drop-in visits at Ward 86 in the last year). INTERVENTION: POP-UP provides drop-in comprehensive primary care, housing assistance and case management, financial incentives and patient navigation with frequent contact. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We describe uptake of eligible patients into POP-UP, and cumulative incidence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, return to care and virologic suppression 6 months post-enrolment, estimated via Kaplan--Meier. RESULTS: Out of 192 referred patients, 152 were eligible, and 75 enrolled. All 75 were off ART and viraemic; 100% had a substance use disorder; and 77% had a mental health diagnosis. Over three-quarters restarted ART within 7 days of enrolment, and 91% returned for follow-up within 90 days. The cumulative incidence of viral suppression at 6 months was 55% (95% confidence interval 43-68). CONCLUSION: A novel care model for PWH-HUH demonstrates early success in engaging viraemic patients in care and improving viral suppression. Low-barrier, high-contact primary care programmes offering comprehensive services and incentives may improve outcomes for this vulnerable population.

Reasons for Screen Failure for Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair and Replacement.

Despite an expanding armamentarium of devices, many patients with mitral regurgitation referred for transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVr) or replacement (TMVR) do not meet strict clinical trial inclusion and exclusion criteria. We sought to understand the rates that patients were excluded from transcatheter mitral valve therapies and reasons why. We retrospectively analyzed the medical charts and correspondence related to patients referred to our tertiary valve center for TMVr or TMVR between June 2016 and September 2019. Patients were screened for eligibility by our structural Heart Team for either TMVr or TMVR. If TMVr or TMVR was not offered, the reason for screen failure was recorded and categorized. Over the 3-year period, 564 patients were referred for TMVr and orTMVR. Out of these, 15.9% were determined to be eligible for, and underwent, surgical repair or replacement. Ninety-two patients (16.3%) underwent TMVr or TMVR. The majority of patients (343 of 564, 60.8%) ultimately did not undergo intervention. The primary reason for exclusion was clinical in 38.5%, issues related to patient preference of care delivery in 38.8%, anatomical in 13.7%, and futility in 9.0%. In contemporary real-world practice, the majority of patients with mitral regurgitation referred for transcatheter therapies are excluded. Clinical trials testing new transcatheter devices should be encouraged to record and report reasons for screen failure and follow these patients to better understand optimal timing of intervention, address challenging anatomies, and, ultimately, improve penetrance of these novel therapies.

Distribution of genetic variation underlying adult migration timing in steelhead of the Columbia River basin.

Fish migrations are energetically costly, especially when moving between freshwater and saltwater, but are a viable strategy for Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) due to the advantageous resources available at various life stages. Anadromous steelhead (O. mykiss) migrate vast distances and exhibit variation for adult migration phenotypes that have a genetic basis at candidate genes known as greb1L and rock1. We examined the distribution of genetic variation at 13 candidate markers spanning greb1L, intergenic, and rock1 regions versus 226 neutral markers for 113 populations (n = 9,471) of steelhead from inland and coastal lineages in the Columbia River. Patterns of population structure with neutral markers reflected genetic similarity by geographic region as demonstrated in previous studies, but candidate markers clustered populations by genetic variation associated with adult migration timing. Mature alleles for late migration had the highest frequency overall in steelhead populations throughout the Columbia River, with only 9 of 113 populations that had a higher frequency of premature alleles for early migration. While a single haplotype block was evident for the coastal lineage, we identified multiple haplotype blocks for the inland lineage. The inland lineage had one haplotype block that corresponded to candidate markers within the greb1L gene and immediately upstream in the intergenic region, and the second block only contained candidate markers from the intergenic region. Haplotype frequencies had similar patterns of geographic distribution as single markers, but there were distinct differences in frequency between the two haplotype blocks for the inland lineage. This may represent multiple recombination events that differed between lineages where phenotypic differences exist between freshwater entry versus arrival timing as indicated by Micheletti et al. (2018a). Redundancy analyses were used to model environmental effects on allelic frequencies of candidate markers, and significant variables were migration distance, temperature, isothermality, and annual precipitation. This study improves our understanding of the spatial distribution of genetic variation underlying adult migration timing in steelhead as well as associated environmental factors and has direct conservation and management implications.

Integrating Suicide Risk Screening into Pediatric Ambulatory Subspecialty Care.

BACKGROUND: Suicide risk screening is recommended in pediatric care. To date, no previous studies illustrate the implementation of suicide risk screening in pediatric subspecialty care, even though chronic medical conditions are associated with a higher risk of suicide. METHODS: A large multidivision pediatric ambulatory clinic implemented annual suicide risk screening. Patients ages 9-21 years participated in suicide risk screening using the Ask Suicide-Screening Questions during the project. A multidisciplinary team employed quality improvement methods and survey-research design methods to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the screening process for patients, families, and medical providers. RESULTS: During the quality improvement project period, 1,934 patients were offered screening; 1,301 (67.3%) patients completed screening; 82 patients (6.3% of 1,301 patients) screened positive. The monthly compliance rate held steady at 86% following several Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles of improvement. The survey results demonstrate that providers rated the suicide risk screening process positively; however, a subset of providers indicated that the screening process was out of their scope of practice or impeded their workflow. CONCLUSIONS: Suicide risk screening is feasible in pediatric specialty care and can identify at-risk patients. Continued efforts are needed to standardize suicide risk screening practices. Future directions include identifying factors associated with suicide risk in patients in pediatric subspecialty care settings.