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1.
Cad Saude Publica ; 37(3): e00244719, 2021.
Artículo en Portugués, Español | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33852665

RESUMEN

Since the Declaration of Alma-Ata in 1978, primary healthcare (PHC) is considered an essential component of health systems. In the Chilean case, management of primary care was municipalized during the dictatorship and maintained by the subsequent governments, with some reforms. The aim of this article was to estimate and analyze spending in PHC in Chile, during the governments of Sebastián Piñera and Michelle Bachelet. Collection of financial data was oriented by the model of National Health Accounts (CNS), and later the amounts were deflated according to the Consumer Price Index. The principal source of information was the National System of Municipal Information (SINIM). The results show that during the period there was a permanent increase in spending in PHC; however, the average percent change was slightly higher in the first government compared to the second. The percentage of spending in PHC in relation to public spending in health was 21.4% for the eight years, with few variations. Indicators show that inequalities between administrative and health regions are increasing steadily. Therefore, although transfers to fund primary care services are increasing, they may be poorly distributed. This and other problems like the commodification of services and dismantlement of the network compromise the consolidation of PHC, especially in a health system based on contributive insurance like the Chilean system.


Desde a Declaração de Alma-Ata, em 1978, a atenção primária à saúde (APS) é considerada componente essencial dos sistemas de saúde. No caso chileno, a gestão da atenção primária foi municipalizada durante a ditadura e mantida pelos governos posteriores, com algumas reformas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar e analisar o gasto em APS no Chile, durante os governos de Sebastián Piñera e Michelle Bachelet. A coleta dos dados financeiros foi orientada pelo Modelo de Contas Nacionais em Saúde (CNS) e, posteriormente, os valores foram deflacionados segundo o Índice de Preços do Consumidor (IPC). A principal fonte das informações foi o Sistema Nacional de Informação Municipal (SINIM). Os resultados mostram que no período houve aumento permanente do gasto em APS, entretanto, a média de variação percentual foi um pouco maior no primeiro governo do que no segundo. A porcentagem do gasto em APS em relação ao gasto público com saúde foi de 21,4% para os oito anos, tendo poucas variações. Indicadores mostram que a desigualdade entre as regiões administrativas e de saúde está ampliando progressivamente. Por tanto, os repasses destinados a financiar os serviços oferecidos na atenção primária, se bem que crescentes, possivelmente estão sendo mal distribuídos. Isso, junto com outros problemas, como a mercantilização dos serviços e a desintegração da rede, prejudicam a consolidação da APS, sobretudo tratando-se de um sistema de saúde baseado em seguros contributivos como o chileno.


Desde la Declaración de Alma-Ata, en 1978, la atención primaria en salud (APS) está considerada un componente esencial de los sistemas de salud. En el caso chileno, la gestión de la atención primaria fue municipalizada durante la dictadura, y mantenida por los gobiernos posteriores con algunas reformas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar y analizar el gasto en APS en Chile, durante los gobiernos de Sebastián Piñera y Michelle Bachelet. La recogida de datos financieros estuvo orientada por el Modelo de Cuentas Nacionales en Salud (CNS) y, posteriormente, los valores fueron deflactados según el Índice de Precios al Consumidor (IPC). La principal fuente de información fue el Sistema Nacional de Información Municipal (SINIM). Los resultados muestran que durante el período hubo un aumento permanente del gasto en APS; no obstante, la media de variación porcentual fue un poco mayor en el primer gobierno que en el segundo. El porcentaje del gasto en APS, en relación con el gasto público en salud fue de un 21,4% para los ocho años, teniendo pocas variaciones. Los indicadores muestran que la desigualdad entre las regiones administrativas y de salud está ampliándose progresivamente. Por ello, los fondos destinados a financiar los servicios ofrecidos en atención primaria, aunque crecientes, posiblemente están siendo mal distribuidos. Todo ello, junto con otros problemas, como la mercantilización de los servicios y la desintegración de la red, perjudica la consolidación de la APS, sobre todo si se trata de un sistema de salud basado en seguros contributivos como el chileno.


Asunto(s)
Financiación Gubernamental , Atención Primaria de Salud , Brasil , Chile , Gobierno , Humanos
2.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 37(3): e00244719, 2021. tab, graf
Artículo en Portugués | LILACS | ID: biblio-1285821

RESUMEN

Desde a Declaração de Alma-Ata, em 1978, a atenção primária à saúde (APS) é considerada componente essencial dos sistemas de saúde. No caso chileno, a gestão da atenção primária foi municipalizada durante a ditadura e mantida pelos governos posteriores, com algumas reformas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar e analisar o gasto em APS no Chile, durante os governos de Sebastián Piñera e Michelle Bachelet. A coleta dos dados financeiros foi orientada pelo Modelo de Contas Nacionais em Saúde (CNS) e, posteriormente, os valores foram deflacionados segundo o Índice de Preços do Consumidor (IPC). A principal fonte das informações foi o Sistema Nacional de Informação Municipal (SINIM). Os resultados mostram que no período houve aumento permanente do gasto em APS, entretanto, a média de variação percentual foi um pouco maior no primeiro governo do que no segundo. A porcentagem do gasto em APS em relação ao gasto público com saúde foi de 21,4% para os oito anos, tendo poucas variações. Indicadores mostram que a desigualdade entre as regiões administrativas e de saúde está ampliando progressivamente. Por tanto, os repasses destinados a financiar os serviços oferecidos na atenção primária, se bem que crescentes, possivelmente estão sendo mal distribuídos. Isso, junto com outros problemas, como a mercantilização dos serviços e a desintegração da rede, prejudicam a consolidação da APS, sobretudo tratando-se de um sistema de saúde baseado em seguros contributivos como o chileno.


Since the Declaration of Alma-Ata in 1978, primary healthcare (PHC) is considered an essential component of health systems. In the Chilean case, management of primary care was municipalized during the dictatorship and maintained by the subsequent governments, with some reforms. The aim of this article was to estimate and analyze spending in PHC in Chile, during the governments of Sebastián Piñera and Michelle Bachelet. Collection of financial data was oriented by the model of National Health Accounts (CNS), and later the amounts were deflated according to the Consumer Price Index. The principal source of information was the National System of Municipal Information (SINIM). The results show that during the period there was a permanent increase in spending in PHC; however, the average percent change was slightly higher in the first government compared to the second. The percentage of spending in PHC in relation to public spending in health was 21.4% for the eight years, with few variations. Indicators show that inequalities between administrative and health regions are increasing steadily. Therefore, although transfers to fund primary care services are increasing, they may be poorly distributed. This and other problems like the commodification of services and dismantlement of the network compromise the consolidation of PHC, especially in a health system based on contributive insurance like the Chilean system.


Desde la Declaración de Alma-Ata, en 1978, la atención primaria en salud (APS) está considerada un componente esencial de los sistemas de salud. En el caso chileno, la gestión de la atención primaria fue municipalizada durante la dictadura, y mantenida por los gobiernos posteriores con algunas reformas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar y analizar el gasto en APS en Chile, durante los gobiernos de Sebastián Piñera y Michelle Bachelet. La recogida de datos financieros estuvo orientada por el Modelo de Cuentas Nacionales en Salud (CNS) y, posteriormente, los valores fueron deflactados según el Índice de Precios al Consumidor (IPC). La principal fuente de información fue el Sistema Nacional de Información Municipal (SINIM). Los resultados muestran que durante el período hubo un aumento permanente del gasto en APS; no obstante, la media de variación porcentual fue un poco mayor en el primer gobierno que en el segundo. El porcentaje del gasto en APS, en relación con el gasto público en salud fue de un 21,4% para los ocho años, teniendo pocas variaciones. Los indicadores muestran que la desigualdad entre las regiones administrativas y de salud está ampliándose progresivamente. Por ello, los fondos destinados a financiar los servicios ofrecidos en atención primaria, aunque crecientes, posiblemente están siendo mal distribuidos. Todo ello, junto con otros problemas, como la mercantilización de los servicios y la desintegración de la red, perjudica la consolidación de la APS, sobre todo si se trata de un sistema de salud basado en seguros contributivos como el chileno.


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Atención Primaria de Salud , Financiación Gubernamental , Brasil , Chile , Gobierno
3.
Saúde debate ; 44(125): 541-555, Abr.-Jun. 2020. tab
Artículo en Portugués | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1127452

RESUMEN

RESUMO O objetivo do artigo foi analisar a trajetória histórica da conformação público/privada do sistema de saúde chileno, entre 1924 e 2005. Procurou-se situar suas principais reformas, seus atores-chave e seu contexto sociopolítico. Empregou-se a revisão integrativa de literatura como método de obtenção das informações. Entre os achados, destaca-se a reconversão do sistema, que até a metade do século XX foi um caso pioneiro na América Latina, por ter integrado as diferentes instituições em um órgão único nacional, que dirigiu as políticas de saúde sob os princípios da medicina social. Durante e depois da ditadura, o sistema consolidou-se na sua dualidade, na qual o setor público, sendo maioritário, outorga cobertura de saúde aos segmentos que não são rentáveis para as empresas de seguros privados. Outro achado diz respeito à continuidade desta matriz ainda durante governos ditos de centro-esquerda, o que mostra a profundidade das transformações impostas pela ditadura. Esclarecer os detalhes desta estratégia privatizadora é útil para o Brasil, visto o atual contexto de desmonte dos avanços conseguidos.


ABSTRACT The aim of this paper was to analyze the historical trajectory of the public/private formation of the Chilean Health System, between 1924 and 2005. The main reforms, key stakeholders and the socio-political context of these reforms were identified. Integrative literature review was used as data collection method. Among the findings, the structural reconversion of the system is emphasized, which until the middle of the 20th century was a pioneer system in Latin America, as it integrated several institutions in just one national entity, which directed the health policies on the Social Medicine principles. During and after the dictatorship, the system was consolidated as a dual system, in which the public sector, being the majority, grants health care coverage to segments of the population that are considered as 'unprofitable' by the private insurance companies. Another result was the continuity of this matrix even during the so-called center-left wing governments, which demonstrates how deep the transformations imposed by the dictatorship have been. To know the details of these privatizing strategies is useful and valuable for Brazil, given the current circumstances of reversal of the hard-won gains made.

4.
PLoS One ; 14(7): e0218681, 2019.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31291262

RESUMEN

Rural children are one of the populations that are most vulnerable to gastrointestinal parasite infections. Such diseases decrease the quality of life and result in growth and cognitive delays in the long term. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the frequency of intestinal parasite infections among rural schoolchildren in the municipality of Apulo, Colombia. A total of 97 stool samples from children aged between 5 and 15 years were collected and examined via direct light microscopy. Microscopic examination was repeated with sediments obtained using a fecal parasite concentrator, and the Kato-Katz test was performed. Frequency of intestinal parasite infection was 100%. Endolimax nana (77.35%), Blastocystis sp. (71.1%), Giardia intestinalis (39.1%), Entamoeba coli (25.7%), and the Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii complex (9.2%) were the most prevalent protozoa. Trichuris trichiura was the most prevalent helminth (12.3%), followed by Enterobius vermicularis (6.15%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (5.1%). Among the analyzed associated factors, consumption of untreated water increased the risk of acquiring pathogenic intestinal parasites. Finally, because G. intestinalis was the most prevalent pathogenic protozoan, molecular analysis was conducted to establish genetic assemblages and subassemblages of Giardia through sequence-based genotyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, and beta-giardin genes. A total of 14 G. intestinalis-positive samples were genotyped, which revealed the presence of subassemblages AI (n = 1), AII (n = 7), BIII (n = 2), BIV (n = 2), and BIII/BIV (n = 1) as well as a mixed subassemblage AII + BIII (n = 1). Our results indicate that gastrointestinal parasite infections in the tested population were mainly caused by suboptimal water quality. Moreover, molecular typing of G. intestinalis suggested contamination of water by animal- and human-derived cysts.


Asunto(s)
Agua Potable/parasitología , Heces/parasitología , Infecciones por Nematodos/epidemiología , Infecciones por Protozoos/epidemiología , Adolescente , Animales , Ascaris lumbricoides/clasificación , Ascaris lumbricoides/aislamiento & purificación , Blastocystis/clasificación , Blastocystis/aislamiento & purificación , Niño , Preescolar , Colombia/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Endolimax/clasificación , Endolimax/aislamiento & purificación , Entamoeba/clasificación , Entamoeba/aislamiento & purificación , Enterobius/clasificación , Enterobius/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Giardia lamblia/clasificación , Giardia lamblia/genética , Giardia lamblia/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Higiene , Masculino , Infecciones por Nematodos/parasitología , Infecciones por Nematodos/transmisión , Prevalencia , Infecciones por Protozoos/parasitología , Infecciones por Protozoos/transmisión , Calidad de Vida , Población Rural , Trichuris/clasificación , Trichuris/aislamiento & purificación
5.
Acta Odontol Latinoam ; 31(1): 58-66, 2018 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30056468

RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to assess whether caries risk, nutritional status, access to dental care and socio-behavioral factors are associated to two caries experience outcome variables using the Epidemiologic International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDASepi), which includes initial enamel caries lesions: 1- The presence of ICDAS-epi caries experience (dmf-ICDASepi ≥ 1), and 2- Having an ICDAS-epi caries experience (dmft-ICDASepi) higher than national figures for the same age. The sample included 316 eight- to 71-month-old children from the municipality of Anapoima, Colombia. Assessments included: prevalence and mean of caries experience using the ICDASepi system without compressed air-drying of teeth surfaces (dmf-ICDASepi), caries risk and nutritional status. Caregivers completed an elevenitem questionnaire assessing oral health-related social determinants, practices and quality of life (OHRQoL), and children's access to dental care. Data were analysed using the Wilcoxon-rank-sum test, the test, the Fisher-exact test, and bivariate-linear and non-conditioned logistic-multivariate regression models. Prevalence and mean number of teeth with dmft-ICDASepi were 65. 2% and 3. 5±4. 13, respectively. Nutritional status outside the normal status, lower educational level of caregivers and age were significantly associated with dmf-ICDASepi≥ 1. OHRQoL, access barriers to miss and to attend dental care, operative-treatment or emergency being the reason to attend dental care, high caries risk, and age were significantly associated with a higher-than-national dmft-ICDASepi. The significant associations found between early childhood caries experience and other variables represent oral-health inequalities in early childhood in Anapoima, Colombia.


El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar en la primera infancia la asociación entre el riesgo de caries, el estado nutricional, el acceso a la consulta odontológica y los factores socio-comportamentales y dos variables de desenlace de experiencia de caries usando el Sistema epidemiológico Internacional de Detección y Valoración de Caries (ICDASepi), que incluye lesiones de caries en el esmalte: 1-La presencia de experiencia de caries ICDAS-epi (ceod-ICDASepi ≥ 1) y, 2- Tener una experiencia de caries ICDASepi (ceod-ICDASepi) mayor que los datos nacionales correspondientes para la misma edad. La muestra fue de 316 niños del municipio de Anapoima, Colombia, de 8 a 71 meses de edad. Las valoraciones incluyeron: prevalencia y promedio de experiencia de caries usando el sistema ICDASepi sin secado de las superficies de los dientes con aire comprimido (dmf-ICDASepi); riesgo de caries y estado nutricional. Los cuidadores respondieron un cuestionario de once ítems que valoraba en relación con salud oral, determinantes sociales, prácticas y calidad de vida y, el acceso de los niños a la consulta odontológica. Los datos fueron analizados con la prueba de suma de rangos de Wilcoxon, la prueba de χ2, la prueba exacta de Fisher y, modelos de regresión logística multivariada tipos bivariantelineal y no condicionada. La prevalencia de experiencia de caries (ceod-ICDASepi) fue de 65. 18% y el promedio de dientes con ceod-ICDASepi de 3. 5 ± 4. 13. El estado nutricional por fuera de rangos de normalidad, el bajo nivel educativo de los cuidadores y la edad se asociaron significativamente con ceo-ICDASepi ≥ 1. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre tener un ceod-ICDASepi mayor que el promedio nacional y, calidad de vida relacionada con salud oral, barreras de acceso para perder y asistir a consulta odontológica, tratamiento operatorio o urgencia como motivo de consulta odontológica, alto riesgo de caries y edad. Las asociaciones estadísticamente significativas encontradas en este estudio entre la experiencia de caries de infancia temprana y demás variables representan inequidades en salud oral en la primera infancia en Anapoima, Colombia.


Asunto(s)
Caries Dental/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Colombia/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Atención Odontológica , Caries Dental/diagnóstico , Femenino , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos
6.
Mult Scler Relat Disord ; 22: 148-152, 2018 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29705607

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease with a lifetime prevalence of 4.41/100000 in Bogota, Colombia. It is known that it can be related with neuropsychiatric disorders, increasing by a factor of three the prevalence of depression in MS patients compared to general population. However, less attention has been given to the association between MS and impulsive behavior. METHODS: This cross-sectional study compared the levels of impulsivity controlling for the presence of MS. 60 patients with MS and 60 sex- and age-matched subjects without MS were included. In order to assess depression and impulsivity, participants completed the 13-item short form of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-SF), the self-report Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 (BIS-11) and the Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks (IMT-DMT) as an objective measure of impulsive behavior. RESULTS: Total scores, motor and cognitive subscales on the BIS-11 were significantly higher in the MS group. However, median BDI-SF score was also higher in MS patients than in subjects without MS (p < 0.001). To rule out depression as a confounding factor, stratification was performed using the BDI-SF score. In the subgroup of individuals with a BDI-SF< 8, the BIS-11 cognitive subscale scores were significantly higher in patients with MS than in subjects without MS (p = 0.041). In the IMT/DMT test, subjects with MS had a fewer number of correct detections than did subjects without MS, after controlling for BDI-SF score (p = 0.0001/p = 0.003). The ratio of commission errors to correct detections in the IMT was significantly higher in the MS group (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION: Patients with MS showed higher levels of cognitive impulsivity than subjects without MS. Objective measures for impulsiveness further support this finding. Impulsiveness scales scores might be biased by depression, which should be considered when assessing impulsivity in MS.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Impulsiva , Esclerosis Múltiple/psicología , Personalidad , Adulto , Atención , Estudios Transversales , Depresión , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Actividad Motora , Pruebas Psicológicas
7.
Acta odontol. latinoam ; 31(1): 58-66, 2018. tab, graf
Artículo en Inglés | LILACS | ID: biblio-911039

RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to assess whether caries risk, nutritional status, access to dental care and sociobehavioral factors are associated to two caries experience outcome variables using the Epidemiologic International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDASepi), which includes initial enamel caries lesions: 1The presence of ICDASepi caries experience (dmfICDASepi ≥ 1), and 2Having an ICDASepi caries experience (dmftICDASepi) higher than national figures for the same age. The sample included 316 eightto 71monthold children from the municipality of Anapoima, Colombia. Assessments included: prevalence and mean of caries experience using the ICDASepi system without compressed airdrying of teeth surfaces (dmfICDASepi), caries risk and nutritional status. Caregivers completed an elevenitem questionnaire assessing oral healthrelated social determinants, practices and quality of life (OHRQoL), and children's access to dental care. Data were analysed using the Wilcoxonranksum test, the test, the Fisherexact test, and bivariatelinear and nonconditioned logisticmultivariate regression models. Prevalence and mean number of teeth with dmftICDASepi were 65.2% and 3.5±4.13, respectively. Nutritional status outside the normal status, lower educational level of caregivers and age were significantly associated with dmfICDASepi≥ 1. OHRQoL, access barriers to miss and to attend dental care, operativetreatment or emergency being the reason to attend dental care, high caries risk, and age were significantly associated with a higherthannational dmftICDASepi. The significant associations found between early childhood caries experience and other variables represent oralhealth inequalities in early childhood in Anapoima, Colombia (AU)


El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar en la primera infancia la asociación entre el riesgo de caries, el estado nutricional, el acceso a la consulta odontológica y los factores sociocomporta mentales y dos variables de desenlace de experiencia de caries usando el Sistema epidemiológico Internacional de Detección y Valoración de Caries (ICDASepi), que incluye lesiones de caries en el esmalte: 1La presencia de experiencia de caries ICDASepi (ceodICDASepi ≥ 1) y, 2Tener una experiencia de caries ICDASepi (ceodICDASepi) mayor que los datos nacionales correspondientes para la misma edad.La muestra fue de 316 niños del municipio de Anapoima, Colombia, de 8 a 71 meses de edad. Las valoraciones incluyeron: prevalencia y promedio de experiencia de caries usando el sistema ICDASepi sin secado de las superficies de los dientes con aire comprimido (dmfICDASepi) ; riesgo de caries y estado nutricional. Los cuidadores respondieron un cuestionario de once ítems que valoraba en relación con salud oral, determinantes sociales, prácticas y calidad de vida y, el acceso de los niños a la consulta odontológica. Los datos fueron analizados con la prueba de suma de rangos de Wilcoxon, la prueba de χ2, la prueba exacta de Fisher y, modelos de regresión logística multivariada tipos bivariantelineal y no condicionada. La prevalencia de experiencia de caries (ceodICDASepi) fue de 65.18% y el promedio de dientes con ceodICDASepi de 3.5 ± 4.13. El estado nutricional por fuera de rangos de normalidad, el bajo nivel educativo de los cuidadores y la edad se asociaron significativamente con ceoICDASepi ≥ 1. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre tener un ceodICDASepi mayor que el promedio nacional y, calidad de vida relacionada con salud oral, barreras de acceso para perder y asistir a consulta odontológica, tratamiento operatorio o urgencia como motivo de consulta odontológica, alto riesgo de caries y edad. Las asociaciones estadísticamente significativas encontradas en este estudio entre la experiencia de caries de infancia temprana y demás variables representan inequidades en salud oral en la primera infancia en Anapoima, Colombia (AU)


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Lactante , Preescolar , Índice CPO , Estado Nutricional , Factores de Riesgo , Atención Dental para Niños , Caries Dental , Susceptibilidad a Caries Dentarias , Calidad de Vida , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estudios Transversales , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Factores de Edad , Colombia , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud
8.
Rev Med Chil ; 144(8): 1059-1066, 2016 Aug.
Artículo en Español | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27905653

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: It is unknown if medical education is preparing physicians to successfully work at primary health care settings. AIM: To explore what are the perceptions of faculty members and students about the type of physician needed and if medical education is coherent with the practice of primary health care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen semi-structured interviews to key informants from faculty members and ten focus groups with students were carried out. RESULTS: Important influences of role modelling and hidden curriculum were found, especially in relation to the type of physician needed, generalist or specialist, and in relation to the places where the clinical practices were done. Although primary health care was declared in the profiles, most of clinical practices were done at hospitals and supervised by specialists. Working at primary health care is seen as a temporary work, not valued by professionals nor by the society. CONCLUSIONS: Medical Schools are not preparing professionals for primary health care but for hospital care and specialized medicine.


Asunto(s)
Educación de Pregrado en Medicina , Médicos Generales/educación , Atención Primaria de Salud/organización & administración , Estudiantes de Medicina/psicología , Chile , Curriculum , Médicos Generales/provisión & distribución , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Rol del Médico
9.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 144(8)ago. 2016.
Artículo en Español | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1508696

RESUMEN

Background: It is unknown if medical education is preparing physicians to successfully work at primary health care settings. Aim: To explore what are the perceptions of faculty members and students about the type of physician needed and if medical education is coherent with the practice of primary health care. Material and Methods: Fifteen semi-structured interviews to key informants from faculty members and ten focus groups with students were carried out. Results: Important influences of role modelling and hidden curriculum were found, especially in relation to the type of physician needed, generalist or specialist, and in relation to the places where the clinical practices were done. Although primary health care was declared in the profiles, most of clinical practices were done at hospitals and supervised by specialists. Working at primary health care is seen as a temporary work, not valued by professionals nor by the society. Conclusions: Medical Schools are not preparing professionals for primary health care but for hospital care and specialized medicine.

10.
Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm ; 3(1): e192, 2016 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26740965

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine ancestry informative markers, mitochondrial DNA haplogroups, and the association between HLA-DRB1 alleles and multiple sclerosis (MS) in a group of patients from Bogotá, Colombia. METHODS: In this case-control study, genomic DNA was isolated and purified from blood samples. HLA-DRB1 allele genotyping was done using PCR. Mitochondrial hypervariable region 1 was amplified and haplogroups were determined using HaploGrep software. Genomic ancestry was estimated by genotyping a panel of ancestry informative markers. To test the association of HLA polymorphisms and MS, we ran separate multivariate logistic regression models. Bonferroni correction was used to account for multiple regression tests. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients with MS (mean age 40.4 ± 12 years; 70% females) and 200 healthy controls (mean age 37.6 ± 11 years; 83.5% females) were included in the analysis. Ancestry proportions and haplogroup frequencies did not differ between patients and controls. HLA-DRB1*15 was present in 31% of cases and 13.5% of controls, whereas HLA-DRB1*14 was present in 5% of cases and 15.5% of controls. In the multivariate model, HLA-DRB1*15 was significantly associated with MS (odds ratio [OR] = 3.05, p < 0.001), whereas HLA-DRB1*14 was confirmed as a protective factor in our population (OR = 0.16, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence indicating that HLA-DRB1*15 allele confers susceptibility to MS and HLA-DRB1*14 allele exerts resistance to MS in a highly admixed population. This latter finding could partially explain the low prevalence of MS in Bogotá, Colombia.

11.
Acta méd. colomb ; 38(3): 143-153, jul.-sep. 2013. ilus, graf, tab
Artículo en Español | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: lil-689545

RESUMEN

Resumen Propósito: La infección oculta por el virus de la hepatitis B se caracteriza por la presencia del genoma viral en muestras de suero y/o tejido hepático pero sin detección de antígeno de superficie. Los mecanismos de patogénesis no se conocen completamente. El propósito del presente artículo es discutir y describir los aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos y moleculares más importantes de este tipo de infección. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura en la base de datos PUBMED, de trabajos originales y revisiones de tema publicados entre 1979 y 2012. La búsqueda se realizó utilizando las palabras claves "Occult HBV infection, Epidemiology, clinical implications, mechamisms y outcome". Artículos relevantes citados en las publicaciones seleccionadas también fueron consultados. Conclusiones: La identificación de casos de infección oculta por el virus de la hepatitis B y la descripción de la prevalencia es de importancia para la prevención de la transmisión de la infección y del desarrollo de hepatopatías terminales. La disponibilidad de métodos sensibles y específicos para la detección del genoma viral ha permitido explorar la epidemiologia. No obstante, aún son materia de estudio los mecanismos de patogénesis. (Acta Médica Colombiana 2013; 38: 143-153).


Abstract Objective: occult hepatitis B virus infection is characterized by the presence of the viral genome in serum and / or liver tissue samples but without surface antigen detection. The mechanisms of pathogenesis are not fully known. The purpose of this article is to discuss and describe the most important clinical, epidemiological and molecular aspects of this type of infection. Methods: we performed a literature search in PUBMED database of original works and reviews of the subject published between 1979 and 2012. The search was performed using the keywords "occult HBV infection, epidemiology, clinical implications, mechanisms and outcome". Relevant articles cited in the selected publications were also consulted. Conclusions: the identification of cases of occult hepatitis B virus infection and the description of its prevalence is important in preventing transmission of the infection and the development of terminal hepatic diseases. The availability of sensitive and specific methods for the detection of viral genome has allowed us to explore the epidemiology. However, the mechanisms of pathogenesis are still under examination. (Acta Médica Colombiana 2013; 38: 143-153).


Asunto(s)
Infecciones , Patogenesia Homeopática , Virus de la Hepatitis B , Epidemiología , Hepatitis B , Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B
12.
J Antimicrob Chemother ; 68(12): 2773-8, 2013 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23794599

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: Clinical failures with cefazolin have been described in high-inoculum infections caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) producing type A ß-lactamase. We investigated the prevalence of the cefazolin inoculum effect (InE) in MSSA from South American hospitals, since cefazolin is used routinely against MSSA due to concerns about the in vivo efficacy of isoxazolyl penicillins. METHODS: MSSA isolates were recovered from bloodstream (n = 296) and osteomyelitis (n = 68) infections in two different multicentre surveillance studies performed in 2001-02 and 2006-08 in South American hospitals. We determined standard-inoculum (10(5)cfu/mL) and high-inoculum (10(7) cfu/mL) cefazolin MICs. PFGE was performed on all isolates that exhibited a cefazolin InE. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and sequencing of part of blaZ were performed on representative isolates. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of the cefazolin InE was 36% (131 isolates). A high proportion (50%) of MSSA isolates recovered from osteomyelitis infections exhibited the InE, whereas it was observed in 33% of MSSA recovered from bloodstream infections. Interestingly, Ecuador had the highest prevalence of the InE (45%). Strikingly, 63% of MSSA isolates recovered from osteomyelitis infections in Colombia exhibited the InE. MLST revealed that MSSA isolates exhibiting the InE belonged to diverse genetic backgrounds, including ST5, ST8, ST30 and ST45, which correlated with the prevalent methicillin-resistant S. aureus clones circulating in South America. Types A (66%) and C (31%) were the most prevalent ß-lactamases. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show a high prevalence of the cefazolin InE associated with type A ß-lactamase in MSSA isolates from Colombia and Ecuador, suggesting that treatment of deep-seated infections with cefazolin in those countries may be compromised.


Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Cefazolina/farmacología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Colombia , Ecuador , Hospitales , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Staphylococcus aureus/enzimología , Staphylococcus aureus/aislamiento & purificación , beta-Lactamasas/genética , beta-Lactamasas/metabolismo
13.
Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) ; 9(2): 262-74, 2007.
Artículo en Español | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17962844

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Describing the relationship between viral serotypes, infection pattern and dengue hemorrhagic fever. METHODS: 1,545 febrile patients were studied from 1998-2004 in the Santander department of Colombia. Dengue infection was confirmed by IgM ELISA and the virus was isolated in C6/36 cells. Infection pattern was established by detecting IgG antibodies in acute serum. Neutralising antibody titres were investigated in dengue cases occurring during years when less (1998) and more (2001) dengue hemorrhagic cases were reported by using PRNT. RESULTS: DEN-1 predominance in 1998 and the re-introduction of DEN-3 in 2001 coincided with an epidemic. DEN-2 infection caused more hemorrhagic cases than DEN-3 infection (24,5 % cf 11,2 %; p<0.05). DEN-2 was more associated with secondary infection than DEN-3 (56,8 % cf 15,7 %; p<0.001). An annual decrease of DHF was correlated with decreased DEN-2 dominance (r=0.95; p= 0.01), and secondary infection (r=0.9; p=0.03) and increased DEN-3 predominance (r=-0.91; p=0.03). There were no differences in neutralising antibody titres amongst analysed cases. DEN-1 neutralising antibodies presented the highest titres. CONCLUSIONS: Change in relative dengue virus serotype abundance was associated with changed infection pattern and DHF frequency. Continuing virological surveillance should become a priority for preventing dengue hemorrhagic fever in endemic areas.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Endémicas , Dengue Grave/epidemiología , Dengue Grave/virología , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Colombia/epidemiología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina M/inmunología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Serotipificación , Dengue Grave/inmunología
14.
Rev. salud pública ; 9(2): 262-274, abr.-jun. 2007. tab
Artículo en Español | LILACS | ID: lil-457935

RESUMEN

Objetivo: La relación entre serotipo del virus, patrón de infección y dengue hemorrágico es presentada. Métodos: Se estudiaron 1 545 pacientes febriles de municipios del Departamento de Santander, Colombia, entre 1998-2004. El dengue se confirmó por ELISA-IgM y el aislamiento viral se hizo en células C6/36. El patrón de infección se estableció investigando anticuerpos IgG en suero agudo. El título de anticuerpos neutralizantes se determinó usando la prueba de neutralización por reducción de placa (PRNT). Resultados: Predominancia del DEN-1 en 1998 y re-introducción del DEN-3 en 2001 coincidieron con epidemias. El dengue hemorrágico fue más frecuente en infecciones por virus DEN-2 que DEN-3 (24,5 por ciento vs 11,2 por ciento; p<0,05). El DEN-2 se asoció más con infección secundaria que el DEN-3 (56,8 por ciento vs 15,7 por ciento; p< 0,001). Disminución anual del DH correlacionó con disminución de la dominancia del DEN-2 (r = 0,95, p=0,01) y de la infección secundaria (r=0,9; p=0,03) e incremento de la dominancia del DEN-3 (r=-0,91; p=0,03). No se encontraron diferencias en el título de anticuerpos neutralizantes en los casos analizados. Los anticuerpos neutralizantes del DEN-1 fueron los de mayor título. Conclusión: Cambios en la abundancia relativa de serotipos del virus se asociaron con cambios en el patrón de infección y frecuencia del dengue hemorrágico. La vigilancia virológica permanente deberá ser prioridad para la prevención del dengue hemorrágico en áreas endémicas.


Objective: Describing the relationship between viral serotypes, infection pattern and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Methods: 1 545 febrile patients were studied from 1998-2004 in the Santander department of Colombia. Dengue infection was confirmed by IgM ELISA and the virus was isolated in C6/36 cells. Infection pattern was established by detecting IgG antibodies in acute serum. Neutralising antibody titres were investigated in dengue cases occurring during years when less (1998) and more (2001) dengue hemorrhagic cases were reported by using PRNT. Results: DEN-1 predominance in 1998 and the re-introduction of DEN-3 in 2001 coincided with an epidemic. DEN-2 infection caused more hemorrhagic cases than DEN-3 infection (24,5 percent cf 11,2 percent; p<0.05). DEN-2 was more associated with secondary infection than DEN-3 (56,8 percent cf 15,7 percent; p<0.001). An annual decrease of DHF was correlated with decreased DEN-2 dominance (r=0.95; p= 0.01), and secondary infection (r=0.9; p=0.03) and increased DEN-3 predominance (r=-0.91; p=0.03). There were no differences in neutralising antibody titres amongst analysed cases. DEN-1 neutralising antibodies presented the highest titres. Conclusions: Change in relative dengue virus serotype abundance was associated with changed infection pattern and DHF frequency. Continuing virological surveillance should become a priority for preventing dengue hemorrhagic fever in endemic areas.


Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dengue Grave/epidemiología , Dengue Grave/virología , Enfermedades Endémicas , Colombia/epidemiología , Dengue Grave/inmunología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Inmunoglobulina M/inmunología , Serotipificación
15.
Colomb. med ; 38(2): 159-169, abr.-jun. 2007. ilus, tab
Artículo en Español | LILACS | ID: lil-586355

RESUMEN

Se han utilizado los alfavirus como vectores de expresión, entre estos se encuentra el Semliki Forest virus (SFV), que es un virus envuelto, el cual, además de replicarse en el citoplasma, tiene la propiedad de expresar por separado las proteínas estructurales de las no estructurales, permitiendo un mayor control de la expresión. Los vectores derivados del SFV pueden tener una gama amplia de aplicaciones. Se pueden obtener altos títulos virales para la expresión eficiente de proteínas en diferentes líneas celulares. Pueden infectar un espectro amplio de células de mamíferos, así como de tejidos. Son prometedores para ser usados en la terapia génica como vehículos para el envío de genes específicos in vivo o in vitro, tanto en la terapia contra el cáncer como en la neuronal, especialmente cuando sólo sea necesaria una expresión a corto plazo. Sus aplicaciones en la producción de vacunas profilácticas o terapéuticas, es otro aspecto estudiado; se ha demostrado la generación de respuestas inmunes importantes contra diferentes enfermedades virales y tumorales. El desarrollo de nuevos vectores no citopáticos, de otros regulados por temperatura, así como también de otros con replicación persistente; permitirán la prolongación de la expresión. Debido a estas nuevas ventajas y a las ya conocidas, gradualmente se podrían ampliar los usos para los vectores derivados del SFV a medida que se controlen sus efectos no deseados.


Recently, Alphavirus have been used as expression vectors, among these, Semliki Forest virus (SFV), an enveloped virus, besides replicating itself in the cytoplasm, has the property to express structural proteins separately from nonstructural proteins, allowing a greater expression control. Vectors derived from SFV can have a broad range of applications. High viral titers can be obtained to efficiently express proteins in different cell lines. They can infect a wide spectrum of mammalian cells, as well as tissues. They are promising to be used on gene therapy as vehicles for specific gene delivery in vivo or in vitro, as much as in therapy against cancer as neuronal therapy, especially when a short term expression is necessary. Another studied aspect is SFV vectors applications in prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine production; the generation of important immune responses against different viral and tumor diseases is still been discussed. Development of new non-cytopathic vectors, temperature-regulated vectors, as well as others with persistent replication, will allow prolongation of expression. Due to these new advantages and to others already known, uses for vectors derived from SFV could be extended gradually, as long as undesired effects are controlled.


Asunto(s)
Alphavirus , Expresión Génica , Virus de los Bosques Semliki , Transducción Genética
16.
Rev Cubana Med Trop ; 59(3): 186-92, 2007.
Artículo en Español | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23427455

RESUMEN

Virus serotypes 2, 3 and 4 that had circulated in Santander District, Colombia in the period 1998-2004 were analyzed. Identifying the subtype of a dengue virus serotype is a useful tool for surveillance of severe risk factors because the strain potential to cause hemorrhagic dengue makes the difference among them. Simultaneous sequence amplification technique known as restriction site specific-polymerase chain reaction (RSS-PCR) was used to determine the subtype by comparing the electrophoretic pattern of the local isolate to the reference virus. Virus serotype 2 corresponded to subtype A similar to the one isolated in Thailand (1996) and to the other isolated in Porto Rico (1986); virus serotypes 3 were of subtype C like the virus found in Sri Lanka (1990), Honduras (1995) and Porto Rico (2000); virus serotypes 4 were a variant of subtype B similar to a virus from Porto Rico (1987) and to another virus from Tahiti (1985). The study confirmed the presence in Colombia of dengue virus subtypes circulating now in the Americas.


Asunto(s)
Virus del Dengue/clasificación , Dengue/virología , Aedes/citología , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Colombia/epidemiología , Dengue/epidemiología , Virus del Dengue/genética , Virus del Dengue/aislamiento & purificación , Electroforesis en Gel de Agar , Genotipo , Salud Global , Humanos , ARN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Serotipificación , Dengue Grave/virología , Cultivo de Virus
17.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz ; 101(7): 725-31, 2006 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17160279

RESUMEN

We have investigated the temporal distribution of dengue (DEN) virus serotypes in the department (state) of Santander, Colombia, in relation to dengue incidence, infection pattern, and severity of disease. Viral isolation was attended on a total of 1452 acute serum samples collected each week from 1998 to 2004. The infection pattern was evaluated in 596 laboratory-positive dengue cases using an IgG ELISA, and PRNT test. The dengue incidence was documented by the local health authority. Predominance of DEN-1 in 1998 and DEN-3 re-introduction and predominance in 2001-2003 coincided with outbreaks. Predominance of DEN-2 in 2000-2001 coincided with more dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). DEN-4 was isolated in 2000-2001 and 2004 but was not predominant. There was an annual increase of primary dengue infections (from 13.7 to 81.4%) that correlated with frequency of DEN-3 (r = 0.83; P = 0.038). From the total number of primary dengue infections DEN-3 (81.3%) was the most frequent serotype. DHF was more frequent in DEN-2 infected patients than in DEN-3 infected patients: 27.5 vs 10.9% (P < 0.05). DEN-3 viruses belonged to subtype C (restriction site-specific-polymerase chain reaction) like viruses isolated in Sri-Lanka and other countries in the Americas. Our findings show the importance of continuous virological surveillance to identify the risk factors of dengue epidemics and severity.


Asunto(s)
Virus del Dengue/genética , Dengue/epidemiología , Dengue/virología , Enfermedades Endémicas , Colombia/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/análisis , Inmunoglobulina M/análisis , Incidencia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Mapeo Restrictivo , Serotipificación , Dengue Grave/epidemiología , Dengue Grave/virología , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad
18.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 101(7): 725-731, Nov. 2006.
Artículo en Inglés | LILACS | ID: lil-439455

RESUMEN

We have investigated the temporal distribution of dengue (DEN) virus serotypes in the department (state) of Santander, Colombia, in relation to dengue incidence, infection pattern, and severity of disease. Viral isolation was attended on a total of 1452 acute serum samples collected each week from 1998 to 2004. The infection pattern was evaluated in 596 laboratory-positive dengue cases using an IgG ELISA, and PRNT test. The dengue incidence was documented by the local health authority. Predominance of DEN-1 in 1998 and DEN-3 re-introduction and predominance in 2001-2003 coincided with outbreaks. Predominance of DEN-2 in 2000-2001 coincided with more dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). DEN-4 was isolated in 2000-2001 and 2004 but was not predominant. There was an annual increase of primary dengue infections (from 13.7 to 81.4 percent) that correlated with frequency of DEN-3 (r = 0.83; P = 0.038). From the total number of primary dengue infections DEN-3 (81.3 percent) was the most frequent serotype. DHF was more frequent in DEN-2 infected patients than in DEN-3 infected patients: 27.5 vs 10.9 percent (P < 0.05). DEN-3 viruses belonged to subtype C (restriction site-specific-polymerase chain reaction) like viruses isolated in Sri-Lanka and other countries in the Americas. Our findings show the importance of continuous virological surveillance to identify the risk factors of dengue epidemics and severity.


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Virus del Dengue/genética , Dengue/epidemiología , Dengue/virología , Enfermedades Endémicas , Estudios Transversales , Colombia/epidemiología , Dengue Grave/epidemiología , Dengue Grave/virología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Incidencia , Inmunoglobulina G/análisis , Inmunoglobulina M/análisis , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Mapeo Restrictivo , Serotipificación , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad
19.
Colomb. med ; 36(2): 65-72, 2005.
Artículo en Español | LILACS | ID: lil-422857

RESUMEN

Introducción: El control del dengue depende de los datos de la vigilancia basada en el laboratorio. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer las diferencias en número de casos (IgM positiva) y serotipos del virus según la estrategia de vigilancia. Materiales y métodos: Se compararon los resultados de dos estrategias de vigilancia. Primera (SIVIGILA local): de 337 casos con sospecha clínica de dengue se colectó un único suero (agudo o convaleciente) que se almacenó a 4oC. Se utilizó el estuche UMELISA DENGUE (IPK, Cuba) para detectar anticuerpos IgM y se hicieron intentos de aislamiento del virus en células C6/36. Segunda: de 318 casos sospechosos se colectaron sueros pareados que se almacenaron a -70oC, se usó una prueba local de MAC-ELISA y se intentó el aislamiento del virus como en la primera. Algunos sueros procesados por el MAC-ELISA se analizaron también por el UMELISA y los estuches Dengue IgM-capture ELISA (PANBIO) e IgM*ELISA anti-dengue (IPK, Cuba). Resultados: Se encontraron más casos IgM+ con la primera que con la segunda estrategia tanto con sueros agudos como convalecientes. Esto es, 61.1 vs 22/100 (p<0.001) y 86.8 vs 49.3/100 (p<0.001), respectivamente. Los resultados del MAC-ELISA concordaron 85/100 (k=0.29) con los del UMELISA, pero 90.4/100 (k=0.84 ) y 100/100 (k=1) con los estuches de PAMBIO e IgM*ELISA, respectivamente. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la frecuencia del dengue en casos de la segunda estrategia, cuando el resultado de la serología con suero agudo o con pareado se comparó: 70 (22/100) vs 155 (48.7/100) (p<0.001). El aislamiento viral fue más exitoso de los sueros almacenados a -70oC que a 4oC: 17.8/100 vs. 4.7/100 (p<0.001). Se identificaron los 4 serotipos del virus. Se discuten la especificidad del UMELISA DENGUE y las consecuencias en el control del dengue en relación a la estrategia de vigilancia. Conclusiones: Se requiere evaluar la especificidad del estuche UMELISA considerando la alta frecuencia del dengue en casos con sospecha. El análisis de sueros pareados en la vigilancia del dengue es necesario para obtener información confiable


Asunto(s)
Virus del Dengue , Dengue/epidemiología , Dengue/sangre , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática
20.
Iatreia ; 17(3): 282-283, sept. 2004.
Artículo en Español | LILACS | ID: lil-406172

RESUMEN

Entre 1998 y 2003 se registraron en Colombia 256,831 casos de dengue (22,834 de dengue hemorrágico DH) de los cuales 41,325 (36%) fueron en Santander (3,265 DH) (1,2). En este período ocurrieron brotes en 1998 y 2001 observándose incremento de casos severos en el segundo (2). Por otro lado, existen inconvenientes con el diagnóstico que dificultan el manejo clínico oportuno y la vigilancia epidemiológica. Como consecuencia, los siguientes aspectos han sido investigados: 1) Contribución de la circulación de los serotipos/genotipos al incremento del dengue hemorrágico, considerando que la entrada o emergencia de éstos se han asociado con epidemias (3). Entre 1998 y 2004 se hicieron 1,180 intentos de aislamiento viral en células C6/36 (4), detectándose los 4 serotipos. El DEN-2 se aisló todos los años con mayor frecuencia durante los brotes (43% y 40% de los cepas); el DEN-1 se detectó entre 1998 y 2001, siendo el prevalente en el primer brote (57%), pero el menos en el segundo (4%); el DEN-3 se detectó en el brote del 2001 con similar frecuencia al DEN-2 (36%), por primera vez en Colombia luego de 23 años ausente, y fue el prevalerte entre 2002-2004 (92% de los aislados), aunque en estos años no se reportó incremento del DH (2); el DEN-4 se aisló solo en el 2000 (27%) y en el brote del 2001 (20%). El genotipo de cada serotipo se identificó por análisis de RSS-PCR (5,6). Se encontraron el subtipo A (ó III), C (ó I) y B (ó II) de los serotipos 2, 1 y 4, similares a los que están circulando en países de América y oriundos del Asia. Los DEN-3 fueron del subtipo C (ó III) iguales al virus que entró en América en 1994 oriundo de Sri-Lanka, India. Los genotipos del 2 y 3 encontrados en Santander producen con mayor frecuencia DH (3,7)...


Asunto(s)
Dengue
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