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1.
Glob Chang Biol ; 30(10): e17544, 2024 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39434682

RESUMEN

Current and near future climate policy will fundamentally influence the integrity of ecological systems. The Neotropics is a region where biodiversity is notably high and precipitation regimes largely determine the ecology of most organisms. We modeled possible changes in the severity of seasonal aridity by 2100 throughout the Neotropics and used birds to illustrate the implications of contrasting climate scenarios for the region's biodiversity. Under SSP-8.5, a pessimistic and hopefully unlikely scenario, longer dry seasons (> 5%), and increased moisture stress are projected for about 75% of extant lowland forests throughout the entire region with impacts on 66% of the region's lowland forest avifauna, which comprises over 3000 species and about 30% of all bird species globally. Longer dry seasons are predicted to be especially significant in the Caribbean, Upper South America, and Amazonia. In contrast, under SSP-2.6-a scenario with significant climate mitigation-only about 10% of the entire region's forest area and 3% of its avifauna will be exposed to longer dry seasons. The extent of current forest cover that may plausibly function as precipitation-based climate refugia (i.e., < 5% change in length of dry periods) for constituent biodiversity is over 4 times greater under SSP-2.6 than with SSP-8.5. Moreover, the proportion of currently protected areas that overlap putative refugia areas is nearly 4 times greater under SSP-2.6. Taken together, our results illustrate that climate policy will have profound outcomes for biodiversity throughout the Neotropics-even in areas where deforestation and other immediate threats are not currently in play.


Asunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Aves , Cambio Climático , Bosques , Clima Tropical , Aves/fisiología , Animales , Estaciones del Año , Ecosistema , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , América del Sur
2.
Environ Entomol ; 53(5): 771-781, 2024 Oct 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39235989

RESUMEN

Phytoplasmas can negatively or positively alter vector host fitness. "Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri," is the causal agent of pear decline in commercial pear (Pyrus communis L.; Rosales: Rosaceae) and peach yellow leafroll in peach [Prunus persica (L.); Rosaceae]. This plant pathogen is transmitted by several species of pear psyllids (Cacopsylla spp. Hemiptera: Psyllidae). We sought to explore the relationship between the pear decline phytoplasma and its US vector, Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster), at the molecular genetic level through transcriptomic analysis using RNA-sequencing methodology. We also focused on phytoplasma and insect effectors, which are secreted proteins that can modulate interactions within a pathosystem. In this study, we identified 30 differentially expressed genes, 14 candidate insect effector genes, and 8 Ca. Phytoplasma pyri candidate effectors. Two strains of Ca. Phytoplasma pyri were identified based on immunodominant membrane protein sequence analysis from C. pyricola collected in the Pacific Northwest agricultural region. Here, we present a first genetic look at the pear decline pathosystem and report gene candidates for further exploration of infection mechanisms and potential tools for integrated pest management.


Asunto(s)
Hemípteros , Phytoplasma , Enfermedades de las Plantas , Pyrus , Animales , Hemípteros/microbiología , Hemípteros/genética , Phytoplasma/fisiología , Pyrus/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Insectos Vectores/microbiología , Transcriptoma
3.
Biomedicines ; 12(9)2024 Sep 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39335581

RESUMEN

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of 209 highly stable molecules that were used extensively in industry. Although their commercial use ceased in 1979, they are still present in many aquatic ecosystems due to improper disposal, oceanic currents, atmospheric deposition, and hydrophobic nature. PCBs pose a significant and ongoing threat to the development and sustainability of aquatic organisms. In areas with PCB exposure high mortality rates of organisms inhabiting them are still seen today, posing a significant threat to local species. Zebrafish were exposed to a standard PCB mixture (Aroclor 1254) for the first 5 days post fertilization, as there is a gap in knowledge during this important developmental period for fish (i.e., organization of the body). This PCB mixture was formally available commercially and has a high prevalence in PCB-contaminated sites. We tested for the effects of PCB dosage (control (embryo water only; 0 mg/L), methanol (solvent control; 0 mg/L); PCB 1 (0.125 mg/L), PCB 2 (0.25 mg/L), PCB 3 (0.35 mg/L), and PCB 4 (0.40 mg/L)) on zebrafish survival, rate of metamorphosis, feeding efficiency, and growth. We found significant, dose-dependent effects of PCB exposure on mortality, feeding efficiency, and growth, but no clear effect of PCBs on the rate of zebrafish metamorphosis. We identified a concentration in which there were no observable effects (NOEC), PCB concentration above the NOEC had a significant impact on life-critical processes. This can further inform local management decisions in environments experiencing PCB contamination.

4.
Integr Org Biol ; 6(1): obae018, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38939103

RESUMEN

Surfperches and damselfishes are very closely related ovalentarians with large reproductive differences. Damselfishes are typical of most Ovalentaria in that they lay demersal eggs that hatch into small, free-feeding larvae. Surfperches are unusual among ovalentarians and most acanthomorphs in having prolonged internal development. They are born at an advanced stage, some as adults, and bypass the need to actively feed throughout an extended period of ontogeny. Damselfishes and surfperches possess the same modifications of the fifth branchial arch that allow them to perform advanced food processing within the pharynx. This condition (pharyngognathy) has large effects on the evolution of feeding mechanics and trophic ecology. Although the evolution of pharyngognaths has received considerable attention, the effects of different reproductive strategies on their diversification have not been examined. We compared head shape evolution in surfperches and damselfishes using geometric morphometrics, principal component analyses, and multiple phylogenetic-comparative techniques. We found that they have similar mean head shapes, that their primary axes of shape variation are comparable and distinguish benthic-feeding and pelagic-feeding forms in each case, and that, despite large differences in crown divergence times, their head shape disparities are not significantly different. Several lines of evidence suggest that evolution has been more constrained in damselfishes: Head shape is evolving faster in surfperches, more anatomical traits have undergone correlated evolution in damselfishes, there is significant phylogenetic signal in damselfish evolution (but not surfperches), and damselfishes exhibit significant allometry in head shape that is not present in surfperches.

5.
Environ Entomol ; 53(4): 677-686, 2024 Aug 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38775360

RESUMEN

Pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), occurs as 2 seasonal morphotypes. Summerforms occur on pear (Pyrus communis L.; Rosales: Rosaceae) where they are a significant pest. The larger and darker winterform morphotype develops in response to shortening daylengths and begins winter in reproductive diapause characterized by the absence of ovarian development. Diapausing winterforms often leave pear to overwinter on coniferous shelter plants and then return to pear in late winter and early spring to begin depositing the eggs that produce the first summerform generation. Cacopsylla pyricola adults are attracted to the color of foliage most of the year, but little is known about the role of plant volatiles in host finding and in seasonal dispersal between host and shelter plants by the psyllid. We used a Y-tube olfactometer and choice assays to investigate the response by C. pyricola adults to volatiles emitted by pear and an evergreen tree (cypress) often used as a shelter plant by wintering C. pyricola. Attraction to pear and cypress volatiles varied by season, tree phenology, and psyllid physiology. Cacopsylla pyricola were attracted to cypress volatiles and preferred to settle on cypress shoots during winter and early spring but then shifted to a marked preference for the pear developmental host in late spring and summer. Female C. pyricola exhibited stronger responses to pear volatiles than did males. Our study is the first to show that plant volatiles have a role in host finding by C. pyricola and provides a foundation for research on chemical ecology and management of C. pyricola.


Asunto(s)
Hemípteros , Pyrus , Estaciones del Año , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles , Animales , Hemípteros/fisiología , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/metabolismo , Femenino , Masculino
6.
Viruses ; 16(3)2024 03 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38543780

RESUMEN

An investigation of viruses circulating in populations of field and laboratory potato/tomato psyllids (Bactericera cockerelli) was conducted using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology and conventional RT-PCR. Three new viruses were discovered: one from the family Tymoviridae and two from the family Solemoviridae. A tymo-like virus sequence represented a nearly complete 6843 nt genome of a virus named Bactericera cockerelli tymo-like virus (BcTLV) that spanned five open reading frames (ORFs) which encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), helicase, protease, methyltransferase, and a capsid protein. Phylogenetic analyses placed the RdRP of BcTLV inside a divergent lineage of the viruses from the family Tymoviridae found in insect and plant hosts in a sister clade to the genera Tymovirus, Marafivirus, and Maculavirus. Four solemo-like virus sequences were identified in the HTS outputs, representing two new viruses. One virus found only in field-collected psyllids and named Bactericera cockerelli solemo-like virus 1 (BcSLV-1) had a 5479 nt genome which spanned four ORFs encoding protease and RdRP. Three solemo-like sequences displayed 87.4-99.7% nucleotide sequence identity among themselves, representing variants or strains of the same virus named Bactericera cockerelli solemo-like virus 2 (BcSLV-2). The genome of BcSLV-2 spanned only two ORFs that encoded a protease and an RdRP. Phylogenetic analysis placed the RdRPs of BcSLV-1 and BcSLV-2 in two separate lineages as sister clades to viruses from the genus Sobemovirus found in plant hosts. All three new psyllid viruses were found circulating in psyllids collected from potato fields in southern Idaho along with a previously identified Bactericera cockerelli picorna-like virus. Any possible role of the three viruses in controlling populations of the field psyllids remains to be elucidated.


Asunto(s)
Hemípteros , Solanum lycopersicum , Solanum tuberosum , Virus , Animales , Filogenia , Péptido Hidrolasas , ARN Polimerasa Dependiente del ARN , Enfermedades de las Plantas
7.
Cell Genom ; 4(1): 100471, 2024 Jan 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38190100

RESUMEN

PBRM1 is frequently mutated in cancers of epithelial origin. How PBRM1 regulates normal epithelial homeostasis, prior to cancer initiation, remains unclear. Here, we show that PBRM1's gene regulatory roles differ drastically between cell states, leveraging human skin epithelium (epidermis) as a research platform. In progenitors, PBRM1 predominantly functions to repress terminal differentiation to sustain progenitors' regenerative potential; in the differentiation state, however, PBRM1 switches toward an activator. Between these two cell states, PBRM1 retains its genomic binding but associates with differential interacting proteins. Our targeted screen identified the E3 SUMO ligase PIAS1 as a key interactor. PIAS1 co-localizes with PBRM1 on chromatin to directly repress differentiation genes in progenitors, and PIAS1's chromatin binding drastically diminishes in differentiation. Furthermore, SUMOylation contributes to PBRM1's repressive function in progenitor maintenance. Thus, our findings highlight PBRM1's cell-state-specific regulatory roles influenced by its protein interactome despite its stable chromatin binding.


Asunto(s)
Multiómica , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas , Humanos , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Sumoilación , Cromatina/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Proteínas Modificadoras Pequeñas Relacionadas con Ubiquitina/genética , Proteínas Inhibidoras de STAT Activados/genética
8.
Environ Entomol ; 53(1): 173-179, 2024 Feb 20.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38048447

RESUMEN

Wireworms, the larval stage of pest click beetle species (Coleoptera: Elateridae), are pests of many crops in North America including root vegetables and cereals. There is cause for concern amongst growers who are facing pressure from wireworms because there are a decreasing number of effective pesticides that can be used for wireworm management. Most research on pest elaterids has focused on the wireworm stage, which is the damage causing life stage. Recently, the focus in elaterid research has shifted to the adult click beetle stage, including identification of semiochemicals and development of effective traps. However, there is still a lot to be discovered about the basic biology of click beetles, including their feeding ecology. In an effort to understand the feeding ecology of click beetles, we investigated the presence of plant DNA in the digestive tracts of Limonius californicus (Mann.), L. canus (LeConte), and L. infuscatus (Mots.) beetles collected in 3 different locations within central Washington. To examine dietary histories of beetles and wireworms, specimens were collected from natural habitats and high-throughput sequencing of the plant genes trnF and ITS was used to identify their dietary history. Results revealed that click beetles do feed on a large variety of plants, which included a large quantity of brassicaceous plants commonly found in areas surrounding wireworm infested plots. The identification of the dietary history of the click beetles allowed us to infer their landscape-scale movements thus providing a means to better understand their behavior.


Asunto(s)
Escarabajos , Plaguicidas , Animales , Larva , Productos Agrícolas , Ecología
9.
J Econ Entomol ; 116(6): 1957-1968, 2023 12 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37944058

RESUMEN

Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is the most expensive and challenging insect pest of commercial pear trees in the Pacific Northwest. Integrated pest management (IPM) programs are working toward relying more heavily on natural enemies to reduce insecticide use. Trechnites insidiosus (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is the main parasitoid of C. pyricola, but little is known about its biology in the region. Developing sampling tools is important for the deployment of IPM programs, including monitoring of natural enemies. In this study, we examined 2 conventional monitoring methods: beat trays and yellow sticky cards, in addition to screened sticky cards and 3D-printed cylinder traps. Additionally, we tested an overwintering trap for the collection of parasitized C. pyricola. The trapping methods were tested in orchards in Oregon and Washington. Unscreened cards caught the most T. insidiosus and C. pyricola, followed by screened cards, cylinder traps, and then beat trays. Beat trays sometimes failed to catch any T. insidiosus, even when it was found in abundance via other methods. Screened cards and cylinder traps reduced bycatch and increased ease of identifying T. insidiosus. Specimens from the cylinder traps were also more suitable for use in molecular analysis. The overwintering traps were effective at capturing parasitized C. pyricola, but were highly variable year to year. The ideal trapping method will vary based on research needs (e.g., DNA preservation, reducing bycatch, catching higher numbers), but both screened sticky cards and cylinder traps were viable methods for monitoring T. insidiosus and its host.


Asunto(s)
Hemípteros , Himenópteros , Pyrus , Animales , Hemípteros/genética , Estaciones del Año , Insectos
10.
J Insect Sci ; 23(5)2023 Sep 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37850668

RESUMEN

The periodical cicadas in the genus Magicicada are remarkable for their unusual life histories and dramatic synchronized emergences every 13 or 17 years. While aspects of their evolution, mating behaviors, and general biology have been well-characterized, there is surprising uncertainty surrounding the feeding habits of the short-lived adult stage. Despite a tentative scientific consensus to the contrary, the perception that adult Magicicada do not feed has persisted among the general public, and recent studies are lacking. We directly investigated the feeding behavior of Magicicada spp. through high-throughput sequencing (HTS)-based dietary analysis of nymphs, freshly molted (teneral) adults, and fully sclerotized adults collected from orchard and wooded habitats during the 2021 emergence of Brood X. Identifiable plant DNA (trnF, ITS amplicons) was successfully recovered from nymphs and adults. No plant DNA was recovered from teneral adults, suggesting that all DNA recovered from sclerotized adults was ingested during the post-teneral adult stage. Both nymphs and adults were found to have ingested a range of woody and herbaceous plants across 17 genera and 14 families. Significantly more plant genera per individual were recovered from adults than from nymphs, likely reflecting the greater mobility of the adult stage. We hypothesize that the demonstrated ingestion of plant sap by Magicicada adults is driven by a need to replace lost water and support specialized bacteriome-dwelling endosymbionts that cicadas depend upon for growth and development, which constitutes true feeding behavior.


Asunto(s)
Hemípteros , Humanos , Animales , Hemípteros/genética , Ecosistema , Ninfa , Conducta Alimentaria , Reproducción
11.
Proc Biol Sci ; 290(2001): 20230742, 2023 06 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37339746

RESUMEN

Classic ecological theory has proven that temperature, precipitation and productivity organize ecosystems at broad scales and are generalized drivers of biodiversity within different biomes. At local scales, the strength of these predictors is not consistent across different biomes. To better translate these theories to localized scales, it is essential to determine the links between drivers of biodiversity. Here we harmonize existing ecological theories to increase the predictive power for species richness and functional diversity. We test the relative importance of three-dimensional habitat structure as a link between local and broad-scale patterns of avian richness and functional diversity. Our results indicate that habitat structure is more important than precipitation, temperature and elevation gradients for predicting avian species richness and functional diversity across different forest ecosystems in North America. We conclude that forest structure, influenced by climatic drivers, is essential for predicting the response of biodiversity with future shifts in climatic regimes.


Asunto(s)
Ecosistema , Bosques , Animales , Biodiversidad , Temperatura , Aves/fisiología
12.
Plant Dis ; 107(8): 2440-2445, 2023 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36691279

RESUMEN

'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso) causes disease symptoms and economic losses in potato, tomato, and other solanaceous crops in North America. Lso is transmitted to plants by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, which occurs as distinct haplotypes named western, central, and northwestern that differ in the presence or absence of the bacterial endosymbiont, Wolbachia. Previous work showed that all three vector haplotypes can transmit Lso, but it was not clear whether acquisition and transmission rates of Lso were equal among the haplotypes. The goal of our study was to compare Lso infection rates among psyllids of the western, central, and northwestern haplotypes. Using data collected from several years of periodic testing of Lso infection of laboratory-reared potato psyllid colonies, we showed that psyllids of the western and central haplotypes are more likely to harbor Lso than are psyllids of the northwestern haplotype. We then used greenhouse assays to demonstrate that psyllids of the northwestern haplotype are less likely to acquire and transmit Lso than those of the western haplotype. Lso infection rates corresponded with Wolbachia infection among the three psyllid haplotypes. The Wolbachia-infected central and western haplotypes were more likely to harbor and transmit Lso than the Wolbachia-free northwestern haplotype. Results demonstrate that potato psyllids of the western and central haplotypes pose a greater risk for spread of Lso in crops and suggest a pattern between infection with Lso and Wolbachia in potato psyllid.


Asunto(s)
Hemípteros , Solanum tuberosum , Animales , Liberibacter , Haplotipos , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Solanum tuberosum/microbiología , Hemípteros/microbiología
13.
Conserv Biol ; 37(4): e14063, 2023 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36704892

RESUMEN

Biodiversity declines and ecosystem decay follow forest fragmentation; initially, abundant species may become rare or be extirpated. Underlying mechanisms behind delayed extirpation of certain species following forest fragmentation are unknown. Species declines may be attributed to an inadequate number of breeding adults required to replace the population or decreased juvenile survival rate due to reduced recruitment or increased nest predation pressures. We used 10 years of avian banding data, 5 years before and 4 years after fragment isolation, from the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, carried out near Manaus, Brazil, to investigate the breeding activity hypothesis that there is less breeding activity and fewer young after relative to before fragment isolation. We compared the capture rates of active breeding and young birds in 3 forest types (primary forest, fragment before isolation, and fragment after isolation) and the proportion of active breeding and young birds with all birds in each unique fragment type before and after isolation. We grouped all bird species by diet (insectivore or frugivore) and nesting strategy (open cup, cavity, or enclosed) to allow further comparisons among forest types. We found support for the breeding activity hypothesis in insectivorous and frugivorous birds (effect sizes 0.45 and 0.53, respectively) and in birds with open-cup and enclosed nesting strategies (effect sizes 0.56 and 0.44, respectively) such that on average there were more breeding birds in fragments before isolation relative to after isolation. A larger proportion of birds in the community were actively breeding before fragment isolation (72%) than after fragment isolation (11%). Unexpectedly, there was no significant decrease in the number of young birds after fragment isolation, although sample sizes for young were small (n = 43). This may have been due to sustained immigration of young birds to fragments after isolation. Together, our results provide some of the strongest evidence to date that avian breeding activity decreases in response to fragment isolation, which could be a fundamental mechanism contributing to ecosystem decay.


Efectos de la fragmentación del bosque sobre la actividad reproductiva de las aves Resumen Les declinaciones de la biodiversidad y el deterioro de los ecosistemas van después de la fragmentación forestal; al inicio, las especies abundantes pueden volverse raras o ser extirpadas. Todavía no se conocen los mecanismos subyacentes detrás de la extirpación retrasada de ciertas especies después de la fragmentación forestal. La declinación de las especies puede atribuirse a un número inadecuado de adultos reproductivos requeridos para reemplazar a la población o a la tasa reducida de supervivencia de los juveniles debido al reclutamiento disminuido o al incremento en la presión de depredación de los nidos. Usamos diez años de datos de anillamiento de aves, cinco años antes y cuatro años después del aislamiento por fragmentación, tomados del Proyecto Dinámica Biológica de Fragmentos de Bosque realizado cerca de Manaos, Brasil, para investigar la hipótesis de actividad reproductiva que sostiene que hay una menor actividad reproductiva y menos crías después del aislamiento por fragmentación que antes del aislamiento. Comparamos las tasas de captura de aves con reproducción activa y aves juveniles en tres tipos de bosque (primario, fragmento antes del aislamiento y fragmento después del aislamiento) y la proporción de las aves juveniles y con reproducción activa con todas las aves en cada tipo de fragmento único antes y después del aislamiento. Agrupamos todas las especies de aves según su dieta (insectívora o frugívora) y su estrategia de anidación (nido abierto, cavidad o nido cerrado) para poder realizar más comparaciones entre los tipos de bosque. Las aves con dieta insectívora y frugívora (tamaño del efecto: 0.45 y 0.53, respectivamente) y aquellas con nidos abiertos y cerrados (tamaño del efecto: 0.56 y 0.44, respectivamente) respaldaron la hipótesis de la actividad reproductora de tal manera que en promedio hubo más aves reproductoras en los fragmentos antes del aislamiento que después del aislamiento. Una gran parte de las aves de la comunidad tuvieron reproducción activa antes del aislamiento por fragmentación (72%) que después del aislamiento (11%). Sorprendentemente, no hubo una disminución significativa en el número de aves juveniles después del aislamiento, si bien el tamaño de la muestra de este grupo fue reducido (n = 43). Lo anterior pudo deberse a la continua inmigración de juveniles a los fragmentos después del aislamiento. En conjunto, nuestros resultados proporcionan algunos de los indicios más claros de que la actividad reproductiva de las aves disminuye como respuesta al aislamiento por fragmentación, lo cual podría ser un mecanismo fundamental del deterioro de los ecosistemas.


Asunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Ecosistema , Animales , Bosques , Biodiversidad , Aves/fisiología
14.
Environ Entomol ; 52(1): 98-107, 2023 02 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36585828

RESUMEN

Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is a vector of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso), the pathogen that causes potato zebra chip. Zebra chip incidence varies regionally, perhaps because of geographic differences in species of noncrop hosts available to the vector and in susceptibility of those hosts to Lso. Native and introduced species of Lycium (Solanales: Solanaceae) are important noncrop hosts of B. cockerelli in some regions of North America. Susceptibility of native Lycium species to Lso is uncertain. We investigated the use of two native species of Lycium by B. cockerelli in South Texas and tested whether they are susceptible to Lso. Bactericera cockerelli adults and nymphs were collected frequently from L. berlandieri Dunal and L. carolinianum Walter. Greenhouse assays confirmed that B. cockerelli develops on both species and showed that Lso infects L. carolinianum. Molecular gut content analysis provided evidence that B. cockerelli adults disperse between potato and Lycium. These results demonstrate that L. berlandieri and L. carolinianum are likely noncrop sources of potato-colonizing B. cockerelli in South Texas and that L. carolinianum is a potential source of Lso-infected psyllids. We also routinely collected the congeneric psyllid, Bactericera dorsalis (Crawford), from both Lycium species. These records are the first for this psyllid in Texas. Bactericera dorsalis completed development on both native Lycium species, albeit with high rates of mortality on L. berlandieri. B. dorsalis acquired and transmitted Lso on L. carolinianum under greenhouse conditions but did not transmit Lso to potato. These results document a previously unknown vector of Lso.


Asunto(s)
Hemípteros , Lycium , Rhizobiaceae , Solanum tuberosum , Animales , Solanales , Texas , Enfermedades de las Plantas
15.
Integr Org Biol ; 4(1): obac049, 2022.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36518182

RESUMEN

By linking anatomical structure to mechanical performance we can improve our understanding of how selection shapes morphology. Here we examined the functional morphology of feeding in fishes of the subfamily Danioninae (order Cypriniformes) to determine aspects of cranial evolution connected with their trophic diversification. The Danioninae comprise three major lineages and each employs a different feeding strategy. We gathered data on skull form and function from species in each clade, then assessed their evolutionary dynamics using phylogenetic-comparative methods. Differences between clades are strongly associated with differences in jaw protrusion. The paedomorphic Danionella clade does not use jaw protrusion at all, members of the Danio clade use jaw protrusion for suction production and prey capture, and members of the sister clade to Danio (e.g., Devario and Microdevario) use jaw protrusion to retain prey after capture. The shape of the premaxillary bone is a major determinant of protrusion ability, and premaxilla morphology in each of these lineages is consistent with their protrusion strategies. Premaxilla shapes have evolved rapidly, which indicates that they have been subjected to strong selection. We compared premaxilla development in giant danio (Devario aequipinnatus) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) and discuss a developmental mechanism that could shift danionine fishes between the feeding strategies employed by these species and their respective clades. We also identified a highly integrated evolutionary module that has been an important factor in the evolution of trophic mechanics within the Danioninae.

16.
Proc Biol Sci ; 289(1981): 20221123, 2022 08 31.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35975441

RESUMEN

Recent long-term studies in protected areas have revealed the loss of biodiversity, yet the ramifications for ecosystem health and resilience remain unknown. Here, we investigate how the loss of understory birds, in the lowest stratum of the forest, affects avian biomass and functional diversity in the Amazon rainforest. Across approximately 30 years in the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, we used a historical baseline of avian communities to contrast the avian communities in today's primary forest with those in modern disturbed habitat. We found that in primary rainforest, the reduced abundance of insectivorous species led to reduced functional diversity, but no reduction of biomass, indicating that species with similar functional traits are less likely to coexist in modern primary forests. Because today's forests contain fewer functionally redundant species-those with similar traits-we argue that avian communities in modern primary Amazonian rainforests are less resilient, which may ultimately disrupt the ecosystem in dynamic and unforeseen ways.


Asunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Biomasa , Bosque Lluvioso , Animales , Aves , Ecosistema
18.
Pest Manag Sci ; 78(9): 3731-3745, 2022 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35415948

RESUMEN

Zebra chip disease (ZC), associated with the plant pathogenic bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (psyllaurous) (CLso), is a major threat to global potato production. In addition to yield loss, CLso infection causes discoloration in the tubers, rendering them unmarketable. CLso is transmitted by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae). ZC is managed by prophylactic insecticide applications to control the vector, which is costly and carries environmental and human health risks. Given the expense, difficulty, and unsustainability of managing vector-borne diseases with insecticides, identifying sources of resistance to CLso and developing varieties that are resistant or tolerant to CLso and/or potato psyllids has become a major goal of breeding efforts. These efforts include field and laboratory evaluations of noncultivated germplasm and cultivars, studies of tubers in cold storage, detailed quantifications of biochemical responses to infection with CLso, possible mechanisms underlying insect resistance, and traditional examination of potato quality following infections. This review provides a brief history of ZC and potato psyllid, a summary of currently available tools to manage ZC, and a comprehensive review of breeding efforts for ZC and potato psyllid management within the greater context of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.


Asunto(s)
Hemípteros , Insecticidas , Rhizobiaceae , Solanum tuberosum , Animales , Hemípteros/fisiología , Humanos , Insectos Vectores/fisiología , Liberibacter , Fitomejoramiento , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Rhizobiaceae/fisiología , Solanum tuberosum/microbiología
19.
Ann Oncol ; 33(5): 500-510, 2022 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35306155

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Identification of residual disease in patients with localized non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) following treatment with curative intent holds promise to identify patients at risk of relapse. New methods can detect circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) in plasma to fractional concentrations as low as a few parts per million, and clinical evidence is required to inform their use. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed 363 serial plasma samples from 88 patients with early-stage NSCLC (48.9%/28.4%/22.7% at stage I/II/III), predominantly adenocarcinomas (62.5%), treated with curative intent by surgery (n = 61), surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy/radiotherapy (n = 8), or chemoradiotherapy (n = 19). Tumour exome sequencing identified somatic mutations and plasma was analyzed using patient-specific RaDaR™ assays with up to 48 amplicons targeting tumour-specific variants unique to each patient. RESULTS: ctDNA was detected before treatment in 24%, 77% and 87% of patients with stage I, II and III disease, respectively, and in 26% of all longitudinal samples. The median tumour fraction detected was 0.042%, with 63% of samples <0.1% and 36% of samples <0.01%. ctDNA detection had clinical specificity >98.5% and preceded clinical detection of recurrence of the primary tumour by a median of 212.5 days. ctDNA was detected after treatment in 18/28 (64.3%) of patients who had clinical recurrence of their primary tumour. Detection within the landmark timepoint 2 weeks to 4 months after treatment end occurred in 17% of patients, and was associated with shorter recurrence-free survival [hazard ratio (HR): 14.8, P <0.00001] and overall survival (HR: 5.48, P <0.0003). ctDNA was detected 1-3 days after surgery in 25% of patients yet was not associated with disease recurrence. Detection before treatment was associated with shorter overall survival and recurrence-free survival (HR: 2.97 and 3.14, P values 0.01 and 0.003, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: ctDNA detection after initial treatment of patients with early-stage NSCLC using sensitive patient-specific assays has potential to identify patients who may benefit from further therapeutic intervention.


Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas , ADN Tumoral Circulante , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células Pequeñas , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/terapia , ADN Tumoral Circulante/genética , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/patología , Estudios Prospectivos
20.
Pediatr Radiol ; 52(3): 587-591, 2022 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34601621

RESUMEN

Myositis ossificans is a benign, ossifying, soft-tissue pseudotumor that most commonly occurs in men ages 30-40 years after trauma. Myositis ossificans may also occur in children, but it is extremely rare in those younger than 10 years of age. While myositis ossificans can often mimic malignant soft-tissue tumors, it has many unique findings that can aid in diagnostic differentiation. This differentiation is critical to avoid unnecessary risk with potentially harmful procedures. We present a very unusual presentation of myositis ossificans in the immediate post-birth perinatal period, as well as a review of key imaging findings.


Asunto(s)
Miositis Osificante , Sarcoma , Neoplasias de los Tejidos Blandos , Adulto , Niño , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Miositis Osificante/diagnóstico por imagen , Miositis Osificante/patología , Neoplasias de los Tejidos Blandos/patología
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