Taste dysfunction after endoscopic endonasal resection of olfactory groove meningioma: Case series and review of the literature.

PURPOSE: The incidence of ageusia and dysgeusia after endoscopic endonasal (EEA) resection of olfactory groove meningioma (OGM) is not well established despite recognized impairment in olfactory function. METHODS: We retrospectively administered a validated taste and smell survey to patients undergoing EEA for resection of OGM at two institutions. Demographics and clinical characteristics were collected and survey responses were analyzed. RESULTS: Twelve patients completed the survey. The median time from surgery was 24 months. The average total complaint score was 5.5 out of 16 [0-13]. All patients reported a change in sense of smell while only 42 % reported a change in sense of taste. Taste changes did not consistently associate with laterality or size of the neoplasm. Significant heterogeneity existed when rating severity of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the first case series examining taste changes after EEA resection of OGM. Despite universal olfactory dysfunction, only a minority of patients reported a change in their sense of taste. Our findings may improve patient counseling and expectations after surgery.

Intraoperative application and early experience with novel high-resolution, high-channel-count thin-film electrodes for human microelectrocorticography.

OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to evaluate intraoperative experience with newly developed high-spatial-resolution microelectrode grids composed of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), and those composed of platinum nanorods (PtNRs). METHODS: A cohort of patients who underwent craniotomy for pathological tissue resection and who had high-spatial-resolution microelectrode grids placed intraoperatively were evaluated. Patient demographic and baseline clinical variables as well as relevant microelectrode grid characteristic data were collected. The primary and secondary outcome measures of interest were successful microelectrode grid utilization with usable resting-state or task-related data, and grid-related adverse intraoperative events and/or grid dysfunction. RESULTS: Included in the analysis were 89 cases of patients who underwent a craniotomy for resection of neoplasms (n = 58) or epileptogenic tissue (n = 31). These cases accounted for 94 grids: 58 PEDOT:PSS and 36 PtNR grids. Of these 94 grids, 86 were functional and used successfully to obtain cortical recordings from 82 patients. The mean cortical grid recording duration was 15.3 ± 1.15 minutes. Most recordings in patients were obtained during experimental tasks (n = 52, 58.4%), involving language and sensorimotor testing paradigms, or were obtained passively during resting state (n = 32, 36.0%). There were no intraoperative adverse events related to grid placement. However, there were instances of PtNR grid dysfunction (n = 8) related to damage incurred by suboptimal preoperative sterilization (n = 7) and improper handling (n = 1); intraoperative recordings were not performed. Vaporized peroxide sterilization was the most optimal sterilization method for PtNR grids, providing a significantly greater number of usable channels poststerilization than did steam-based sterilization techniques (median 905.0 [IQR 650.8-935.5] vs 356.0 [IQR 18.0-597.8], p = 0.0031). CONCLUSIONS: High-spatial-resolution microelectrode grids can be readily incorporated into appropriately selected craniotomy cases for clinical and research purposes. Grids are reliable when preoperative handling and sterilization considerations are accounted for. Future investigations should compare the diagnostic utility of these high-resolution grids to commercially available counterparts and assess whether diagnostic discrepancies relate to clinical outcomes.

Surgical Resection of Focal Cortical Dysplasia in a Neonate with Novel TSC1 Mutation Leading to Resolution of Refractory Seizures: Case Report.

We describe a neonate presenting on first day of life with refractory seizures secondary to a single, large area of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) who underwent surgical resection at age 3 weeks leading to resolution of seizure activity and dramatic improvement in developmental trajectory. Surgical intervention for epilepsy is infrequently offered for neonates, often reserved only for those with catastrophic presentations. This case demonstrates that surgical intervention can be safe and efficacious in neonates for pharmaco-resistant seizures associated with a focal lesion. Rapid whole exome sequencing in this case yielded a germline novel de novo TSC1 mutation, leading to a genetic diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Our patient demonstrates an atypical neonatal presentation of TSC. Limited data is available for those with isolated FCD in TSC; this is the first reported case in a neonate.

Improving Usability of the Pediatric Code Cart by Combining Lean and Human Factors Principles.

Cardiac arrests are common in hospitalized children. Well-organized code carts are needed during these events to help staff efficiently find supplies and medications for the patient. This study aimed to improve the efficiency and utilization of the code cart at a major academic pediatric medical center. Methods: This quality improvement project used a phased approach to redesign the code cart. A multidisciplinary team used Lean and Human Factors principles to improve the efficiency and intuitiveness of the redesigned cart. Nurses and respiratory therapists participated in simulations asking for certain supplies with the original and redesigned code cart and filled out surveys for feedback on each code cart. Facilitators measured retrieval times during each simulation. Results: We performed 10 simulations with the original code cart and 13 with the redesigned code cart. Staff could find intraosseous access equipment more quickly (23.9 versus 46.4 seconds; P = 0.003). In addition, staff reported they were less likely to open the wrong drawer or grab the wrong equipment and that the redesigned code cart was overall more well organized than the original code cart. Finally, the redesigned code cart reduced the cost by over 800 dollars per full cart restock. Conclusion: Revising the code cart using Lean and Human Factors improves efficiency and usability and can contribute to cost savings.

Variation of Liver Transplant Practice and Outcomes During Public Holidays in the United States: Analysis of United Network for Organ Sharing Registry.

It has been reported that patients hospitalized outside regular working hours have worse outcomes. This study aims to compare outcomes following liver transplantation (LT) performed during public holidays and nonholidays. Methods: We analyzed the United Network for Organ Sharing registry data for 55 200 adult patients who underwent an LT between 2010 and 2019. Patients were grouped according to LT receipt during public holidays ±3 d (n = 7350) and nonholiday periods (n = 47 850). The overall post-LT mortality hazard was analyzed using multivariable Cox regression models. Results: LT recipient characteristics were similar between public holidays and nonholidays. Compared with nonholidays, deceased donors during public holidays had a lower donor risk index (median [interquartile range]: holidays 1.52 [1.29-1.83] versus nonholidays 1.54 [1.31-1.85]; P = 0.001) and shorter cold ischemia time (median [interquartile range]: holidays 5.82 h [4.52-7.22] versus nonholidays 5.91 h [4.62-7.38]; P < 0.001). Propensity score matching 4-to-1 was done to adjust for donor and recipient confounders (n = 33 505); LT receipt during public holidays (n = 6701) was associated with a lower risk of overall mortality (hazard ratio 0.94 [95% confidence interval, 0.86-0.99]; P = 0.046). The number of livers that were not recovered for transplant was higher during public holidays compared with nonholidays (15.4% versus 14.5%, respectively; P = 0.03). Conclusions: Although LT performed during public holidays was associated with improved overall patient survival, liver discard rates were higher during public holidays compared with nonholidays.

A Method of Intraoperative Registration Verification to Prevent Accuracy Errors in Robot-Assisted Stereotactic Electroencephalography Electrode Placement.

BACKGROUND: Robotic-assisted stereotactic electroencephalography (sEEG) electrode placement is increasingly common at specialized epilepsy centers. High accuracy and low complication rates are essential to realizing the benefits of sEEG surgery. The aim of this study was to describe for the first time in the literature a method for a stereotactic registration checkpoint to verify intraoperative accuracy during robotic-assisted sEEG and to report our institutional experience with this technique. METHODS: All cases performed with this technique since the adoption of robotic-assisted sEEG at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: In 4 of 111 consecutive sEEG operations, use of the checkpoint detected an intraoperative registration error, which was addressed before completion of sEEG electrode placement. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a registration checkpoint in robotic-assisted sEEG surgery is a simple technique that can prevent electrode misplacement and improve the safety profile of this procedure.

Multiple Pretransplant Treatments for Patients Without Pathological Complete Response may Worsen Posttransplant Outcomes in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Liver transplant (LT) candidates with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often receive cancer treatment before transplant. We investigated the impact of pre-transplant treatment for HCC on the risk of posttransplant recurrence. METHODS: Adult HCC patients with LT at our institution between 2013 and 2020 were included. The impact of pre-LT cancer treatments on the cumulative recurrence was evaluated, using the Gray and Fine-Gray methods adjusted for confounding factors. Outcomes were considered in two ways: 1) by pathologically complete response (pCR) status within patients received pre-LT treatment; and 2) within patients without pCR, grouped by pre-LT treatment as A) none; B) one treatment; C) multiple treatments. RESULTS: The sample included 179 patients, of whom 151 (84%) received pretreatment and 42 (28% of treated) demonstrated pCR. Overall, 22 (12%) patients experienced recurrence. The 5-year cumulative post-LT recurrence rate was significantly lower in patients with pCR than those without pCR (4.8% vs. 19.2%, P = 0.03). In bivariable analyses, pCR significantly decreased risk of recurrence. Among the 137 patients without pCR (viable HCC in the explant), 28 (20%) had no pretreatment (A), 70 (52%) had one treatment (B), and 39 (20%) had multiple treatments (C). Patients in Group C had higher 5-year recurrence rates than those in A or B (39.6% vs. 8.2%, 6.5%, P = 0.004 and P < 0.001, respectively). In bivariable analyses, multiple treatments was significantly associated with recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: pCR is a favorable prognostic factor after LT. When pCR was not achieved by pre-LT treatment, the number of treatments might be associated with post-LT oncological prognosis.

Evaluation of endometrial thickness by transvaginal ultrasound and baseline risk factors as a predictor for endometrial abnormalities in postmenopausal women.

Introduction/Purpose: To evaluate the endometrial thickness (ET) as a predictor of endometrial abnormalities in postmenopausal women and whether consideration of baseline risk factors increases diagnostic accuracy. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study of postmenopausal women presenting with bleeding or thickened endometrium (≥4 mm) on ultrasound, between 2003 and 2012. Risk factors for endometrial abnormality were analysed using logistic regression. Of 301 women, 220 were symptomatic and 81 were asymptomatic. The median ET was 6 mm (IQR 4-9) for symptomatic women and 9 mm (IQR 6-12) for asymptomatic women. Results: Abnormal pathology was found in 35 symptomatic (15.9%) and 6 asymptomatic women (7.4%). For each 1 mm increase in ET, the odds of an abnormal diagnosis increased by 16.3% (95% CI 9.6-23.5) for symptomatic and 19.9% (95% CI 3.1-39.3) for asymptomatic women. The Youden's index method identified an ET threshold of ≥7.1mm for symptomatic and ≥14.5mm for asymptomatic women. In symptomatic women the sensitivity was 88.6% (95% CI 72.3-96.3) and specificity 69.2% (95% CI 61.9-75.6), while in asymptomatic women the sensitivity was 50.0% (95% CI 13.9-86.1) and specificity was 89.3% (95% CI 79.5-95.0). The addition of age in the symptomatic women model reduced the sensitivity (82.9% (95% CI 65.7-92.8)) but increased the specificity (72.4% (95% CI 65.3-78.6)). Conclusion: ET is a significant predictor of abnormality. In the absence of risk factors, our study suggests that invasive procedures may be withheld until the ET is ≥7.1 mm with bleeding and ≥14.5 mm in asymptomatic women with no bleeding.

Can Weather Be a Factor in Liver Transplant Waitlist and Posttransplant Outcomes? Analysis of United Network for Organ Sharing Registry.

BACKGROUND: Cold climate is known to affect the frequency and attributable mortality of various illnesses. This study aims to evaluate the effect of climate among regions on liver transplant (LT) outcomes. METHODS: We analyzed data from the United Network for Organ Sharing registry for 98,517 adult patients (aged ≥ 18 years) who were listed for LT between 2010 and 2019. During this period, 51,571 patients underwent single-organ, deceased LT. States were categorized based on their mean winter temperature: warm states (45°F-70°F), intermediate states (30°F-45°F), and cold states (0°F-30°F). Post-LT outcomes at 1 month, 1 year, and 3 years were compared using Cox proportional hazard models. Ninety-day and 1-year waitlist outcomes were compared among climate regions using Fine-Gray hazard regression model. RESULTS: After adjusting risks for recipient and donor characteristics, LT candidates in cold states had a significantly higher waitlist (90-day: subdistribution hazard ratio (HR) 1.46; 1-year: subdistribution HR 1.41; P < .001) and posttransplant mortality (30-day: subdistribution HR 1.23; P = .009, 1-year: subdistribution HR 1.16; P = .001; 3-year: subdistribution HR 1.08; P = .007). LT recipients in cold states had a higher proportion of deaths due to infections than warm states (cold states: 2.3%; intermediate states: 2.1%; and warm states: 1.7%; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Potential reasons include weather-related changes in the behavioral and physiological parameters of patients.

Liver Transplant Recipient Characteristics Associated With Worse Post-Transplant Outcomes in Using Elderly Donors.

Advanced age of liver donor is a risk factor for graft loss after transplant. We sought to identify recipient characteristics associated with negative post-liver transplant (LT) outcomes in the context of elderly donors. Using 2014-2019 OPTN/UNOS data, LT recipients were classified by donor age: ≥70, 40-69, and <40 years. Recipient risk factors for one-year graft loss were identified and created a risk stratification system and validated it using 2020 OPTN/UNOS data set. At transplant, significant recipient risk factors for one-year graft loss were: previous liver transplant (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 4.37, 95%CI 1.98-9.65); mechanical ventilation (aHR 4.28, 95%CI 1.95-9.43); portal thrombus (aHR 1.87, 95%CI 1.26-2.77); serum sodium <125 mEq/L (aHR 2.88, 95%CI 1.34-6.20); and Karnofsky score 10-30% (aHR 2.03, 95%CI 1.13-3.65), 40-60% (aHR 1.65, 95%CI 1.08-2.51). Using those risk factors and multiplying HRs, recipients were divided into low-risk (n = 931) and high-risk (n = 294). Adjusted risk of one-year graft loss in the low-risk recipient group was similar to that of patients with younger donors; results were consistent using validation dataset. Our results show that a system of careful recipient selection can reduce the risks of graft loss associated with older donor age.

Disparities in the Effects of Acuity Circle-based Liver Allocation on Waitlist and Transplant Practice Between Centers.

Liver allocation in the United States was updated on February 4, 2020, by introducing the acuity circle (AC)-based model. This study evaluated the early effects of the AC-based allocation on waitlist outcomes. Methods: Adult liver transplant (LT) candidates listed between January 1, 2019, and September 30, 2021, were assessed. Two periods were defined according to listing date (pre- and post-AC), and 90-d waitlist outcomes were compared. Median transplant Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score of each transplant center was calculated, with centers categorized as low- (<25 percentile), mid- (25-75 percentile), and high-MELD (>75 percentile) centers. Results: A total of 12 421 and 17 078 LT candidates in the pre- and post-AC eras were identified. Overall, the post-AC era was associated with higher cause-specific 90-d hazards of transplant (csHR, 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27-1.38; P < 0.001) and waitlist mortality (cause-specific hazard ratio [csHR], 1.20; 95% CI, 1.09-1.32; P < 0.001). The latter effect was primarily driven by high-MELD centers. Low-MELD centers had a higher proportion of donations after circulatory death (DCDs) used. Compared with low-MELD centers, mid-MELD and high-MELD centers had significantly lower cause-specific hazards of DCD-LT in both eras (mid-MELD: csHR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.38-0.59 in pre-AC and csHR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.46-0.67 in post-AC and high-MELD: csHR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.07-0.17 in pre-AC and csHR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.10-0.20 in post-AC; all P < 0.001). Using a structural Bayesian time-series model, the AC policy was associated with an increase in the actual monthly DCD-LTs in low-, mid-, and high-MELD centers (actual/predicted: low-MELD: 19/16; mid-MELD: 21/14; high-MELD: 4/3), whereas the increase in monthly donation after brain death-LTs were only present in mid- and high-MELD centers. Conclusions: Although AC-based allocation may improve waitlist outcomes, regional variation exists in the drivers of such outcomes between centers.

The use of normothermic liver preservation in combined liver and lung transplantation: A single-center experience.

Combined liver and lung transplantation (CLLT) is indicated in patients with both end-stage liver and lung disease. Ex-situ normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) has been previously used for extended normothermic lung preservation in CLLT. We aim to describe our single-center experience using ex-situ NMP for extended normothermic liver preservation in CLLT. Four CLLTs were performed from 2019 to 2020 with the lung transplanted first for all patients. Median ex-situ pump time for the liver was 413 min (IQR 400-424). Over a median follow-up of 15 months (IQR 14-19), all patients were alive and doing well. Normothermic extended liver preservation is a safe method to allow prolonged cold ischemia using normothermic perfusion of the liver during CLLT.

Electrocorticography to Investigate Age-Related Brain Lateralization on Pediatric Motor Inhibition.

Response inhibition refers to the ability to suppress inappropriate actions that interfere with goal-driven behavior. The inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) is known to be associated with inhibition of a motor response by assuming executive control over motor cortex outputs. This study aimed to evaluate the pediatric development of response inhibition through subdural electrocorticography (ECoG) recording. Subdural ECoG recorded neural activities simultaneously during a Go/No-Go task, which was optimized for children. Different frequency power [theta: 4-8 Hz; beta: 12-40 Hz; high-gamma (HG): 70-200 Hz] was estimated within the IFG and motor cortex. Age-related analysis was computed by each bandpass power ratio between Go and No-Go conditions, and phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) over IFG by using the modulating index metric in two conditions. For all the eight pediatric patients, HG power was more activated in No-Go trials than in Go trials, in either right- or left-side IFG when available. In the IFG region, the power over theta and HG in No-Go conditions was higher than those in Go conditions, with significance over the right side (p < 0.05). The age-related lateralization from both sides to the right side was observed from the ratio of HG power and PAC value between the No-Go and Go trials. In the pediatric population, the role of motor inhibition was observed in both IFG, with age-related lateralization to the right side, which was proved in the previous functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. In this study, the evidence correlation of age and response inhibition was observed directly by the evidence of cortical recordings.

Impact on Waitlist Outcomes from Changes in the Medical Eligibility of Candidates for Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplantation Following Implementation of the 2017 Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/United Network for Organ Sharing Policy in the United States.

BACKGROUND The new simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation (SLK) listing criteria in the United States was implemented in 2017. We aimed to investigate the impact on waitlist and post-transplantation outcomes from changes in the medical eligibility of candidates for SLK after policy implementation in the United States. MATERIAL AND METHODS We analyzed adult primary SLK candidates between January 2015 and March 2019 using the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network/United Network for Organ Sharing (OPTN/UNOS) registry. We compared waitlist practice, post-transplantation outcomes, and final transplant graft type in SLK candidates before and after the policy. RESULTS A total of 4641 patients were eligible, with 2975 and 1666 registered before and after the 2017 policy, respectively. The daily number of SLK candidates was lower after the 2017 policy (3.25 vs 2.89, P=0.01); 1956 received SLK and 95 received liver transplant alone (LTA). The proportion of patients who eventually received LTA was higher after the 2017 policy (7.9% vs 3.0%; P<0.001). The 1-year graft survival rate was worse in patients with LTA than in those with SLK (80.5% vs 90.4%; P=0.003). The adjusted risk of 1-year graft failure in patients with LTA was 2.01 (95% confidence interval 1.13-3.58, P=0.01) compared with patients with SLK among the SLK candidates. CONCLUSIONS Although the number of registrations for SLK increased, the number of SLK transplants decreased, and the number of liver transplants increased. LTA in this patient cohort was associated with worse post-transplantation outcomes.

Improvements in liver transplant outcomes in patients with HCV/HIV coinfection after the introduction of direct-acting antiviral therapies.

BACKGROUND: In recipients with HCV/HIV coinfection, the impact that the wider use of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has had on post-liver transplant (LT) outcomes has not been evaluated. We investigated the impact of DAAs introduction on post-LT outcome in patients with HCV/HIV coinfection. METHODS: Using Organ Procurement and Transplant Network/United Network for Organ Sharing data, we compared post-LT outcomes in patients with HCV and/or HIV pre- and post-DAAs introduction. We categorized these patients into two eras: pre-DAA (2008-2012 [pre-DAA era]) and post-DAA (2014-2019 [post-DAA era]). To study the impact of DAAs introduction, inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to adjust patient characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 17 215 LT recipients were eligible for this study (HCV/HIV [n = 160]; HIV mono-infection [n = 188]; HCV mono-infection [n = 16 867]). HCV/HIV coinfection and HCV mono-infection had a significantly lower hazard of 1- and 3-year graft loss post-DAA, compared pre-DAA (1-year: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16-0.53 in HIV/HCV, aHR 0.58, 95% CI 0.54-0.63, respectively; 3-year: aHR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14-0.61, aHR 0.64, 95% CI 0.58-0.70, respectively). The hazards of 1- and 3-year graft loss post-DAA in HIV mono-infection were comparable to those in pre-DAA. HCV/HIV coinfection had significantly lower patient mortality post-DAA, compared to pre-DAA (1-year: aHR 0.30, 95% CI 0.17-0.55; 3-year: aHR 0.31, 95% CI 0.15-0.63). CONCLUSIONS: Post-LT outcomes in patients with coinfection significantly improved and became comparable to those with HCV mono-infection after introducing DAA therapy. The introduction of DAAs supports the use of LT in the setting of HCV/HIV coinfection.

Dangers in the dark: Calling for a safer practice of transvaginal ultrasonography.

BACKGROUND: The intimate examination is an important component of the assessment of a patient presenting with obstetric or gynaecological concerns. Ultrasound practitioners, like any other medical practitioner, are in a unique and privileged position. During the examination, the sonographers engage in a very close and personal interaction with an individual whom they have likely never met. They are also most likely unfamiliar with their social situation, cultural background, previous experiences with the healthcare profession and more importantly, any history of sexual trauma. It is an extremely sensitive area of practice which places a great deal of responsibility on the clinician to ensure that they not only protect their patient from psychological distress, but also themselves, from the threat of litigation arising from such distress. AIMS: This paper highlights the current governance requirements for sonographers and makes suggestions to support them in safeguarding their patients and themselves from allegations of unprofessional conduct, until such a regulatory body exists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A wide-ranging review of the literature exploring the perceptions of female patients regarding intimate sonographic examination was performed using standard search engines. Additionally, grey literature was searched for policy statements and government regulatory documents for guidance on the topic. RESULTS: Although much research has been undertaken in this field across diverse cultures and knowledge in this area is ever increasing; however, the guidelines for sonographers appear to be site specific and variable. At present, there is no overarching governance for sonographers, as there is with practitioners registered with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency. DISCUSSION: While there are practice standards for the purposes of Medicare set out by the Diagnostic Imaging Accreditation Scheme, there is no regulatory professional standard that sonographers are held accountable to. This is problematic and has the potential for inadvertent boundary transgression by the practitioner, as there is also no existing framework for management of such incidents in an equitable manner. CONCLUSION: The intimate examination is generally well tolerated; however, there is a subset of the population who are vulnerable to psychological distress arising from the examination. The sonographer must be astute to signs of distress and act in accordance with the intimate examination guidelines set out by AHPRA, for the dual purpose of protecting their patients against harm and also themselves from the threat of litigation.

Extreme hyponatremia as a risk factor for early mortality after liver transplantation in the MELD-sodium era.

The impact of hyponatremia on waitlist and post-transplant outcomes following the implementation of MELD-Na-based liver allocation remains unclear. We investigated waitlist and postliver transplant (LT) outcomes in patients with hyponatremia before and after implementing MELD-Na-based allocation. Adult patients registered for a primary LT between 2009 and 2021 were identified in the OPTN/UNOS database. Two eras were defined; pre-MELD-Na and post-MELD-Na. Extreme hyponatremia was defined as a serum sodium concentration ≤120 mEq/l. Ninety-day waitlist outcomes and post-LT survival were compared using Fine-Gray proportional hazard and mixed-effects Cox proportional hazard models. A total of 118 487 patients were eligible (n = 64 940: pre-MELD-Na; n = 53 547: post-MELD-Na). In the pre-MELD-Na era, extreme hyponatremia at listing was associated with an increased risk of 90-day waitlist mortality ([ref: 135-145] HR: 3.80; 95% CI: 2.97-4.87; P < 0.001) and higher transplant probability (HR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.38-2.01; P < 0.001). In the post-MELD-Na era, patients with extreme hyponatremia had a proportionally lower relative risk of waitlist mortality (HR: 2.27; 95% CI 1.60-3.23; P < 0.001) and proportionally higher transplant probability (HR: 2.12; 95% CI 1.76-2.55; P < 0.001) as patients with normal serum sodium levels (135-145). Extreme hyponatremia was associated with a higher risk of 90, 180, and 365-day post-LT survival compared to patients with normal serum sodium levels. With the introduction of MELD-Na-based allocation, waitlist outcomes have improved in patients with extreme hyponatremia but they continue to have worse short-term post-LT survival.

Short recipient warm ischemia time improves outcomes in deceased donor liver transplantation.

While adverse effects of prolonged recipient warm ischemia time (rWIT) in liver transplantation (LT) have been well investigated, few studies have focused on possible positive prognostic effects of short rWIT. We aim to investigate if shortening rWIT can further improve outcomes in donation after brain death liver transplant (DBD-LT). Primary DBD-LT between 2000 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided according to rWIT (≤30, 31-40, 41-50, and >50 min). The requirement of intraoperative transfusion, early allograft dysfunction (EAD), and graft survival were compared between the rWIT groups. A total of 1,256 patients of DBD-LTs were eligible. rWIT was ≤30min in 203 patients (15.7%), 31-40min in 465 patients (37.3%), 41-50min in 353 patients (28.1%), and >50min in 240 patients (19.1%). There were significant increasing trends of transfusion requirement (P < 0.001) and increased estimated blood loss (EBL, P < 0.001), and higher lactate level (P < 0.001) with prolongation of rWIT. Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated the lowest risk of EAD in the WIT ≤30min group. After risk adjustment, patients with rWIT ≤30 min showed a significantly lower risk of graft loss at 1 and 5-years, compared to other groups. The positive prognostic impact of rWIT ≤30min was more prominent when cold ischemia time exceeded 6 h. In conclusion, shorter rWIT in DBD-LT provided significantly better post-transplant outcomes.