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Background: Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes can improve the use of antimicrobial agents. However, there is limited experience in the implementation of such programmes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Objectives: To assess the effect of AMS measures in south-east Liberia on the quality of antimicrobial use in three regional hospitals. Methods: A bundle of three measures (local treatment guideline, training and regular AMS ward rounds) was implemented and quality indicators of antimicrobial use (i.e. correct compounds, dosage and duration) were assessed in a case series before and after AMS ward rounds. Primary endpoints were (i) adherence to the local treatment guideline; (ii) completeness of the microbiological diagnostics (according to the treatment guideline); and (iii) clinical outcome. The secondary endpoint was reduction in ceftriaxone use. Results: The majority of patients had skin and soft tissue infections (nâ=â108) followed by surgical site infections (nâ=â72), pneumonia (nâ=â64), urinary tract infection (nâ=â48) and meningitis (nâ=â18). After the AMS ward rounds, adherence to the local guideline improved for the selection of antimicrobial agents (from 34.5% to 61.0%, Pâ<â0.0005), dosage (from 15.2% to 36.5%, Pâ<â0.0005) and duration (from 13.2% to 31.0%, Pâ<â0.0005). In total, 79.7% of patients (247/310) had samples sent for microbiological analysis. Overall, 92.3% of patients improved on Day 3 (286/310). The proportion of patients receiving ceftriaxone was significantly reduced after the AMS ward rounds from 51.3% to 14.2% (Pâ<â0.0005). Conclusions: AMS measures can improve the quality of antimicrobial use in LMICs. However, long-term engagement is necessary to make AMS programmes in LMICs sustainable.
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BACKGROUND: Phylogeographic composition of M. tuberculosis populations reveals associations between lineages and human populations that might have implications for the development of strategies to control the disease. In Latin America, lineage 4 or the Euro-American, is predominant with considerable variations among and within countries. In Colombia, although few studies from specific localities have revealed differences in M. tuberculosis populations, there are still areas of the country where this information is lacking, as is a comparison of Colombian isolates with those from the rest of the world. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 414 M. tuberculosis isolates from adult pulmonary tuberculosis cases from three Colombian states were studied. Isolates were genotyped using IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), spoligotyping, and 24-locus Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units variable number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTRs). SIT42 (LAM9) and SIT62 (H1) represented 53.3% of isolates, followed by 8.21% SIT50 (H3), 5.07% SIT53 (T1), and 3.14% SIT727 (H1). Composite spoligotyping and 24-locus MIRU- VNTR minimum spanning tree analysis suggest a recent expansion of SIT42 and SIT62 evolved originally from SIT53 (T1). The proportion of Haarlem sublineage (44.3%) was significantly higher than that in neighboring countries. Associations were found between M. tuberculosis MDR and SIT45 (H1), as well as HIV-positive serology with SIT727 (H1) and SIT53 (T1). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the population structure of M. tuberculosis in several regions from Colombia with a dominance of the LAM and Haarlem sublineages, particularly in two major urban settings (Medellín and Cali). Dominant spoligotypes were LAM9 (SIT 42) and Haarlem (SIT62). The proportion of the Haarlem sublineage was higher in Colombia compared to that in neighboring countries, suggesting particular conditions of co-evolution with the corresponding human population that favor the success of this sublineage.
Asunto(s)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/microbiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Colombia/epidemiología , Femenino , Técnicas de Genotipaje , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Filogeografía , Secuencias Repetidas en Tándem/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Homeless people are highly susceptible to tuberculosis. It has been suggested that this population have high rates of mental disorders associated with tuberculosis. We assessed tuberculosis incidence, its transmission patterns and association with socio-demographic factors and mental disorders in Colombian homeless people. Prospective study which socio-demographic characteristics and mental disorders were assessed through interviews. Sputa from patients with respiratory symptoms were processed and clinical isolates analyzed by IS6110-RFLP. Multivariate analysis performed by logistic regression model. From 426 homeless studied, tuberculosis incidence found was 7.9 %. 44 % of isolates were clustering. It was found high risk of having tuberculosis associated with income from drugs trade (OR: 3.40 [95 % CI: 1.28-9.05]), dysthymia (OR: 2.54 [95 % CI: 1.10-5.86]) and receiving food from other homeless (OR: 2.47 [95 % CI: 1.16-5.25]). Tuberculosis incidence and degree of transmission are high in homeless studied. Implementing programs to better control tuberculosis among homeless population must consider socio-demographic factors and mental disorders associated with the disease.
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Personas con Mala Vivienda/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Colombia/epidemiología , Femenino , Personas con Mala Vivienda/psicología , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores Sexuales , Tuberculosis/transmisiónRESUMEN
Tuberculosis is the world's leading cause of death due to a single infectious agent, and efforts aimed at its control require a better understanding of host, environmental, and bacterial factors that govern disease outcome. Growing evidence indicates that certain Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains of distinct phylogeographic lineages elicit unique immunopathological events. However, identifying the genetic basis of these phenotypic peculiarities has proven difficult. Here we report the presence of six large sequence polymorphisms which, together with two single-nucleotide changes previously described by our group, consistently differentiate Haarlem strains from the remaining M. tuberculosis lineages. The six newly found Haarlem-specific genetic events are four deletions, which altogether involve more than 13 kb, and two intragenic insertions of the element IS6110. The absence of the genes involved in these polymorphisms could have an important physiological impact on Haarlem strains, i.e., by affecting key genes, such as Rv1354c and cyp121, which have been recently proposed as plausible drug targets. These lineage-specific polymorphisms can serve as genetic markers for the rapid PCR identification of Haarlem strains, providing a useful tool for strain surveillance and molecular epidemiology studies. Strain variability such as that described here underscores the need for the definition of a core set of essential genes in M. tuberculosis that are ubiquitously present in all circulating lineages, as a requirement in the development of effective antituberculosis drugs and vaccines.
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Antituberculosos/farmacología , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Vacunas contra la Tuberculosis/inmunología , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Elementos Transponibles de ADN , Marcadores Genéticos , Humanos , Mutagénesis Insercional , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/inmunología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Eliminación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
Detection of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), a frequent cause of treatment failure, takes 2 or more weeks to identify by culture. Rifampicin (RIF) resistance is a hallmark of MDR-TB, and detection of mutations in the rpoB gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using molecular beacon probes with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a novel approach that takes =2 days. However, qPCR identification of resistant isolates, particularly for isolates with mixed RIF-susceptible and RIF-resistant bacteria, is reader dependent and limits its clinical use. The aim of this study was to develop an objective, reader-independent method to define rpoB mutants using beacon qPCR. This would facilitate the transition from a research protocol to the clinical setting, where high-throughput methods with objective interpretation are required. For this, DNAs from 107 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates with known susceptibility to RIF by culture-based methods were obtained from 2 regions where isolates have not previously been subjected to evaluation using molecular beacon qPCR: the Texas-Mexico border and Colombia. Using coded DNA specimens, mutations within an 81-bp hot spot region of rpoB were established by qPCR with 5 beacons spanning this region. Visual and mathematical approaches were used to establish whether the qPCR cycle threshold of the experimental isolate was significantly higher (mutant) compared to a reference wild-type isolate. Visual classification of the beacon qPCR required reader training for strains with a mixture of RIF-susceptible and RIF-resistant bacteria. Only then had the visual interpretation by an experienced reader had 100% sensitivity and 94.6% specificity versus RIF resistance by culture phenotype and 98.1% sensitivity and 100% specificity versus mutations based on DNA sequence. The mathematical approach was 98% sensitive and 94.5% specific versus culture and 96.2% sensitive and 100% specific versus DNA sequence. Our findings indicate the mathematical approach has advantages over the visual reading, in that it uses a Microsoft Excel template to eliminate reader bias or inexperience, and allows objective interpretation from high-throughput analyses even in the presence of a mixture of RIF-resistant and RIF-susceptible isolates without the need for reader training.
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Antituberculosos/farmacología , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Mutación Missense , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Rifampin/farmacología , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/diagnóstico , Animales , Colombia , ARN Polimerasas Dirigidas por ADN , Humanos , México , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/métodos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Texas , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/microbiologíaAsunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Enfermedad Iatrogénica/epidemiología , Infecciones por Mycobacterium no Tuberculosas/epidemiología , Mycobacterium chelonae/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades Cutáneas Bacterianas/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Análisis por Conglomerados , Colombia/epidemiología , Dermatoglifia del ADN , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infecciones por Mycobacterium no Tuberculosas/microbiología , Técnica del ADN Polimorfo Amplificado Aleatorio , Enfermedades Cutáneas Bacterianas/microbiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Vibrio cholerae is a motile bacterium responsible for the disease cholera, and motility has been hypothesized to be inversely regulated with virulence. We examined the transcription profiles of V. cholerae strains containing mutations in flagellar regulatory genes (rpoN, flrA, flrC, and fliA) by utilizing whole-genome microarrays. Results revealed that flagellar transcription is organized into a four-tiered hierarchy. Additionally, genes with proven or putative roles in virulence (e.g., ctx, tcp, hemolysin, and type VI secretion genes) were upregulated in flagellar regulatory mutants, which was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Flagellar regulatory mutants exhibit increased hemolysis of human erythrocytes, which was due to increased transcription of the thermolabile hemolysin (tlh). The flagellar regulatory system positively regulates transcription of a diguanylate cyclase, CdgD, which in turn regulates transcription of a novel hemagglutinin (frhA) that mediates adherence to chitin and epithelial cells and enhances biofilm formation and intestinal colonization in infant mice. Our results demonstrate that the flagellar regulatory system modulates the expression of nonflagellar genes, with induction of an adhesin that facilitates colonization within the intestine and repression of virulence factors maximally induced following colonization. These results suggest that the flagellar regulatory hierarchy facilitates correct spatiotemporal expression patterns for optimal V. cholerae colonization and disease progression.
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Flagelos/metabolismo , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Vibrio cholerae/metabolismo , Factores de Virulencia/metabolismo , Animales , Animales Lactantes , Adhesión Bacteriana , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Línea Celular , Eritrocitos , Flagelos/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Hemaglutinación , Hemaglutininas/metabolismo , Hemólisis , Humanos , Intestinos/microbiología , Ratones , Mutación , Transcripción Genética , Vibrio cholerae/genética , Vibrio cholerae/fisiología , Factores de Virulencia/genéticaRESUMEN
The analysis of the DNA repair genes ogt and ung was carried out in 117 Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from Argentina and Colombia in order to explore correlation between mutations in these genes and multi-drug resistance. With the exception of two Beijing family isolates, the rest of the strains harbored either two wild-type or two mutant alleles with identical single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in each gene (ogt44 and ung501). These ogt44 and ung501 mutations were not associated with multi-drug resistance and occurred simultaneously in circulating Haarlem genotype M. tuberculosis strains. We therefore propose the use of these markers as tools in phylogenetic and epidemiologic studies.
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Reparación del ADN/genética , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Mutación , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Alelos , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Análisis Mutacional de ADN/métodos , Genes Bacterianos , Genotipo , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/clasificación , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido SimpleRESUMEN
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the human diarrheal disease cholera, is a motile bacterium with a single polar flagellum, and motility has been inferred to be an important aspect of virulence. The V. cholerae flagellar hierarchy is organized into four classes of genes. The expression of each class of genes within a flagellar hierarchy is generally tightly regulated in other bacteria by both positive and negative regulatory elements. To further elucidate flagellar biogenesis in V. cholerae, we characterized the roles of the three putative regulatory genes, flhF, flhG, and VC2061. V. cholerae flhF and flhG mutants appeared nonmotile in a soft agar assay. Electron microscopy revealed that the flhF mutant lacked a polar flagellum, while interestingly, the flhG mutant possessed multiple (8 to 10) polar flagella per cell. The transcriptional activity of class III and class IV gene promoters in the flhF mutant was decreased, suggesting that FlhF acts as a positive regulator of class III gene transcription. The transcription of all four classes of flagellar promoters was increased in the flhG mutant, suggesting that FlhG acts as a negative regulator of class I gene transcription. Additionally, the ability to colonize the infant mouse intestine was reduced for the flhG mutant (approximately 10-fold), indicating that the negative regulation of class I flagellar genes enhances virulence. The V. cholerae VC2061 mutant was motile and produced a polar flagellum indistinguishable from that of the wild type, and the transcriptional activities of the four classes of flagellar promoters were similar to that of the wild type. Our results indicate that FlhG and FlhF regulate class I and class III flagellar transcription, respectively, while VC2061 plays no detectable role in V. cholerae flagellar biogenesis.
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Proteínas Bacterianas/fisiología , Flagelos/genética , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Proteínas de Unión al GTP Monoméricas/fisiología , Transcripción Genética , Vibrio cholerae/genética , Adhesión Bacteriana/genética , Flagelos/metabolismo , Vibrio cholerae/metabolismo , Vibrio cholerae/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The human pathogen Vibrio cholerae is a highly motile organism by virtue of a polar flagellum, and motility has been inferred to be an important aspect of virulence. It has previously been demonstrated that the sigma(54)-dependent activator FlrC is necessary for both flagellar synthesis and for enhanced intestinal colonization. In order to characterize FlrC binding, we analyzed two FlrC-dependent promoters, the highly transcribed flaA promoter and the weakly transcribed flgK promoter, utilizing transcriptional lacZ fusions, mobility shift assays, and DNase I footprinting. Promoter fusion studies showed that the smallest fragment with wild-type transcriptional activity for flaAp was from positions -54 to +137 with respect to the start site, and from -63 to +144 for flgKp. Gel mobility shift assays indicated that FlrC binds to a fragment containing the region from positions +24 to +95 in the flaAp, and DNase I footprinting identified a protected region between positions +24 and +85. Mobility shift and DNase I footprinting indicated weak binding of FlrC to a region downstream of the flgKp transcription start site. These results demonstrate a relatively novel sigma(54)-dependent promoter architecture, with the activator FlrC binding downstream of the sigma(54)-dependent transcription start sites. When the FlrC binding site(s) in the flaA promoter was moved a large distance (285 bp) upstream of the transcription start site of either flaAp or flgKp, high levels of FlrC-dependent transcription resulted, indicating that this binding region functions as an enhancer element. In contrast, the relatively weak FlrC binding site(s) in the flgK promoter failed to function as an enhancer element at either promoter, suggesting that FlrC binding strength contributes to enhancer activity. Our results suggest that the differences in FlrC binding to various flagellar promoters results in the differences in transcription levels that mirror the relative requirement for the flagellar components within the flagellum.
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Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Elementos de Facilitación Genéticos , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Vibrio cholerae/genética , Fusión Artificial Génica , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Sitios de Unión , Huella de ADN , Ensayo de Cambio de Movilidad Electroforética , Flagelos/genética , Flagelina/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Unión Proteica , Sitio de Iniciación de la Transcripción , Vibrio cholerae/metabolismo , beta-Galactosidasa/análisisRESUMEN
Vibrio cholerae causes the life-threatening diarrheal disease cholera. This organism persists in aquatic environments in areas of endemicity, and it is believed that the ability of the bacteria to form biofilms in the environment contributes to their persistence. Expression of an exopolysaccharide (EPS), encoded by two vps gene clusters, is essential for biofilm formation and causes a rugose colonial phenotype. We previously reported that the lack of a flagellum induces V. cholerae EPS expression. To uncover the signaling pathway that links the lack of a flagellum to EPS expression, we introduced into a rugose flaA strain second-site mutations that would cause reversion back to the smooth phenotype. Interestingly, mutation of the genes encoding the sodium-driven motor (mot) in a nonflagellated strain reduces EPS expression, biofilm formation, and vps gene transcription, as does the addition of phenamil, which specifically inhibits the sodium-driven motor. Mutation of vpsR, which encodes a response regulator, also reduces EPS expression, biofilm formation, and vps gene transcription in nonflagellated cells. Complementation of a vpsR strain with a constitutive vpsR allele likely to mimic the phosphorylated state (D59E) restores EPS expression and biofilm formation, while complementation with an allele predicted to remain unphosphorylated (D59A) does not. Our results demonstrate the involvement of the sodium-driven motor and suggest the involvement of phospho-VpsR in the signaling cascade that induces EPS expression. A nonflagellated strain expressing EPS is defective for intestinal colonization in the suckling mouse model of cholera and expresses reduced amounts of cholera toxin and toxin-coregulated pili in vitro. Wild-type levels of virulence factor expression and colonization could be restored by a second mutation within the vps gene cluster that eliminated EPS biosynthesis. These results demonstrate a complex relationship between the flagellum-dependent EPS signaling cascade and virulence.
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Flagelos/metabolismo , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Polisacáridos Bacterianos/metabolismo , Sodio/metabolismo , Vibrio cholerae O139/patogenicidad , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cólera/microbiología , Humanos , Intestinos/microbiología , Ratones , Movimiento , Transducción de Señal , Vibrio cholerae O139/genética , Vibrio cholerae O139/crecimiento & desarrollo , VirulenciaRESUMEN
Vibrio cholerae has a single polar sheathed flagellum that propels the cells of this bacterium. Flagellar synthesis, motility, and chemotaxis have all been linked to virulence in this human pathogen. V. cholerae expresses flagellar genes in a hierarchy consisting of sigma54- and sigma28-dependent transcription. In other bacteria, sigma28 transcriptional activity is controlled by an anti-sigma28 factor, FlgM. We demonstrate that the V. cholerae FlgM homologue (i) physically interacts with sigma28, (ii) has a repressive effect on some V. cholerae sigma28-dependent flagellar promoters, and (iii) is secreted through the polar sheathed flagellum, consistent with anti-sigma28 activity. Interestingly, FlgM does not have a uniform repressive effect on all sigma28-dependent promoters, as determined by measurement of sigma28-dependent transcription in cells either lacking FlgM (DeltaflgM) or incapable of secretion (DeltafliF). Further analysis of a DeltafliF strain revealed that this flagellar assembly block causes a decrease in class III (FlrC- and sigma54-dependent) and class IV (sigma28-dependent), but not class II (FlrA- and sigma54-dependent), flagellar transcription. V. cholerae flgM and fliA (encodes sigma28) mutants were only modestly affected in their ability to colonize the infant mouse intestine, a measure of virulence. Our results demonstrate that V. cholerae FlgM functions as an anti-sigma28 factor and that the sheathed flagellum is competent for secretion of nonstructural proteins.
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Proteínas Bacterianas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Flagelos/genética , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Factor sigma/antagonistas & inhibidores , Vibrio cholerae/metabolismo , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Flagelos/fisiología , Eliminación de Gen , Genes Bacterianos , Genes Reporteros , Intestinos/microbiología , Ratones , Movimiento/fisiología , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Unión Proteica , Transporte de Proteínas , Factor sigma/genética , Vibrio cholerae/genética , Vibrio cholerae/patogenicidad , Virulencia/genética , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Factores de Virulencia/metabolismo , beta-Galactosidasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
We report here the development of a pathogenesis model utilizing Mycobacterium marinum infection of zebrafish (Danio rerio) for the study of mycobacterial disease. The zebrafish model mimics certain aspects of human tuberculosis, such as the formation of granuloma-like lesions and the ability to establish either an acute or a chronic infection based upon inoculum. This model allows the genetics of mycobacterial disease to be studied in both pathogen and host.
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Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Infecciones por Mycobacterium no Tuberculosas/microbiología , Infecciones por Mycobacterium no Tuberculosas/patología , Mycobacterium marinum/patogenicidad , Pez Cebra/microbiología , Animales , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Infecciones por Mycobacterium no Tuberculosas/genética , Mycobacterium marinum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Virulencia , Pez Cebra/genéticaRESUMEN
En 157 niños de 2 a 12 años de edad con faringoamigdalitis aguda (FAA), encontramos 85 (54.1 por ciento) con EBH y 66 (42 por ciento) con EBHA. Diecinueve (12.1 por ciento) eran de grupos diferentes al A, siendo el principal el B con 12 casos (7.6 por ciento). Esto ha coincidido con un aislamiento más frecuente de este grupo en orina y con mayor colonización de madres y recién nacidos
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Humanos , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Medios de Cultivo , Medios de Cultivo/aislamiento & purificación , Diagnóstico , Faringitis/diagnóstico , Signos y Síntomas , Streptococcus/clasificación , Streptococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Tonsilitis/diagnóstico , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción EnzimáticaRESUMEN
Se revisaron las historias de 107 niños con infección respiratoria aguda (IRA) baja que tenían una IgM positiva para Mycoplasma pneumoniae. La edad más afectada fue la de 2 a 6 años (58 por ciento). El tiempo de evolución antes de la consulta fue de 1 a 180 días, con un promedio de 10.7 días. El motivo de consulta más frecuente fue tos (95.3 por ciento), tos prolongada en el 22.45 por ciento, seguida de fiebre (73.5 por ciento), expectoración y rinitis (32.7 por ciento) respectivamente. Al examen se encontró: Sibilancias (67.3 por ciento), estertores crepitantes (30.8 por ciento) fiebre (37 por ciento), faringitis (15.9 por ciento), otitis (13.1 por ciento) y sinusitis (12 por ciento). El hallazgo radiológico más frecuente fue atrapamiento de aire (21.8 por ciento) derrame pleural abacteriano. La proteína C reactiva fue de < 4 mg por ciento en el 70.8 por ciento. El tratamiento fue a base de macrólidos, principalmente claritromicina (72-6 por ciento), broncodilatadores (40 por ciento) y estos asociados a esteroides en el 25.8 por ciento de los casos
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Humanos , Niño , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/complicaciones , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/diagnóstico , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/epidemiología , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/etiología , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/fisiopatología , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/inmunología , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/microbiología , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/tratamiento farmacológico , Neumonía por Mycoplasma , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/terapia , Enfermedades Respiratorias/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Respiratorias/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Respiratorias/epidemiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/microbiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Ciento diecinueve niños de uno a 14 años que consultaron por síntomas sugestivos de enfermedad ácido péptica (EAP) fueron estudiados con endoscopia y biopsia. Presentaron gastritis antral 73.1 por ciento, duodenitis 10.08 por ciento, úlcera duodenal 4.2 por ciento, úlcera gástrica 1.6 por ciento y esofagitis 0.8 por ciento. Cincuenta y un pacientes fueron positivos para H.pylori. Tanto el grupo positivo como el negativo tuvieron sintomatología similar, pero la úlcera duodenal se asoció significativamente a H.pylori. Veintinueve (87.8 por ciento) de 33 niños positivos mejoraron clínicamente con diferentes combinaciones de amoxacilina, metronidazol, bismuto y antiácidos y antagonistas H2. Veinticinco (95 por ciento) de 26 negativos mejoraron con antiácidos y antagonistas H2